同域分布红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉在不同空间尺度下的生境分化
|
摘要
生境分化是群落物种缓解种间竞争压力,实现同域稳定共存的重要途径,是群落生态学领域的重要研究内容。同域动物的生境分化是空间尺度依赖的生态过程,从不同空间尺度分层研究物种的生境分化,对于全面了解同域动物的共存模式和机制,以及实现多物种整合保护都具有重要意义。2018年1月至8月,在四川白水河国家级自然保护区对同域分布的红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和红腹角雉(Tragopan temmminckii)进行了野外调查,基于MaxEnt模型和样方法,从宏生境和微生境两个空间尺度对其生境分化进行了研究。结果显示:1)在宏生境尺度,两种雉类的适宜宏生境重叠面积达44.59 km~2,分别占红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉适宜宏生境面积的58.73%和44.3%,表明二者在宏生境尺度上没有发生明显的种间分化;2)微生境尺度是两种雉类生境分化的关键尺度,海拔、坡位、最近水源距离和乔木层盖度4个特征上的显著差异,使二者的微生境发生显著的种间分化;3)虽然在不同空间尺度下具有不同的分化程度和方式,但两种雉类在海拔适应性、人为干扰耐受性以及对水源的依赖性上的差异在两个尺度下表现出了一定的一致性。此外,基于二者生境需求的异同,提出了控制人为干扰、加强宣传教育、维持自然植被多样性和镶嵌格局等针对该区域雉类物种共同保护的建议。
Habitat partitioning is an important approach by sympatric species to reduce interspecific competition intensity and achieve stable coexistence, and thus, has been of interest to community ecologists for many decades. Habitat partitioning between sympatric species is a spatial scale dependent ecological process. Studying interspecific habitat partitioning at different spatial scales is of great significance for understanding the coexistence mechanism comprehensively and improving multi-species joint conservation efforts. From January to August 2018, we conducted field surveys of Golden Pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus) and Temminck′s Tragopan(Tragopan temmminckii) in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve, in Sichuan Province. Using MaxEnt modelling and quadrat sampling methods, we studied habitat partitioning between the two Phasianidae species at two spatial scales―macrohabitat and microhabitat. The results showed that:(1) At the macrohabitat scale, the overlap area of suitable macrohabitat is 44.59 km~2, accounting for 58.73% and 44.3% of the macrohabitat area of Golden Pheasant and Temminck′s Tragopan, respectively. This spatial distribution pattern indicated that there was no distinct interspecific partitioning between the two species' macrohabitats;(2) Microhabitat is a key scale for habitat partitioning between the two species. Four microhabitat characteristics, including altitude, slope position, distance to the nearest water resource, and tree coverage, varied significantly between species, leading to significant interspecific partitioning of microhabitats;(3) Although the two species showed different degrees and patterns of habitat partitioning at different spatial scales, they maintained consistency in altitude adaptability, tolerance to human disturbance, and dependence on water resources, across the scales. In addition, for multi-Phasianidae-species joint conservation efforts in this area, we made suggestions based on the similarities and differences in habitat requirements of Golden Pheasant and Temminck′s Tragopan, such as controlling human disturbance, strengthening awareness and education, and maintaining natural vegetation diversity and their mosaic pattern.
Habitat partitioning is an important approach by sympatric species to reduce interspecific competition intensity and achieve stable coexistence, and thus, has been of interest to community ecologists for many decades. Habitat partitioning between sympatric species is a spatial scale dependent ecological process. Studying interspecific habitat partitioning at different spatial scales is of great significance for understanding the coexistence mechanism comprehensively and improving multi-species joint conservation efforts. From January to August 2018, we conducted field surveys of Golden Pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus) and Temminck′s Tragopan(Tragopan temmminckii) in Baishuihe National Nature Reserve, in Sichuan Province. Using MaxEnt modelling and quadrat sampling methods, we studied habitat partitioning between the two Phasianidae species at two spatial scales―macrohabitat and microhabitat. The results showed that:(1) At the macrohabitat scale, the overlap area of suitable macrohabitat is 44.59 km~2, accounting for 58.73% and 44.3% of the macrohabitat area of Golden Pheasant and Temminck′s Tragopan, respectively. This spatial distribution pattern indicated that there was no distinct interspecific partitioning between the two species' macrohabitats;(2) Microhabitat is a key scale for habitat partitioning between the two species. Four microhabitat characteristics, including altitude, slope position, distance to the nearest water resource, and tree coverage, varied significantly between species, leading to significant interspecific partitioning of microhabitats;(3) Although the two species showed different degrees and patterns of habitat partitioning at different spatial scales, they maintained consistency in altitude adaptability, tolerance to human disturbance, and dependence on water resources, across the scales. In addition, for multi-Phasianidae-species joint conservation efforts in this area, we made suggestions based on the similarities and differences in habitat requirements of Golden Pheasant and Temminck′s Tragopan, such as controlling human disturbance, strengthening awareness and education, and maintaining natural vegetation diversity and their mosaic pattern.
