种草和施用聚丙烯酰胺对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响研究
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摘要
为探究种植草类和施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对荒坡紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响,尤其是对其抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响,选取狗牙根和三叶草进行盆栽试验,设计了对照、单植草类、单施PAM和复合措施("草类+PAM")4类处理开展研究,测定了根系指标和土壤理化性状指标,计算了土壤的抗剪强度指标和抗蚀性指标。结果表明,狗牙根和三叶草根系均能显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度和有机质含量(P<0.05),有效增强土壤的抗剪和抗蚀性能;施加PAM能有效促进上述草类各径级根系的生长,显著改善土壤的微结构(P<0.05),尤其是非毛管孔隙度(单施PAM为CK的1.15～1.31倍),提高土体抗剪强度及内摩擦角φ,增大粒径>0.25 mm、>0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径等抗蚀性指标;PAM对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果存在最优浓度;草类根系对土壤抗剪性能的影响较抗蚀性能明显,能显著提高土体的抗剪性能(P<0.05),尤其是增大土壤粘聚力;PAM对土壤抗蚀性能的影响较抗剪性能明显,能显著促进土壤团聚体大颗粒的形成和小颗粒的减少,显著提高土壤团聚度和改善土壤团聚结构等(P<0.05);较单一措施,"草类+PAM"对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果最为明显,其中狗牙根与30 g·m~(-3)的PAM混施时效果最优;0 This study investigated the effect of planting a grass-legume mixture and adding polyacrylamide(PAM) on the shear performance and erodibility-resistance of purple soil in a pot trial. Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens were chosen as the plant species. The experiment had four treatments: CK, bare soil; GL, planted in C. dactylon and T. repens; PAM, a single application of PAM; and GL+PAM. Root parameters, basic physical and chemical properties, shear strength(including its constituent components), and erodibility-resistance parameters were measured. The roots of C. dactylon and T. repens significantly reduced soil bulk density, and increased soil porosity and soil organic matter(P<0.05), and improved the soil shear performance and erodibility-resistance. PAM effectively promoted the growth of the root system, significantly improved the soil microstructure(P<0.05), especially the non-capillary porosity, which after the single application of PAM was 1.15-1.31 times that of CK. PAM also increased the shear strength and internal friction angle φ, the erodibility-resistance parameters of water stable aggregates >0.25 mm(WSA_(0.25)), water stable aggregates >0.5 mm(WSA_(0.5)), mean weight diameter(MWD) and geometric mean diameter(GMD) of soil aggregates. The improvement in shear performance and erodibility-resistance obtained using optimal concentration of PAM would be expected to stabilize purple soil in barren hillsides better. The main effect of roots in the GL pots was the improvement of soil shear performance(P<0.05), especially cohesion. PAM had a stronger effect on erodibility-resistance because of the formation of larger aggregates, thus significantly improving the degree of aggregation and soil aggregate structure(P<0.05). Compared with GL or PAM alone, GL+PAM produced the most obvious improvement in the shear performance and erodibility-resistance of purple soil in barren hillsides. The best performance was obtained with C. dactylon planting and addition of polyacrylamide at 30 g·m~(-3) soil. The critical root diameter conferring shear performance and erodibility-resistance of soil was 0
引文
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[2]Schwarz M, Phillips C, Marden M, et al. Modelling of root reinforcement and erosion control by ‘Veronese’ poplar on pastoral hill country in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 2016, 46(1): 1-17.
[3]Zhou P, Wen A B, Yan D C, et al. The mechanics of soil reinforcement by root on the hedge of the sloping cultivated lands of purple soil in the three gorges reservoir region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 31(1): 85-90.周萍, 文安邦, 严冬春, 等. 三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系固结地埂的土力学机制. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(1): 85-90.
[4]Chen Y, He B H, Lian C X, et al. Root system distribution characteristics of three herbs and their effects on soil composition and nutrients in the ‘Purple Soil’ region. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(10): 99-107.谌芸, 何丙辉, 练彩霞, 等. 紫色土区3种草本植物根系特征及改土培肥效应. 草业学报, 2015, 24(10): 99-107.
[5]Li J X, Chen Y, He B H, et al. Distribution characteristics of different herbs’root systems and their effects on soil moisture. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 33(1): 81-86.李建兴, 谌芸, 何丙辉, 等. 不同草本的根系分布特征及对土壤水分状况的影响. 水土保持通报, 2013, 33(1): 81-86.
[6]Gao H D, Li Z B, Li P, et al. The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.高海东, 李占斌, 李鹏, 等. 基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究. 地理学报, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.
