有机氮替代无机氮对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响
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摘要
为了促进黄土高原西部半干旱区水氮高效利用和农业的可持续性生产,探索适宜的有机氮替代无机氮水平,于2016—2018年在甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站进行了3年的大田试验,设置了6个处理:单施化学氮肥不施有机肥(T_1)、有机肥50%替代化学氮肥(T_2)、有机肥37.5%替代化学氮肥(T_3)、有机肥25%替代化学氮肥(T_4)、有机肥12.5%替代化学氮肥(T_5)和不施氮肥对照(CK),研究了有机氮替代无机氮对全膜双垄沟播玉米种植系统产量、经济效益、水氮利用效率的影响.结果表明:氮肥施用显著增加了玉米产量和水氮利用效率.在200 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平下,有机肥氮替代处理在干旱年份表现出明显的增产增效作用;而在丰水年,有机氮替代无机氮处理籽粒产量、水氮利用效率与对照无显著差异.总体来说,与单施化肥相比,50%和37.5%替代处理籽粒产量分别增加15.6%和18.2%,收获指数分别增加35.1%和27.0%;水分利用效率、降水利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力分别增加17.4%、15.7%、15.6%、155.2%和22.3%、17.7%、18.0%、179.3%.表明在相等的总氮量投入下,50%和37.5%是该地区全膜双垄沟播玉米有机氮替代无机氮的适宜水平,建议在生产中推广应用.
To improve water and nitrogen(N) fertilizer use efficiency, increase sustainable agricultural production, and explore the appropriate substitution level of inorganic N fertilizer by organic fertilizer in the semi-arid region of the western Loess Plateau, a three-year field experiment was conducted at the Dingxi Agri-ecological Station in 2016-2018. We examined the effects of commercial organic fertilizer substitution on maize grain yield as well as the use efficiency of water and N fertilizer under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow in dryland. There were six fertilizer treatments: T_1, N fertilizer without organic fertilizer; T_2, substitution 50% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_3, substitution 37.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_4, substitution 25% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_5, substitution 12.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; and CK, no N fertilizer. The results showed that treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution(T_2-T_5) had higher grain yield and water and N efficiency than that in T_1 treatment in dry year under 200 kg N·hm~(-2). The changes in grain yield and water and N fertilizer efficiency had no significant difference in treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution compared to T_1 treatment in wet year. T_2 and T_3 treatments increased grain yield by 15.6% and 18.2%, and with 35.1% and 27.0% enhancement in harvest index compared to T_1. T_2 and T_3 treatments increased water use efficiency, rainfall use efficiency, N agrono-mic efficiency and partial productivity of N fertilizer by 17.4% and 22.3%, 15.7% and 17.7%, 15.6% and 18.0%, 155.2% and 179.3%. These results demonstrated that under the same N input level, 50% and 37.5% substitution inorganic-N with organic-N could be a suitable substitution rate under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow, which could be recommended as a fertilizer application pattern in this area.
To improve water and nitrogen(N) fertilizer use efficiency, increase sustainable agricultural production, and explore the appropriate substitution level of inorganic N fertilizer by organic fertilizer in the semi-arid region of the western Loess Plateau, a three-year field experiment was conducted at the Dingxi Agri-ecological Station in 2016-2018. We examined the effects of commercial organic fertilizer substitution on maize grain yield as well as the use efficiency of water and N fertilizer under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow in dryland. There were six fertilizer treatments: T_1, N fertilizer without organic fertilizer; T_2, substitution 50% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_3, substitution 37.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_4, substitution 25% inorganic-N with organic-N; T_5, substitution 12.5% inorganic-N with organic-N; and CK, no N fertilizer. The results showed that treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution(T_2-T_5) had higher grain yield and water and N efficiency than that in T_1 treatment in dry year under 200 kg N·hm~(-2). The changes in grain yield and water and N fertilizer efficiency had no significant difference in treatments of commercial organic fertilizer substitution compared to T_1 treatment in wet year. T_2 and T_3 treatments increased grain yield by 15.6% and 18.2%, and with 35.1% and 27.0% enhancement in harvest index compared to T_1. T_2 and T_3 treatments increased water use efficiency, rainfall use efficiency, N agrono-mic efficiency and partial productivity of N fertilizer by 17.4% and 22.3%, 15.7% and 17.7%, 15.6% and 18.0%, 155.2% and 179.3%. These results demonstrated that under the same N input level, 50% and 37.5% substitution inorganic-N with organic-N could be a suitable substitution rate under plastic film fully mulched ridge-furrow, which could be recommended as a fertilizer application pattern in this area.
