蚯蚓粪与土壤复配比例对基质微生物性状及韭菜生长和品质的影响
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摘要
【目的】蚯蚓粪是蚯蚓消化有机废弃物产生的均匀颗粒,能够提升土壤肥力,改良土壤结构并促进作物生长。本文初探了蚯蚓粪与土壤的不同配比对基质微生物性状及韭菜生长和品质的影响,为蚯蚓粪的开发利用提供依据。【方法】2015年4—6月在中国农业大学温室内进行盆栽试验,按蚯蚓粪、土壤质量比(w/w)设置4个处理,依次为:0/100%(纯土壤不添加蚯蚓粪,CK);20%/80%(T1);60%/40%(T2);100%/0 (T3)。韭菜收获后,测定了基质养分含量、微生物群落变化、韭菜生物量、可溶性蛋白总量、可溶性糖总量和叶绿素含量。【结果】1)随着蚯蚓粪添加比例的增加,基质中的全氮、速效钾和有机质的含量均显著提高;2)蚯蚓粪能显著促进韭菜根系生长,并改善韭菜品质。与对照相比,T1、T2和T3处理中韭菜新根比分别提高5.75%、6.39%和22.23%;韭菜可溶性蛋白总量提升了1.84～5.97倍,可溶性糖总量提升了1.49～1.60倍(P <0.05);3)蚯蚓粪能显著提高基质中的细菌和真菌多样性,并显著增加细菌116、118、130、226、297片段(P <0.05),但减少了真菌71、91、153、351片段(P <0.05)。【结论】蚯蚓粪改善了基质的微生物群落结构,提高细菌和真菌的多样性,增加养分有效性,进而促进韭菜生长并改善韭菜品质。蚯蚓粪直接用作基质的效果最好,但从经济角度考虑,蚯蚓粪与土壤按质量百分比20%/80%即可基本达到满意的效果。
【Objectives】Vermicompost is a homogenous particle produced by earthworms digesting organic wastes, which has been proved to enhance soil fertility, improve soil structure and promote crop growth. In this paper, the effects of different ratios of vermicompost to soil on the microbial properties of substrate and the growth and quality of leek were preliminarily studied, in order to provide reference for the widely use of vermicompost in high quality vegetable production. 【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted inside the greenhouse of China Agricultural University from April to June in 2015. The substrate were prepared by mixing 4 mass percentages of vermicompost and soil in pot: 0/100%(CK), 20%/80%(T1), 60%/40%(T2) and 100%/0(T3). After harvest, the biomass of leek, total soluble protein, total soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents were measured.The NPK contents and the microbial composition of substrate were analyzed. 【Results】1) Vermicompost addition significantly increase the total N, readily available K and organic matter in the substrate, and the better the higher proportion of vermicompost in the substrate; 2) Compared with no vermicompost addition CK, the new root ratio of leek was 5.75%, 6.39% and 22.23% higher in T1, T2 and T3 treatments. The contents of total soluble protein of leek were significantly increased by 1.84-5.97 times and the total soluble sugar contents increased by 1.49-1.60 times(P < 0.05); 3) The microbial diversity index of substrate was significantly increased by the addition of vermicompost. The bacterial fragments of 116, 118, 130, 226, 297 were significantly increased(P <0.05) and the fungal fragments of 71, 91, 153 and 351 decreased(P < 0.05). 【Conclusions】Vermicompost could improve microbial community structure, improve the bacterial and fungal diversity, increase nutrient availability of the based substrate, and promote the growth and improve the quality of leek. The vermicompost can be directly used as substrate and shows the best result. Considering the profit and cost, adding proportion of 20% will make good enough substrate for high quality vegetable production.