[7]Chen Q B, Wang K Q, Qi S, et al. Soil and water erosion in its relation to slope field productivity in hilly gully areas of the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica sinica, 2003, 23(8): 1463-1469.陈奇伯, 王克勤, 齐实, 等. 黄土丘陵区坡耕地水土流失与土地生产力的关系. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8): 1463-1469.
[8]Sun Z Y, Chang B, Yang L, et al. The influences of ground cover and recruitment methods on seedling establishment of Castanea henryi and Psychotria rubra on a degraded hilly land in south China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 26(6): 956-963.孙中宇, 常斌, 杨龙, 等. 地被物处理及补苗对华南退化荒坡乡土树种定居的影响. 生态环境学报, 2017, 26(6): 956-963.
[9]Yang J H, Li H Y, Li H P, et al. Study on root distribution and impact on holding soil of four kinds of shrubbery. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(3): 48-51.杨吉华, 李红云, 李焕平, 等. 4种灌木林地根系分布特征及其固持土壤效应的研究. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(3): 48-51.
[10]Baets S D, Quine T A, Poesen J. Root strategies for rill and gully erosion control//Root engineering. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin, 2014: 297-323.
[11]Gyssels G, Poesen J, Bochet E, et al. Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: A review. Progress in Physical Geography, 2005, 29(2): 189-217.
[12]Zhou J, Chen X Y, Xie D T, et al. Research on the effects of PAM application on the physical properties and spatial variability of purple soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 23(6): 171-177.周继, 陈晓燕, 谢德体, 等. 土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响. 水土保持学报, 2009, 23(6): 171-177.
[13]Mamedov A I, Beckmann S, Huang C, et al. Aggregate stability as affected by polyacrylamide molecular weight, soil texture, and water quality. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2007, 71(6): 1909-1918.
[14]Yuan X F, Wang Y K, Wu P T, et al. Effects and mechanism of PAM on soil physical characteristics. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 19(2): 37-40.员学锋, 汪有科, 吴普特, 等. PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(2): 37-40.
[15]Yu J, Lei T W, Shainberg I, et al. Effects of different application methods of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil infiltration and erosion. Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010, 26(7): 38-44.于健, 雷廷武, Shainberg I, 等. 不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(7): 38-44.
[16]Wang X Y, Huang Y H, Lin J S, et al. Effects of PAM application on soil physicochemical properties and tea safety in red soil tea garden of southern China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 23(5): 785-790.王玺洋, 黄炎和, 林金石, 等. 南方茶园红壤施用PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全的影响. 生态环境学报, 2014, 23(5): 785-790.
[17]Xu H, Li T B, Chen J N, et al. Characteristics and applications of ecological soil substrate for rocky slope vegetation in cold and high-altitude areas. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 609: 446.
[18]Ma B, Liu J H, Yang Y M, et al. Effects of continuous application of water-retaining materials on soil characteristics and oat(Avena nuda L.) growth under dry-farming conditions. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(17): 5650-5661.马斌, 刘景辉, 杨彦明, 等. 连续施用保水材料对旱作条件下土壤特性及燕麦生长的影响. 生态学报, 2017, 37(17): 5650-5661.
[19]Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Determination of soil physical properties. Beijing: Science Press, 1978.中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤物理研究室. 土壤物理性质测定法. 北京: 科学出版社, 1978.
[20]Chen Y, He B H, Lian C X, et al. Effects of Vetiveria zizanioides roots on soil properties in the purple soil area of China and the role of different root diameter classes. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(2): 187-197.谌芸, 何丙辉, 练彩霞, 等. 紫色土区香根草不同径级的根系特征与培肥效应. 草业学报, 2016, 25(2): 187-197.
[21]Li J X, He B H, Chen Y, et al. Root distribution features of typical herb plants for slope protection and their effects on soil shear strength. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(10): 144-152.李建兴, 何丙辉, 谌芸, 等. 不同护坡草本植物的根系分布特征及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(10): 144-152.
[22]Hu J Z, Zhang W H, Li W Z, et al. Effect of plant community on anti-erodibility of land under rehabilitation in beichuanhe basin. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2004, 41(6): 854-863.胡建忠, 张伟华, 李文忠, 等. 北川河流域退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性研究. 土壤学报, 2004, 41(6): 854-863.
[23]Shi D M, Chen Z F, Jiang G Y, et al. Comparative study on estimation methods for soil erodibility K in purple hilly area. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2012, 34(1): 32-38.史东梅, 陈正发, 蒋光毅, 等. 紫色丘陵区几种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法的比较. 北京林业大学学报, 2012, 34(1): 32-38.
