控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响
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摘要
为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明:玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月.与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量.不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm~(-2),占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%.在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高.综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of controlled-release urea(CRU) application on ammonia(NH_3) volatilization, nitrogen(N) use efficiency and fresh ear yield of fresh edible maize. The treatments included one control(CK: no N fertilizer application) and four different band fertilization depths(0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm). Results showed that NH_3 volatilization from non-fertilization band and planting band mainly occurred in the first two weeks after the fertilization, which lasted for almost a month in the fertilization band. Compared to CK, surface broadcasted CRU(0 cm) significantly increased NH_3 volatilization from wide-row non-fertilization band or planting band in field. Soil NH_3 volatilization amounts ranged from 3.1 to 25.5 kg N·hm~(-2) with the different depths of CRU application treatments, accounting for 1.7%-14.2% of total N applied. The cumulative NH_3 volatilizations were comparable among the depths of 10, 15 and 20 cm of CRU fertilization treatments, which were significantly decreased by 85.9%-87.8% and 67.0%-71.6% as compared with surface broadcasted CRU and 5 cm of CRU fertilization, respectively. The increases of CRU application depth within a certain extent could increase fresh ear yield, total nitrogen accumulation of plants during milking stage, partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizer, and the maximum values of these indices were recorded for 15 cm depth. We concluded that CRU application at 15 cm depth would be the optimal practice in terms of reducing NH_3 volatilization and improving N use efficiency of fresh edible maize.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of controlled-release urea(CRU) application on ammonia(NH_3) volatilization, nitrogen(N) use efficiency and fresh ear yield of fresh edible maize. The treatments included one control(CK: no N fertilizer application) and four different band fertilization depths(0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm). Results showed that NH_3 volatilization from non-fertilization band and planting band mainly occurred in the first two weeks after the fertilization, which lasted for almost a month in the fertilization band. Compared to CK, surface broadcasted CRU(0 cm) significantly increased NH_3 volatilization from wide-row non-fertilization band or planting band in field. Soil NH_3 volatilization amounts ranged from 3.1 to 25.5 kg N·hm~(-2) with the different depths of CRU application treatments, accounting for 1.7%-14.2% of total N applied. The cumulative NH_3 volatilizations were comparable among the depths of 10, 15 and 20 cm of CRU fertilization treatments, which were significantly decreased by 85.9%-87.8% and 67.0%-71.6% as compared with surface broadcasted CRU and 5 cm of CRU fertilization, respectively. The increases of CRU application depth within a certain extent could increase fresh ear yield, total nitrogen accumulation of plants during milking stage, partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizer, and the maximum values of these indices were recorded for 15 cm depth. We concluded that CRU application at 15 cm depth would be the optimal practice in terms of reducing NH_3 volatilization and improving N use efficiency of fresh edible maize.
引文
[1] Zhang F-S (张福锁), Wang J-Q (王激清), Zhang W-F (张卫峰), et al. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2008, 45(5): 915-924 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良). Research on soil nitrogen in China. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2008, 45(5): 778-783 (in Chinese)
[3] Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, et al. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science, 2008, 320: 889-892
[4] Gu B, Ge Y, Ren Y, et al. Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: Sources, recent trends, and damage costs. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46: 9420-9427
[5] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[6] Pan B, Lam SK, Mosier A, et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies: A global synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 232: 283-289
[7] Ma BL, Wu TY, Tremblay N, et al. On-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization. Agronomy Journal, 2010, 102: 134-144
[8] Liu TQ, Fan DJ, Zhang XX, et al. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in central China. Field Crops Research, 2015, 184: 80-90
[9] Li X (李鑫), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of different modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[10] Sanz-Cobena A, Misselbrook T, Camp V, et al. Effect of water addition and the urease inhibitor NBPT on the abatement of ammonia emission from surface applied urea. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45: 1517-1524
[11] Li PF, Lu JW, Wang Y, et al. Nitrogen losses, use efficiency, and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2018, 251: 78-87
[12] Hou P-F (侯朋福), Xue L-X (薛利祥), Yu Y-L (俞映倞), et al. Control effect of side deep fertilization with slow-release fertilizer on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields. Environmental Sicence (环境科学), 2017, 38(12): 5326-5332 (in Chinese)
[13] Geng JB, Ma Q, Zhang M, et al. Synchronized relationships between nitrogen release of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen requirements of cotton. Field Crops Research, 2015, 184: 9-16
[14] Wang SQ, Zhao X, Xing GX, et al. Improving grain yield and reducing N loss using polymer-coated urea in southeast China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015, 35: 1103-1115
[15] Ma F-L (马富亮), Song F-P (宋付朋), Gao Y (高杨), et al. Effects of sulfur- and polymer-coated controlled release urea fertilizers on wheat yield and quality and fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(1): 67-72 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang M (张木), Tang S-H (唐拴虎), Zhang F-B (张发宝), et al. Slow-release urea of 60-day-release period is suitable for one basal application in early and late rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 119-127 (in Chinese)
[17] Guo X-S (郭新送), Ding F-J (丁方军), Chen S-G (陈士更), et al. Effect of application depth and location of controlled-release fertilizer on wheat yield and soil nutrients of root zone. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2018, 34(4): 9-15 (in Chinese)
[18] Ke J, He RC, Hou PF, et al. Combined controlled-released nitrogen fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching, rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2018, 265: 402-412
[19] Zhang Y-Q (张永清), Li H (李华), Miao G-Y (苗果园). Effect of fertilization depth on distribution and late senescence of root system of spring wheat. Soils (土壤), 2006, 38(1): 110-112 (in Chinese)
[20] Yu X-F (于晓芳), Gao J-L (高聚林), Ye J (叶君), et al. Effects of deep loosening with nitrogen deep placement on root growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super high-yield spring maize. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2013, 21(1): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[21] Xu J-F (许金芳), Song G-A (宋国安), Liu J (刘佳). Research situation and development strategy of sweet corn and waxy corn in China. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2007, 15(6): 40-42, 46 (in Chinese)
[22] Liu W (刘威), Zhou J-X (周剑雄), Xie Y-Y (谢媛圆), et al. Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of fresh edibe maize under different fertilization depths of controlled-release urea. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2018, 32(1): 246-251, 258 (in Chinese)
[23] Wu H-Y (吴海燕), Gao Y-S (高玉山), Fan Z-W (范作伟), et al. Effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen efficiency of fresh consumed maize. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences (吉林农业科学), 2013, 38(3): 39-42 (in Chinese)
[24] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil: Venting method. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2008, 8(2): 205-209 ( in Chinese)
[25] Wang W-L (王文林), Liu B (刘波), Han R-M (韩睿明), et al. Review of researches on factor affec-ting emission of ammonia from agriculture. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment (生态与农村环境学报), 2016, 32(6): 870-878 (in Chinese)