【Objectives】Vermicompost is a homogenous particle produced by earthworms digesting organic wastes, which has been proved to enhance soil fertility, improve soil structure and promote crop growth. In this paper, the effects of different ratios of vermicompost to soil on the microbial properties of substrate and the growth and quality of leek were preliminarily studied, in order to provide reference for the widely use of vermicompost in high quality vegetable production. 【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted inside the greenhouse of China Agricultural University from April to June in 2015. The substrate were prepared by mixing 4 mass percentages of vermicompost and soil in pot: 0/100%(CK), 20%/80%(T1), 60%/40%(T2) and 100%/0(T3). After harvest, the biomass of leek, total soluble protein, total soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents were measured.The NPK contents and the microbial composition of substrate were analyzed. 【Results】1) Vermicompost addition significantly increase the total N, readily available K and organic matter in the substrate, and the better the higher proportion of vermicompost in the substrate; 2) Compared with no vermicompost addition CK, the new root ratio of leek was 5.75%, 6.39% and 22.23% higher in T1, T2 and T3 treatments. The contents of total soluble protein of leek were significantly increased by 1.84-5.97 times and the total soluble sugar contents increased by 1.49-1.60 times(P < 0.05); 3) The microbial diversity index of substrate was significantly increased by the addition of vermicompost. The bacterial fragments of 116, 118, 130, 226, 297 were significantly increased(P <0.05) and the fungal fragments of 71, 91, 153 and 351 decreased(P < 0.05). 【Conclusions】Vermicompost could improve microbial community structure, improve the bacterial and fungal diversity, increase nutrient availability of the based substrate, and promote the growth and improve the quality of leek. The vermicompost can be directly used as substrate and shows the best result. Considering the profit and cost, adding proportion of 20% will make good enough substrate for high quality vegetable production.
引文
[1]Edwards C A,Neuhauser E F.Earthworms in waste and environmental management[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1988,27(1):356-356.
[2]Azarmi R,Giglou M T,Taleshmikail R D.Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)field[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2008,7(14):2397-2401.
[3]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,Bierman P.Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries:Part 2.Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(6):831-840.
[4]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,BabenkoA,et al.Influences of vermicomposts,produced by earthworm and microorganisms from cattle manure,food waste and paper waste,on the germination,growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2008,39:91-99.
[5]胡艳霞,孙振钧,孙永明,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜炭疽病的系统诱导抗性作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1358-1362.Hu Y X,Sun Z J,Sun Y M,et al.Earthworm feces-induced systemic resistance of cucumber against anthracnose[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1358-1362.
[6]Zaller J G.Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media:Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2007,112(2):191-199.
[7]Adhikary S.Vermicompost,the story of organic gold:a review[J].Agricultural Sciences,2012,3(7):905-917.
[8]于跃跃,王胜涛,金强,等.施用蚯蚓粪对草莓生长和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(7):219-223.Yu Y Y,Wang S T,Jin Q,et al.Effect of vermicompost application on soil fertility improvement and strawberry growth[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(7):219-223.
[9]贾德新,李士平,王风丹,等.蚯蚓粪对豇豆根际土壤生物学特征及微生物活性的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(2):318-323.Jia D X,Li S P,Wang F D,et al.Effects of vermicompost on biological characteristics and microbial activity in rhizosphere soil of cowpea[J].Acta Agricultural Zhejiangensis,2016,28(2):318-323.
[10]赵洪,杨乐琦,仇淑芳,等.蚯蚓粪复合基质对观赏生菜的生长及品质的影响[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2017,(4):15-20.Zhao H,Yang L Q,Qiu S F,et al.Effects of worm cast compound substrate on the growth and quality of ornamental lettuce[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science Edition),2017,(4):15-20.
[11]张宁,任亚丽,史庆华,等.蚯蚓粪对西瓜品质和产量的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(6):76-79.Zhang N,Ren Y L,Shi Q H,et al.Effects of vermicompost on quality and yield of watermelon[J].China Vegetables,2011,(6):76-79.
[12]崔玉珍,牛明芬.蚯蚓粪对土壤的培肥作用及草莓产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,(4):156-157.Cui Y Z,Niu M F.Effects of earthworm manure on soil fertility and strawberry yield and quality[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1998,(4):156-157.
[13]崔文静,孟祥霞,梁斌,等.蚯蚓粪作为阳台蔬菜栽培基质的研究[J].北方园艺,2017,(3):182-187.Cui W J,Meng X X,Liang B,et al.Study on wormcast as cultivation substrate in balcony horticulture[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,(3):182-187.
[14]Hernández A,Castillo H,Ojeda D,et al.Effect of vermicompost and compost on lettuce production[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,70(4):583-589.
[15]Mu J,Li X,Jiao J,et al.Biocontrol potential of vermicompost through antifungal volatiles produced by indigenous bacteria[J].Biological Control,2017,112:49-54.