引文
[1] Begon M, Harper J L, Townsend C R. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2006: 407-408.
[2] Gause G F. The Struggle for Existence. New York: Hafner, 1934.
[3] Hardin G. The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 1960, 131(3409): 1292-1297.
[4] Schoener T W. Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science, 1974, 185(4145): 27-39.
[5] Chesson P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 2000, 31: 343-366.
[6] George T L, Zack S. Spatial and temporal considerations in restoring habitat for wildlife. Restoration Ecology, 2001, 9(3): 272-279.
[7] Davies K F, Chesson P, Harrison S, Inouye B D, Melbourne B A, Rice K J. Spatial heterogeneity explains the scale dependence of the native-exotic diversity relationship. Ecology, 2005, 86(6): 1602-1610.
[8] Boeye J, Kubisch A, Bonte D. Habitat structure mediates spatial segregation and therefore coexistence. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(4): 593-604.
[9] Pita R, Lambin X, Mira A, Beja P. Hierarchical spatial segregation of two Mediterranean vole species: the role of patch-network structure and matrix composition. Oecologia, 2016, 182(1): 253-263.
[10] 刘鹏, 黄晓凤, 顾署生, 鲁长虎. 江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异. 动物学研究, 2012, 33(2): 170-176.
[11] Sachot S, Perrin N, Neet C. Winter habitat selection by two sympatric forest grouse in western Switzerland: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 2003, 112(3): 373-382.
[12] Hagen C A, Pitman J C, Robel R J, Loughin T M, Applegate R D. Niche partitioning by lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus in southwestern Kansas. Wildlife Biology, 2007, 13(S1): 34-41.
[13] Jia F, Wang N, Zheng G M. Winter habitat requirements of white eared-pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon and blood pheasant Ithaginis cruentus in south-west China. Bird Conservation International, 2005, 15(3): 303-312.
[14] 崔鹏, 康明江, 邓文洪. 繁殖季节同域分布的红腹角雉和血雉的觅食生境选择. 生物多样性, 2008, 16(2): 143-149.
[15] 郑光美. 中国雉类. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2015.
[16] 何少文, 巩会生. 红腹锦鸡的越冬生态观察. 动物学杂志, 1994, 29(6): 47-48.
[17] 史海涛, 郑光美. 红腹角雉取食栖息地选择的研究. 动物学研究, 1999, 20(2): 131-136.
[18] 梁伟. 红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)的活动性及栖息地选择研究[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 1997.
[19] 邵晨. 红腹锦鸡的冬季栖息地. 动物学杂志, 1998, 33(2): 38-41.
[20] Mayor S J, Schneider D C, Schaefer J A, Mahoney S P. Habitat selection at multiple scales. écoscience, 2009, 16(2): 238-247.
[21] 郑光美. 中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版). 北京: 科学出版社, 2017.
[22] Sutherland W J, Newton I, Green R. Bird Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[23] Wang B, Xu Y, Ran J. Predicting suitable habitat of the Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii) using ecological niche modeling in the Qionglai Mountains, China. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3477.
[24] 梁伟. 红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)的生态适应与保护[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 2000.
[25] 史海涛. 红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)的活动区、食性及栖息地的研究[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 1995.
[26] Kalkhan M A. Spatial Statistics: GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
[27] 邓书斌. ENVI遥感图像处理方法. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.
[28] Alcaraz-Segura D, Paruelo J M, Epstein H E, Cabello J. Environmental and human controls of ecosystem functional diversity in temperate South America. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(1): 127-154.
[29] Requena-Mullo J M, López E, Castro A J, Cabello J, Virgós E, González-Miras E, Castro H. Modeling spatial distribution of European badger in arid landscapes: an ecosystem functioning approach. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(5): 843-855.
[30] Guisan A, Zimmermann N E. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 2000, 135(2/3): 147-186.
[31] Hijmans R J, Cameron S E, Parra J L, Jones P G, Jarvis A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 2005, 25(15): 1965-1978.
[32] Swanepoel L H. Extent and fragmentation of suitable leopard habitat in South Africa. Animal Conservation, 2013, 16(1): 41-50.
[33] Phillips S J, Anderson R P, Schapire R E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 2006, 190(3/4): 231-259.
[34] Swets J A. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 1988, 240(4857): 1285-1293.
[35] Jiménez-Valverde A, Lobo J M. Threshold criteria for conversion of probability of species presence to either-or presence-absence. Acta Oecologica, 2007, 31(3): 361-369.