引文
[1] Huang GB, Zhang RZ, Li LL, et al. Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat-field pea rotation in a semi-arid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems. Field Crops Research, 2008, 107: 43-55
[2] Gan YT, Siddique KHM, Turner NC, et al. Chapter seven-ridge-furrow mulching systems: An innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Advances in Agronomy, 2013, 118: 429-476
[3] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[4] Zhao S-C (赵士诚), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), He P (何萍), et al. Effects of reducing and postponing nitrogen application on soil N supply, plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 492-497 (in Chinese)
[5] Liu JC, Wang ZL, Yue SC, et al. Effects of plastic film mulching and nitrogen application rate on net global warming potential in semiarid rain-fed maize cropland. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1197-1204 (in Chinese)
[6] Lamptey S, Li LL, Xie JH. Nitrogen time of application impact on productivity, water use efficiency and agronomic efficiency of maize in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2018, 10: 71-79
[7] Wang Y-L (王宜伦), Li C-H (李潮海), Tan J-F (谭金芳), et al. Effect of postponing N application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super high-yield summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2011, 37(2): 339-347 (in Chinese)
[8] Qi D-L (漆栋良), Wu X (吴雪), Hu T-T (胡田田). Effects of nitrogen supply methods on root growth, yield and nitrogen use of maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(14): 2804-2813 (in Chinese)
[9] Zhao C (赵财), Wang Q-M (王巧梅), Guo Y (郭瑶), et al. Effects of water-nitrogen coupling patterns on dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat under no-tillage with previous plastic mulched maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2018, 44(11): 1694-1703 (in Chinese)
[10] Wu R-M (吴荣美), Wang Y-P (王永鹏), Li F-M (李凤民), et al. Effects of coupling film-mulched furrow-ridge cropping with maize straw soil-incorporation on maize yields and soil organic carbon pool at a semiarid loess site of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2012, 32(9): 2855-2862 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang X-M (张仙梅), Huang G-B (黄高宝), Li L-L (李玲玲), et al. Effects of mulching patterns on spatio-temporal variation of soil nitrate and nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize on dry land. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2011, 29(5): 26-32 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhang F-S (张福锁), Wang J-Q (王激清), Zhang W-F (张卫峰), et al. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2008, 45(5): 915-924 (in Chinese)
[13] Ou Y-H (欧杨虹), Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣). Effect of combined use of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences (江苏农业学报), 2009, 25(1): 106-111 (in Chinese)
[14] Lynch DH, Voroney RP, Warman RP. Soil physical properties and organic matter fractions under forages receiving composts manure or fertilizer. Compost Science and Utilization, 2005, 13: 252-261
[15] Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国农业部). The Action Program of Chemical Fertilizer Zero Increment to 2020[EB/OL]. (2015-03-18) [2018-12-14]. http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201503/t20150318_4444765.htm (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang SL, Sadras V, Chen XP, et al. Water use efficiency of dryland maize in the Loess Plateau of China in response to crop management. Field Crops Research, 2014, 163: 55-63
[17] Xie J-H (谢军红), Chai Q (柴强), Li L-L (李玲玲), et al. Effect of different plastic film mulching patterns on maize grain yield, water use efficiency, and soil water balance in the farming system with one film used two years. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(6): 1935-11942 (in Chinese)
[18] Li L-L (李利利), Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Wang X-N (王西娜), et al. Effects of soil-surface mulching on organic carbon, inorganic carbon and light fraction organic carbon in dryland soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2009, 15(2): 478-483 (in Chinese)
[19] Li S-P (李世朋), Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Yang H (杨浩), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization and plastic film covering on some soil fertility and microbial properties. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2009, 29(5): 2489-2498 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良), Jin J-Y (金继运). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(2): 259-273 (in Chinese)
[21] Ma W-Q (马文奇), Zhang F-S (张福锁), Chen X-P (陈新平). Significance and keystone of research of integrated nutrient resource management in China. Science and Technology Review (科技导报), 2006, 24(10): 64-67 (in Chinese)
[22] Lamptey S, Li LL, Xie JH, et al. Photosynthetic response of maize to nitrogen fertilization in the semiarid western Loess Plateau of China. Crop Science, 2017, 57: 2739-2752
[23] Zhang YL, Li CH, Wang YW, et al. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 155: 85-94
[24] Shisanya CA, Mucheru MW, Mugendi DN, et al. Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil mineral nitrogen and maize yields in central highlands of Kenya. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 103: 239-246
[25] Peng K-S (彭坷珊). Agricultural technique of regulating efficiently soil water in Loess Plateau. Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2001, 3(1): 12-16 (in Chinese)
[26] Wang LL, Wang S, Chen W, et al. Physiological mecha-nisms contributing to increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under organic fertilization. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6): e0180205
[27] Zhang X-C (张绪成), Yu X-F (于显枫), Wang H-L (王红丽), et al. Regulations of reduced chemical nitrogen, potassium fertilizer application and organic manure substitution on potato water fertilizer utilization and biomass assimilation under whole field plastics mulching and ridge-furrow planting system on semi-arid area. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(5): 852-864 (in Chinese)
[28] Zhu Y (祝英), Wang Z-Y (王治业), Peng Y-N (彭轶楠), et al. Changes of soil nutrients and micro-bial communities under the condition of organic fertili-zers replacing part of chemical fertilizers. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2015, 46(5): 1161-1167 (in Chinese)
[29] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[30] Wang LL, Palta JA, Chen W, et al. Nitrogen fertilization improved water-use efficiency of winter wheat through increasing water use during vegetative rather than grain filling. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 197: 41-53
[2] Gan YT, Siddique KHM, Turner NC, et al. Chapter seven-ridge-furrow mulching systems: An innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Advances in Agronomy, 2013, 118: 429-476
[3] Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, et al. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014, 514: 486-489
[4] Zhao S-C (赵士诚), Pei X-X (裴雪霞), He P (何萍), et al. Effects of reducing and postponing nitrogen application on soil N supply, plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 492-497 (in Chinese)
[5] Liu JC, Wang ZL, Yue SC, et al. Effects of plastic film mulching and nitrogen application rate on net global warming potential in semiarid rain-fed maize cropland. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1197-1204 (in Chinese)
[6] Lamptey S, Li LL, Xie JH. Nitrogen time of application impact on productivity, water use efficiency and agronomic efficiency of maize in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2018, 10: 71-79
[7] Wang Y-L (王宜伦), Li C-H (李潮海), Tan J-F (谭金芳), et al. Effect of postponing N application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super high-yield summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2011, 37(2): 339-347 (in Chinese)
[8] Qi D-L (漆栋良), Wu X (吴雪), Hu T-T (胡田田). Effects of nitrogen supply methods on root growth, yield and nitrogen use of maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(14): 2804-2813 (in Chinese)
[9] Zhao C (赵财), Wang Q-M (王巧梅), Guo Y (郭瑶), et al. Effects of water-nitrogen coupling patterns on dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat under no-tillage with previous plastic mulched maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2018, 44(11): 1694-1703 (in Chinese)
[10] Wu R-M (吴荣美), Wang Y-P (王永鹏), Li F-M (李凤民), et al. Effects of coupling film-mulched furrow-ridge cropping with maize straw soil-incorporation on maize yields and soil organic carbon pool at a semiarid loess site of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2012, 32(9): 2855-2862 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang X-M (张仙梅), Huang G-B (黄高宝), Li L-L (李玲玲), et al. Effects of mulching patterns on spatio-temporal variation of soil nitrate and nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize on dry land. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2011, 29(5): 26-32 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhang F-S (张福锁), Wang J-Q (王激清), Zhang W-F (张卫峰), et al. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2008, 45(5): 915-924 (in Chinese)
[13] Ou Y-H (欧杨虹), Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣). Effect of combined use of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences (江苏农业学报), 2009, 25(1): 106-111 (in Chinese)
[14] Lynch DH, Voroney RP, Warman RP. Soil physical properties and organic matter fractions under forages receiving composts manure or fertilizer. Compost Science and Utilization, 2005, 13: 252-261
[15] Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国农业部). The Action Program of Chemical Fertilizer Zero Increment to 2020[EB/OL]. (2015-03-18) [2018-12-14]. http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201503/t20150318_4444765.htm (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang SL, Sadras V, Chen XP, et al. Water use efficiency of dryland maize in the Loess Plateau of China in response to crop management. Field Crops Research, 2014, 163: 55-63
[17] Xie J-H (谢军红), Chai Q (柴强), Li L-L (李玲玲), et al. Effect of different plastic film mulching patterns on maize grain yield, water use efficiency, and soil water balance in the farming system with one film used two years. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(6): 1935-11942 (in Chinese)
[18] Li L-L (李利利), Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Wang X-N (王西娜), et al. Effects of soil-surface mulching on organic carbon, inorganic carbon and light fraction organic carbon in dryland soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2009, 15(2): 478-483 (in Chinese)
[19] Li S-P (李世朋), Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Yang H (杨浩), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization and plastic film covering on some soil fertility and microbial properties. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2009, 29(5): 2489-2498 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良), Jin J-Y (金继运). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(2): 259-273 (in Chinese)
[21] Ma W-Q (马文奇), Zhang F-S (张福锁), Chen X-P (陈新平). Significance and keystone of research of integrated nutrient resource management in China. Science and Technology Review (科技导报), 2006, 24(10): 64-67 (in Chinese)
[22] Lamptey S, Li LL, Xie JH, et al. Photosynthetic response of maize to nitrogen fertilization in the semiarid western Loess Plateau of China. Crop Science, 2017, 57: 2739-2752
[23] Zhang YL, Li CH, Wang YW, et al. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 155: 85-94
[24] Shisanya CA, Mucheru MW, Mugendi DN, et al. Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil mineral nitrogen and maize yields in central highlands of Kenya. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 103: 239-246
[25] Peng K-S (彭坷珊). Agricultural technique of regulating efficiently soil water in Loess Plateau. Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2001, 3(1): 12-16 (in Chinese)
[26] Wang LL, Wang S, Chen W, et al. Physiological mecha-nisms contributing to increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under organic fertilization. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6): e0180205
[27] Zhang X-C (张绪成), Yu X-F (于显枫), Wang H-L (王红丽), et al. Regulations of reduced chemical nitrogen, potassium fertilizer application and organic manure substitution on potato water fertilizer utilization and biomass assimilation under whole field plastics mulching and ridge-furrow planting system on semi-arid area. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(5): 852-864 (in Chinese)
[28] Zhu Y (祝英), Wang Z-Y (王治业), Peng Y-N (彭轶楠), et al. Changes of soil nutrients and micro-bial communities under the condition of organic fertili-zers replacing part of chemical fertilizers. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2015, 46(5): 1161-1167 (in Chinese)
[29] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[30] Wang LL, Palta JA, Chen W, et al. Nitrogen fertilization improved water-use efficiency of winter wheat through increasing water use during vegetative rather than grain filling. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 197: 41-53
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