[16]Joshi R,Singh J,Vig A P.Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent:effect on growth,yield and quality of plants[J].Reviews in Environmental Science&Biotechnology,2015,14(1):137-159.
[17]Gopalakrishnan S,Vadlamudi S,Bandikinda P,et al.Evaluation of Streptomyces strains isolated from herbal vermicompost for their plant growth-promotion traits in rice[J].Microbiological Research,2014,169(1):40-48.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[19]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.Wang X K.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[20]王轶.长期施肥对农田和温室土壤微生物的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Wang Y.Effect of long-term fertilization on soil microorganism under farmland and greenhouse[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2014.
[21]殷涛.保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体固碳机制研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院硕士学位论文,2015.Yin T.Carbon sequestration mechanism of soil aggregate in long-term conservation tillage farmland[D].Beijing:MS Thesis of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2015.
[22]赵浩,乔侨,张瑞芳,等.蚯蚓粪代替草炭对油菜产量及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2017,(10):6-11.Zhao H,Qiao Q,Zhang F,et al.Effect of replacement of vermicompost to turf on production and quality of edible rape[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,(10):6-11.
[23]Soobhany N,Mohee R,Garg V K.A comparative analysis of composts and vermicomposts derived from municipal solid waste for the growth and yield of green bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2017,24(12):11228-11239.
[24]孙瑞莲,赵秉强,朱鲁生,等.长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(5):2059-2063.Sun R L,Zhao B Q,Zhu L S,et al.Dynamic changes of soil enzyme activities in long-term fertilization soil[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(5):2059-2063.
[25]Jiménez D J,Andreote F D,Chaves D,et al.Structural and functional insights from the metagenome of an acidic hot spring microbial planktonic community in the Colombian Andes[J].PLoS One,2012,7(12):e52069.
[26]Ward N L,Challacombe J F,Janssen P H,et al.Three genomes from the Phylum Acidobacteria provide insight into the lifestyles of these microorganisms in soils[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2009,75(7):2046-2056.
[27]Ryckeboer J,Mergaert J,Vaes K,et al.A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes[J].Annals of Microbiology,2003,53(4):349-410.
[28]Ievinsh G.Vermicompost treatment differentially affects seed germination,seedling growth and physiological status of vegetable crop species[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2011,65(1):169-181.
[29]Atiyeh R M,Lee S,Edwards C A,et al.The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,84(1):7-14.
[30]陈玲玲.蚓粪复合基质应用于康乃馨育苗的效果研究[D].扬州:扬州大学硕士学位论文,2011.Chen L L.Effect of complex vermicompost substrate on the growth of canation seedlings[D].Yangzhou:MS Thesis of Yangzhou University,2011.
[31]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,Bierman P,et al.Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries:effects on growth and yields[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,93(2):145-153.
[2]Azarmi R,Giglou M T,Taleshmikail R D.Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)field[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2008,7(14):2397-2401.
[3]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,Bierman P.Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries:Part 2.Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(6):831-840.
[4]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,BabenkoA,et al.Influences of vermicomposts,produced by earthworm and microorganisms from cattle manure,food waste and paper waste,on the germination,growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2008,39:91-99.
[5]胡艳霞,孙振钧,孙永明,等.蚯蚓粪对黄瓜炭疽病的系统诱导抗性作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1358-1362.Hu Y X,Sun Z J,Sun Y M,et al.Earthworm feces-induced systemic resistance of cucumber against anthracnose[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1358-1362.
[6]Zaller J G.Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media:Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2007,112(2):191-199.
[7]Adhikary S.Vermicompost,the story of organic gold:a review[J].Agricultural Sciences,2012,3(7):905-917.
[8]于跃跃,王胜涛,金强,等.施用蚯蚓粪对草莓生长和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(7):219-223.Yu Y Y,Wang S T,Jin Q,et al.Effect of vermicompost application on soil fertility improvement and strawberry growth[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(7):219-223.
[9]贾德新,李士平,王风丹,等.蚯蚓粪对豇豆根际土壤生物学特征及微生物活性的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(2):318-323.Jia D X,Li S P,Wang F D,et al.Effects of vermicompost on biological characteristics and microbial activity in rhizosphere soil of cowpea[J].Acta Agricultural Zhejiangensis,2016,28(2):318-323.
[10]赵洪,杨乐琦,仇淑芳,等.蚯蚓粪复合基质对观赏生菜的生长及品质的影响[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2017,(4):15-20.Zhao H,Yang L Q,Qiu S F,et al.Effects of worm cast compound substrate on the growth and quality of ornamental lettuce[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science Edition),2017,(4):15-20.
[11]张宁,任亚丽,史庆华,等.蚯蚓粪对西瓜品质和产量的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2011,(6):76-79.Zhang N,Ren Y L,Shi Q H,et al.Effects of vermicompost on quality and yield of watermelon[J].China Vegetables,2011,(6):76-79.
[12]崔玉珍,牛明芬.蚯蚓粪对土壤的培肥作用及草莓产量和品质的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,(4):156-157.Cui Y Z,Niu M F.Effects of earthworm manure on soil fertility and strawberry yield and quality[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1998,(4):156-157.
[13]崔文静,孟祥霞,梁斌,等.蚯蚓粪作为阳台蔬菜栽培基质的研究[J].北方园艺,2017,(3):182-187.Cui W J,Meng X X,Liang B,et al.Study on wormcast as cultivation substrate in balcony horticulture[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,(3):182-187.
[14]Hernández A,Castillo H,Ojeda D,et al.Effect of vermicompost and compost on lettuce production[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,70(4):583-589.
[15]Mu J,Li X,Jiao J,et al.Biocontrol potential of vermicompost through antifungal volatiles produced by indigenous bacteria[J].Biological Control,2017,112:49-54.
[16]Joshi R,Singh J,Vig A P.Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent:effect on growth,yield and quality of plants[J].Reviews in Environmental Science&Biotechnology,2015,14(1):137-159.
[17]Gopalakrishnan S,Vadlamudi S,Bandikinda P,et al.Evaluation of Streptomyces strains isolated from herbal vermicompost for their plant growth-promotion traits in rice[J].Microbiological Research,2014,169(1):40-48.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[19]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.Wang X K.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[20]王轶.长期施肥对农田和温室土壤微生物的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Wang Y.Effect of long-term fertilization on soil microorganism under farmland and greenhouse[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2014.
[21]殷涛.保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体固碳机制研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院硕士学位论文,2015.Yin T.Carbon sequestration mechanism of soil aggregate in long-term conservation tillage farmland[D].Beijing:MS Thesis of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2015.
[22]赵浩,乔侨,张瑞芳,等.蚯蚓粪代替草炭对油菜产量及品质的影响[J].北方园艺,2017,(10):6-11.Zhao H,Qiao Q,Zhang F,et al.Effect of replacement of vermicompost to turf on production and quality of edible rape[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,(10):6-11.
[23]Soobhany N,Mohee R,Garg V K.A comparative analysis of composts and vermicomposts derived from municipal solid waste for the growth and yield of green bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2017,24(12):11228-11239.
[24]孙瑞莲,赵秉强,朱鲁生,等.长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(5):2059-2063.Sun R L,Zhao B Q,Zhu L S,et al.Dynamic changes of soil enzyme activities in long-term fertilization soil[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(5):2059-2063.
[25]Jiménez D J,Andreote F D,Chaves D,et al.Structural and functional insights from the metagenome of an acidic hot spring microbial planktonic community in the Colombian Andes[J].PLoS One,2012,7(12):e52069.
[26]Ward N L,Challacombe J F,Janssen P H,et al.Three genomes from the Phylum Acidobacteria provide insight into the lifestyles of these microorganisms in soils[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2009,75(7):2046-2056.
[27]Ryckeboer J,Mergaert J,Vaes K,et al.A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes[J].Annals of Microbiology,2003,53(4):349-410.
[28]Ievinsh G.Vermicompost treatment differentially affects seed germination,seedling growth and physiological status of vegetable crop species[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2011,65(1):169-181.
[29]Atiyeh R M,Lee S,Edwards C A,et al.The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,84(1):7-14.
[30]陈玲玲.蚓粪复合基质应用于康乃馨育苗的效果研究[D].扬州:扬州大学硕士学位论文,2011.Chen L L.Effect of complex vermicompost substrate on the growth of canation seedlings[D].Yangzhou:MS Thesis of Yangzhou University,2011.
[31]Arancon N Q,Edwards C A,Bierman P,et al.Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries:effects on growth and yields[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,93(2):145-153.
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