[36] Warren D L, Glor R E, Turelli M. ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography, 2010, 33(3): 607-611.
[37] Warren D L, Glor R E, Turelli M. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution, 2008, 62(11): 2868-2883.
[38] Maurer B A. Statistical inference for MacArthruy-Levins niche overlap. Ecology, 1982, 63(6): 1712-1719.
[39] May R M. Some notes on estimating the competition matrix. Ecology, 1975, 56(3): 737-741.
[40] Parra G J. Resource partitioning in sympatric delphinids: space use and habitat preferences of australian snubfin and indo-pacific humpback dolphins. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2006, 75(4): 862-874.
[41] Hu J H, Jiang Z G, Chen J, Qiao H J. Niche divergence accelerates evolution in Asian endemic Procapra gazelles. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 10069.
[42] Hosseinian Yousefkhani S S, Mirshamsi O, Ilgaz ?, Kumlutas Y, Avci A. Ecological niche divergence between Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier, 1807) and T. persicus (Blanford, 1881) (Sauria: Agamidae) in the Middle East. Asian Herpetological Research, 2016, 7(2): 96-102.
[43] 刘小斌, 韦伟, 郑筱光, 赵凯辉, 何少文, 周文良. 红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉活动节律——基于红外相机监测数据. 动物学杂志, 2017, 52(2): 194-202.
[44] Tokeshi M. Species Coexistence: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell Science,1999.
[45] 徐言朋, 郑家文, 丁平, 蒋萍萍, 蔡路昀, 黄晓风, 姚小华, 徐向荣, 余泽平. 官山白颈长尾雉活动区域海拔高度的季节变化及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 2007, 15(4): 337-343.
[46] 李宏群, 韩宗先, 吴少斌, 曹长雷, 岳碧松. 大木山自然保护区红腹锦鸡对冬季生境的选择性. 东北林业大学学报, 2011, 39(11): 76-78.
[47] 丛培昊, 郑光美. 四川老君山地区红腹角雉的夜栖行为和夜栖地选择. 生物多样性, 2008, 16(4): 332-338.
[48] 张正旺, 丁长青, 丁平, 郑光美. 中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策. 生物多样性, 2003, 11(5): 414-421.
[49] Zhang Z J, Wei F W, Li M, Hu J C. Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in Bashania faberi bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2006, 70(1): 231-235.
[50] 刘鹏, 张微微. 官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉季节性生境选择. 生态学报, 2017, 37(18): 6005-6013.
[2] Gause G F. The Struggle for Existence. New York: Hafner, 1934.
[3] Hardin G. The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 1960, 131(3409): 1292-1297.
[4] Schoener T W. Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science, 1974, 185(4145): 27-39.
[5] Chesson P. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 2000, 31: 343-366.
[6] George T L, Zack S. Spatial and temporal considerations in restoring habitat for wildlife. Restoration Ecology, 2001, 9(3): 272-279.
[7] Davies K F, Chesson P, Harrison S, Inouye B D, Melbourne B A, Rice K J. Spatial heterogeneity explains the scale dependence of the native-exotic diversity relationship. Ecology, 2005, 86(6): 1602-1610.
[8] Boeye J, Kubisch A, Bonte D. Habitat structure mediates spatial segregation and therefore coexistence. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(4): 593-604.
[9] Pita R, Lambin X, Mira A, Beja P. Hierarchical spatial segregation of two Mediterranean vole species: the role of patch-network structure and matrix composition. Oecologia, 2016, 182(1): 253-263.
[10] 刘鹏, 黄晓凤, 顾署生, 鲁长虎. 江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异. 动物学研究, 2012, 33(2): 170-176.
[11] Sachot S, Perrin N, Neet C. Winter habitat selection by two sympatric forest grouse in western Switzerland: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 2003, 112(3): 373-382.
[12] Hagen C A, Pitman J C, Robel R J, Loughin T M, Applegate R D. Niche partitioning by lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus in southwestern Kansas. Wildlife Biology, 2007, 13(S1): 34-41.
[13] Jia F, Wang N, Zheng G M. Winter habitat requirements of white eared-pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon and blood pheasant Ithaginis cruentus in south-west China. Bird Conservation International, 2005, 15(3): 303-312.
[14] 崔鹏, 康明江, 邓文洪. 繁殖季节同域分布的红腹角雉和血雉的觅食生境选择. 生物多样性, 2008, 16(2): 143-149.
[15] 郑光美. 中国雉类. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2015.
[16] 何少文, 巩会生. 红腹锦鸡的越冬生态观察. 动物学杂志, 1994, 29(6): 47-48.