[24]Wang R Z, Chen Y, Li T, et al. Impacts of polyacrylamide and grass root systems on micro-aggregates of purple soil in barren hillside badlands. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(12): 13-23.王润泽, 谌芸, 李铁, 等. PAM和草类根系对荒坡侵蚀劣地紫色土微团聚体的影响. 草业学报, 2017, 26(12): 13-23.
[25]Liu G B. Study on soil anti-scour ability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, (1): 93-96.刘国彬. 黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究. 水土保持学报, 1998, (1): 93-96.
[26]You Z, Yao X, Jing H, et al. Coordinated variation between root distributions and soil aggregate characteristics at different successional stages. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 23(6): 20-25.由政, 姚旭, 景航, 等. 不同演替阶段群落根系分布与土壤团聚体特征的协同变化. 水土保持研究, 2016, 23(6): 20-25.
[27]Matti C, Bischetti G B, Gentile F. Biotechnical characteristics of root systems of typical Mediterranean species. Plant and Soil, 2005, 278(1/2): 23-32.
[28]Osman N, Barakbah S S. Parameters to predict slope stability-soil water and root profiles. Ecological Engineering, 2006, 28(1): 90-95.
[29]Cao L H, Zhao S W, Liang X F, et al. Improvement effects of PAM on soil water-stable aggregates and its mechanisms in different soils in the Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008, 24(1): 45-49.曹丽花, 赵世伟, 梁向锋, 等. PAM对黄土高原主要土壤类型水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机理研究. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 45-49.
[30]Yu J, Lei T W, Shainberg I, et al. Effects of molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis of PAM on infiltration and erosion of sandy soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2011, 48(1): 21-27.于健, 雷廷武, Isaac Shainberg, 等. PAM特性对砂壤土入渗及土壤侵蚀的影响. 土壤学报, 2011, 48(1): 21-27.
[2]Schwarz M, Phillips C, Marden M, et al. Modelling of root reinforcement and erosion control by ‘Veronese’ poplar on pastoral hill country in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 2016, 46(1): 1-17.
[3]Zhou P, Wen A B, Yan D C, et al. The mechanics of soil reinforcement by root on the hedge of the sloping cultivated lands of purple soil in the three gorges reservoir region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 31(1): 85-90.周萍, 文安邦, 严冬春, 等. 三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系固结地埂的土力学机制. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(1): 85-90.
[4]Chen Y, He B H, Lian C X, et al. Root system distribution characteristics of three herbs and their effects on soil composition and nutrients in the ‘Purple Soil’ region. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(10): 99-107.谌芸, 何丙辉, 练彩霞, 等. 紫色土区3种草本植物根系特征及改土培肥效应. 草业学报, 2015, 24(10): 99-107.
[5]Li J X, Chen Y, He B H, et al. Distribution characteristics of different herbs’root systems and their effects on soil moisture. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 33(1): 81-86.李建兴, 谌芸, 何丙辉, 等. 不同草本的根系分布特征及对土壤水分状况的影响. 水土保持通报, 2013, 33(1): 81-86.
[6]Gao H D, Li Z B, Li P, et al. The capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.高海东, 李占斌, 李鹏, 等. 基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究. 地理学报, 2015, 70(9): 1503-1515.
[7]Chen Q B, Wang K Q, Qi S, et al. Soil and water erosion in its relation to slope field productivity in hilly gully areas of the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica sinica, 2003, 23(8): 1463-1469.陈奇伯, 王克勤, 齐实, 等. 黄土丘陵区坡耕地水土流失与土地生产力的关系. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8): 1463-1469.
[8]Sun Z Y, Chang B, Yang L, et al. The influences of ground cover and recruitment methods on seedling establishment of Castanea henryi and Psychotria rubra on a degraded hilly land in south China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 26(6): 956-963.孙中宇, 常斌, 杨龙, 等. 地被物处理及补苗对华南退化荒坡乡土树种定居的影响. 生态环境学报, 2017, 26(6): 956-963.
[9]Yang J H, Li H Y, Li H P, et al. Study on root distribution and impact on holding soil of four kinds of shrubbery. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(3): 48-51.杨吉华, 李红云, 李焕平, 等. 4种灌木林地根系分布特征及其固持土壤效应的研究. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(3): 48-51.
[10]Baets S D, Quine T A, Poesen J. Root strategies for rill and gully erosion control//Root engineering. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin, 2014: 297-323.
[11]Gyssels G, Poesen J, Bochet E, et al. Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: A review. Progress in Physical Geography, 2005, 29(2): 189-217.
[12]Zhou J, Chen X Y, Xie D T, et al. Research on the effects of PAM application on the physical properties and spatial variability of purple soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 23(6): 171-177.周继, 陈晓燕, 谢德体, 等. 土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响. 水土保持学报, 2009, 23(6): 171-177.
[13]Mamedov A I, Beckmann S, Huang C, et al. Aggregate stability as affected by polyacrylamide molecular weight, soil texture, and water quality. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2007, 71(6): 1909-1918.
[14]Yuan X F, Wang Y K, Wu P T, et al. Effects and mechanism of PAM on soil physical characteristics. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 19(2): 37-40.员学锋, 汪有科, 吴普特, 等. PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(2): 37-40.
[15]Yu J, Lei T W, Shainberg I, et al. Effects of different application methods of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil infiltration and erosion. Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010, 26(7): 38-44.于健, 雷廷武, Shainberg I, 等. 不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(7): 38-44.
[16]Wang X Y, Huang Y H, Lin J S, et al. Effects of PAM application on soil physicochemical properties and tea safety in red soil tea garden of southern China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 23(5): 785-790.王玺洋, 黄炎和, 林金石, 等. 南方茶园红壤施用PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全的影响. 生态环境学报, 2014, 23(5): 785-790.
[17]Xu H, Li T B, Chen J N, et al. Characteristics and applications of ecological soil substrate for rocky slope vegetation in cold and high-altitude areas. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 609: 446.
[18]Ma B, Liu J H, Yang Y M, et al. Effects of continuous application of water-retaining materials on soil characteristics and oat(Avena nuda L.) growth under dry-farming conditions. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(17): 5650-5661.马斌, 刘景辉, 杨彦明, 等. 连续施用保水材料对旱作条件下土壤特性及燕麦生长的影响. 生态学报, 2017, 37(17): 5650-5661.
[19]Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Determination of soil physical properties. Beijing: Science Press, 1978.中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤物理研究室. 土壤物理性质测定法. 北京: 科学出版社, 1978.
[20]Chen Y, He B H, Lian C X, et al. Effects of Vetiveria zizanioides roots on soil properties in the purple soil area of China and the role of different root diameter classes. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(2): 187-197.谌芸, 何丙辉, 练彩霞, 等. 紫色土区香根草不同径级的根系特征与培肥效应. 草业学报, 2016, 25(2): 187-197.
[21]Li J X, He B H, Chen Y, et al. Root distribution features of typical herb plants for slope protection and their effects on soil shear strength. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(10): 144-152.李建兴, 何丙辉, 谌芸, 等. 不同护坡草本植物的根系分布特征及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(10): 144-152.
[22]Hu J Z, Zhang W H, Li W Z, et al. Effect of plant community on anti-erodibility of land under rehabilitation in beichuanhe basin. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2004, 41(6): 854-863.胡建忠, 张伟华, 李文忠, 等. 北川河流域退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性研究. 土壤学报, 2004, 41(6): 854-863.
[23]Shi D M, Chen Z F, Jiang G Y, et al. Comparative study on estimation methods for soil erodibility K in purple hilly area. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2012, 34(1): 32-38.史东梅, 陈正发, 蒋光毅, 等. 紫色丘陵区几种土壤可蚀性K值估算方法的比较. 北京林业大学学报, 2012, 34(1): 32-38.
[24]Wang R Z, Chen Y, Li T, et al. Impacts of polyacrylamide and grass root systems on micro-aggregates of purple soil in barren hillside badlands. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(12): 13-23.王润泽, 谌芸, 李铁, 等. PAM和草类根系对荒坡侵蚀劣地紫色土微团聚体的影响. 草业学报, 2017, 26(12): 13-23.
[25]Liu G B. Study on soil anti-scour ability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, (1): 93-96.刘国彬. 黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究. 水土保持学报, 1998, (1): 93-96.
[26]You Z, Yao X, Jing H, et al. Coordinated variation between root distributions and soil aggregate characteristics at different successional stages. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 23(6): 20-25.由政, 姚旭, 景航, 等. 不同演替阶段群落根系分布与土壤团聚体特征的协同变化. 水土保持研究, 2016, 23(6): 20-25.
[27]Matti C, Bischetti G B, Gentile F. Biotechnical characteristics of root systems of typical Mediterranean species. Plant and Soil, 2005, 278(1/2): 23-32.
[28]Osman N, Barakbah S S. Parameters to predict slope stability-soil water and root profiles. Ecological Engineering, 2006, 28(1): 90-95.
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