[26] Sun X-X (孙祥鑫), Li D-P (李东坡), Wu Z-J (武志杰), et al. Characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from a paddy soil under continuous application of different slow/controlled release urea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(6): 1901-1909 (in Chinese)
[27] Randall GW, Mulla DJ. Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30: 337-344
[28] Lin D (凌德), Li T (李婷), Wang H-Y (王火焰), et al. Effects of fertilization methods and forms of nitrogen fertilizers on nitrogen diffusion and migration in paddy soil. Soils (土壤), 2015, 47(3): 478-482 (in Chinese)
[29] Rochette P, Angers DA, Chantigny MH, et al. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention: How deep to incorporate urea? Journal of Environmental Quality, 2013, 42: 1635-1642
[30] Zhou W (周伟), Lyu T-F (吕腾飞), Yang Z-P (杨志平), et al. Research advances on regulating soil nitrogen loss by the type of nitrogen fertilizer and its application strategy. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(9): 3051-3058 (in Chinese)
[31] Yang Y-M (杨云马), Sun Y-M (孙彦铭), Jia L-L (贾良良), et al. Effect of base nitrogen application depth on summer maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen residue. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 119-127 (in Chinese)
[32] Jiang C-Q (姜超强), Lyu D-J (卢殿君), Wang S-J (王世济), et al. Research on placement site of urea single application in summer maize. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2016, 22(3): 830-837 (in Chinese)
[33] Yao YL, Zhang M, TianYH, et al. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Research, 2018, 218: 254-266
[34] Zhang M, Yao YL, Zhao M, et al. Integration of urea deep placement and organic addition for improving yield and soil properties and decreasing N loss in paddy field. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2017, 247: 236-245
[35] Su L (苏琳), Dong Z-X (董志新), Shao G-Q (邵国庆), et al. Effects of different application modes and rates of controlled release urea on fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(4): 915-920 (in Chinese)
[36] Guo LW, Ning TY, Nie LP, et al. Interaction of deep placed controlled-release urea and water retention agent on nitrogen and water use and maize yield. European Journal of Agronomy, 2016, 75: 118-129
[37] Zhang C (张朝), Che Y-P (车玉萍), Li Z-P (李忠佩), et al. Translocation and transformation characteristics of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soil: A study with simulated soil column. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(12): 3236-3242 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良). Research on soil nitrogen in China. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2008, 45(5): 778-783 (in Chinese)
[3] Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, et al. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science, 2008, 320: 889-892
[4] Gu B, Ge Y, Ren Y, et al. Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: Sources, recent trends, and damage costs. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46: 9420-9427
[5] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[6] Pan B, Lam SK, Mosier A, et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies: A global synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2016, 232: 283-289
[7] Ma BL, Wu TY, Tremblay N, et al. On-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization. Agronomy Journal, 2010, 102: 134-144
[8] Liu TQ, Fan DJ, Zhang XX, et al. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in central China. Field Crops Research, 2015, 184: 80-90
[9] Li X (李鑫), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of different modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[10] Sanz-Cobena A, Misselbrook T, Camp V, et al. Effect of water addition and the urease inhibitor NBPT on the abatement of ammonia emission from surface applied urea. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45: 1517-1524
[11] Li PF, Lu JW, Wang Y, et al. Nitrogen losses, use efficiency, and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2018, 251: 78-87
[12] Hou P-F (侯朋福), Xue L-X (薛利祥), Yu Y-L (俞映倞), et al. Control effect of side deep fertilization with slow-release fertilizer on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields. Environmental Sicence (环境科学), 2017, 38(12): 5326-5332 (in Chinese)
[13] Geng JB, Ma Q, Zhang M, et al. Synchronized relationships between nitrogen release of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen requirements of cotton. Field Crops Research, 2015, 184: 9-16
[14] Wang SQ, Zhao X, Xing GX, et al. Improving grain yield and reducing N loss using polymer-coated urea in southeast China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015, 35: 1103-1115
[15] Ma F-L (马富亮), Song F-P (宋付朋), Gao Y (高杨), et al. Effects of sulfur- and polymer-coated controlled release urea fertilizers on wheat yield and quality and fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(1): 67-72 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang M (张木), Tang S-H (唐拴虎), Zhang F-B (张发宝), et al. Slow-release urea of 60-day-release period is suitable for one basal application in early and late rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 119-127 (in Chinese)
[17] Guo X-S (郭新送), Ding F-J (丁方军), Chen S-G (陈士更), et al. Effect of application depth and location of controlled-release fertilizer on wheat yield and soil nutrients of root zone. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2018, 34(4): 9-15 (in Chinese)
[18] Ke J, He RC, Hou PF, et al. Combined controlled-released nitrogen fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching, rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2018, 265: 402-412
[19] Zhang Y-Q (张永清), Li H (李华), Miao G-Y (苗果园). Effect of fertilization depth on distribution and late senescence of root system of spring wheat. Soils (土壤), 2006, 38(1): 110-112 (in Chinese)
[20] Yu X-F (于晓芳), Gao J-L (高聚林), Ye J (叶君), et al. Effects of deep loosening with nitrogen deep placement on root growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super high-yield spring maize. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2013, 21(1): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[21] Xu J-F (许金芳), Song G-A (宋国安), Liu J (刘佳). Research situation and development strategy of sweet corn and waxy corn in China. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2007, 15(6): 40-42, 46 (in Chinese)
[22] Liu W (刘威), Zhou J-X (周剑雄), Xie Y-Y (谢媛圆), et al. Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of fresh edibe maize under different fertilization depths of controlled-release urea. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2018, 32(1): 246-251, 258 (in Chinese)
[23] Wu H-Y (吴海燕), Gao Y-S (高玉山), Fan Z-W (范作伟), et al. Effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen efficiency of fresh consumed maize. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences (吉林农业科学), 2013, 38(3): 39-42 (in Chinese)
[24] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil: Venting method. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2008, 8(2): 205-209 ( in Chinese)
[25] Wang W-L (王文林), Liu B (刘波), Han R-M (韩睿明), et al. Review of researches on factor affec-ting emission of ammonia from agriculture. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment (生态与农村环境学报), 2016, 32(6): 870-878 (in Chinese)
[26] Sun X-X (孙祥鑫), Li D-P (李东坡), Wu Z-J (武志杰), et al. Characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from a paddy soil under continuous application of different slow/controlled release urea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(6): 1901-1909 (in Chinese)
[27] Randall GW, Mulla DJ. Nitrate nitrogen in surface waters as influenced by climatic conditions and agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30: 337-344
[28] Lin D (凌德), Li T (李婷), Wang H-Y (王火焰), et al. Effects of fertilization methods and forms of nitrogen fertilizers on nitrogen diffusion and migration in paddy soil. Soils (土壤), 2015, 47(3): 478-482 (in Chinese)
[29] Rochette P, Angers DA, Chantigny MH, et al. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention: How deep to incorporate urea? Journal of Environmental Quality, 2013, 42: 1635-1642
[30] Zhou W (周伟), Lyu T-F (吕腾飞), Yang Z-P (杨志平), et al. Research advances on regulating soil nitrogen loss by the type of nitrogen fertilizer and its application strategy. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(9): 3051-3058 (in Chinese)
[31] Yang Y-M (杨云马), Sun Y-M (孙彦铭), Jia L-L (贾良良), et al. Effect of base nitrogen application depth on summer maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen residue. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 119-127 (in Chinese)
[32] Jiang C-Q (姜超强), Lyu D-J (卢殿君), Wang S-J (王世济), et al. Research on placement site of urea single application in summer maize. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2016, 22(3): 830-837 (in Chinese)
[33] Yao YL, Zhang M, TianYH, et al. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Research, 2018, 218: 254-266
[34] Zhang M, Yao YL, Zhao M, et al. Integration of urea deep placement and organic addition for improving yield and soil properties and decreasing N loss in paddy field. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2017, 247: 236-245
[35] Su L (苏琳), Dong Z-X (董志新), Shao G-Q (邵国庆), et al. Effects of different application modes and rates of controlled release urea on fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(4): 915-920 (in Chinese)
[36] Guo LW, Ning TY, Nie LP, et al. Interaction of deep placed controlled-release urea and water retention agent on nitrogen and water use and maize yield. European Journal of Agronomy, 2016, 75: 118-129
[37] Zhang C (张朝), Che Y-P (车玉萍), Li Z-P (李忠佩), et al. Translocation and transformation characteristics of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soil: A study with simulated soil column. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(12): 3236-3242 (in Chinese)
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