[17] 史海涛, 郑光美. 红腹角雉取食栖息地选择的研究. 动物学研究, 1999, 20(2): 131-136.
[18] 梁伟. 红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)的活动性及栖息地选择研究[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 1997.
[19] 邵晨. 红腹锦鸡的冬季栖息地. 动物学杂志, 1998, 33(2): 38-41.
[20] Mayor S J, Schneider D C, Schaefer J A, Mahoney S P. Habitat selection at multiple scales. écoscience, 2009, 16(2): 238-247.
[21] 郑光美. 中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版). 北京: 科学出版社, 2017.
[22] Sutherland W J, Newton I, Green R. Bird Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[23] Wang B, Xu Y, Ran J. Predicting suitable habitat of the Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii) using ecological niche modeling in the Qionglai Mountains, China. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3477.
[24] 梁伟. 红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)的生态适应与保护[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 2000.
[25] 史海涛. 红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)的活动区、食性及栖息地的研究[D]. 北京: 北京师范大学, 1995.
[26] Kalkhan M A. Spatial Statistics: GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
[27] 邓书斌. ENVI遥感图像处理方法. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.
[28] Alcaraz-Segura D, Paruelo J M, Epstein H E, Cabello J. Environmental and human controls of ecosystem functional diversity in temperate South America. Remote Sensing, 2013, 5(1): 127-154.
[29] Requena-Mullo J M, López E, Castro A J, Cabello J, Virgós E, González-Miras E, Castro H. Modeling spatial distribution of European badger in arid landscapes: an ecosystem functioning approach. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(5): 843-855.
[30] Guisan A, Zimmermann N E. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 2000, 135(2/3): 147-186.
[31] Hijmans R J, Cameron S E, Parra J L, Jones P G, Jarvis A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 2005, 25(15): 1965-1978.
[32] Swanepoel L H. Extent and fragmentation of suitable leopard habitat in South Africa. Animal Conservation, 2013, 16(1): 41-50.
[33] Phillips S J, Anderson R P, Schapire R E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 2006, 190(3/4): 231-259.
[34] Swets J A. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 1988, 240(4857): 1285-1293.
[35] Jiménez-Valverde A, Lobo J M. Threshold criteria for conversion of probability of species presence to either-or presence-absence. Acta Oecologica, 2007, 31(3): 361-369.
[36] Warren D L, Glor R E, Turelli M. ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography, 2010, 33(3): 607-611.
[37] Warren D L, Glor R E, Turelli M. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution, 2008, 62(11): 2868-2883.
[38] Maurer B A. Statistical inference for MacArthruy-Levins niche overlap. Ecology, 1982, 63(6): 1712-1719.
[39] May R M. Some notes on estimating the competition matrix. Ecology, 1975, 56(3): 737-741.
[40] Parra G J. Resource partitioning in sympatric delphinids: space use and habitat preferences of australian snubfin and indo-pacific humpback dolphins. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2006, 75(4): 862-874.
[41] Hu J H, Jiang Z G, Chen J, Qiao H J. Niche divergence accelerates evolution in Asian endemic Procapra gazelles. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 10069.
[42] Hosseinian Yousefkhani S S, Mirshamsi O, Ilgaz ?, Kumlutas Y, Avci A. Ecological niche divergence between Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier, 1807) and T. persicus (Blanford, 1881) (Sauria: Agamidae) in the Middle East. Asian Herpetological Research, 2016, 7(2): 96-102.
[43] 刘小斌, 韦伟, 郑筱光, 赵凯辉, 何少文, 周文良. 红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉活动节律——基于红外相机监测数据. 动物学杂志, 2017, 52(2): 194-202.
[44] Tokeshi M. Species Coexistence: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell Science,1999.
[45] 徐言朋, 郑家文, 丁平, 蒋萍萍, 蔡路昀, 黄晓风, 姚小华, 徐向荣, 余泽平. 官山白颈长尾雉活动区域海拔高度的季节变化及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 2007, 15(4): 337-343.
[46] 李宏群, 韩宗先, 吴少斌, 曹长雷, 岳碧松. 大木山自然保护区红腹锦鸡对冬季生境的选择性. 东北林业大学学报, 2011, 39(11): 76-78.
[47] 丛培昊, 郑光美. 四川老君山地区红腹角雉的夜栖行为和夜栖地选择. 生物多样性, 2008, 16(4): 332-338.
[48] 张正旺, 丁长青, 丁平, 郑光美. 中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策. 生物多样性, 2003, 11(5): 414-421.
[49] Zhang Z J, Wei F W, Li M, Hu J C. Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in Bashania faberi bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2006, 70(1): 231-235.
[50] 刘鹏, 张微微. 官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉季节性生境选择. 生态学报, 2017, 37(18): 6005-6013.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |