社会资本与年轻牧民草地租赁行为
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摘要
由于没有赶上草场承包,加上非牧就业的困难,占总牧户数近四分之一的年轻牧户将租赁作为获取土地维持生计的重要途径。然而,与年长牧民相比,年轻牧民面临更高租赁价格从而更难于租到土地。文中采用内蒙古呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒12个纯牧业旗422个牧户的实地调研数据,运用计量分析方法,探讨了社会资本对年轻牧民租赁草地的影响。研究发现,社会资本能显著提高整体牧户的草地租赁,但对年轻牧户的影响要显著弱于年长牧户。社会资本的代际差异是导致这一结果的主要原因。鼓励年轻牧户更多参与社区事务、获取信息和赢得信任,从而降低草地租赁门槛成为年轻牧民获取生计途径、促进牧业可持续发展和牧区社会和谐稳定的关键。
The pastoral areas are characterized by ethnic minorities. Where missing the chance of grassland contracts, together with difficulty in finding non-pastoral employment make younger herders accounting for one-fourth of the total number of herders see renting land as an important way to maintain their livelihoods. However, they face higher rental prices compared with their older counterparts. Based on the field survey data of 422 herders from 12 pastoral-only banners in HulunBuir and Xilingol, Inner Mongolia, this research applies econometric method to examine the influence of social capital on younger herders' grassland rental behaviors. Results show that social capital significantly improved the grassland rental probability of the whole sample, but the impact on younger herders was weaker than that on older herders. The intergenerational difference of social capital explains the difference. To reduce grassland rental threshold by encouraging younger herders to participate more actively in community affairs, acquire information and win trust have become the key for young herders to acquire land. It is expected to promote sustainable development of animal husbandry and ensure social harmony in pastoral areas.
The pastoral areas are characterized by ethnic minorities. Where missing the chance of grassland contracts, together with difficulty in finding non-pastoral employment make younger herders accounting for one-fourth of the total number of herders see renting land as an important way to maintain their livelihoods. However, they face higher rental prices compared with their older counterparts. Based on the field survey data of 422 herders from 12 pastoral-only banners in HulunBuir and Xilingol, Inner Mongolia, this research applies econometric method to examine the influence of social capital on younger herders' grassland rental behaviors. Results show that social capital significantly improved the grassland rental probability of the whole sample, but the impact on younger herders was weaker than that on older herders. The intergenerational difference of social capital explains the difference. To reduce grassland rental threshold by encouraging younger herders to participate more actively in community affairs, acquire information and win trust have become the key for young herders to acquire land. It is expected to promote sustainable development of animal husbandry and ensure social harmony in pastoral areas.
引文
[1] 刘晨.农民返乡抢地:新型城镇化的困境与战略调整[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2016,31(6):1-10.
[2] 柏娜,谭淑豪,谭文列婧.典型牧区牧户家庭信贷特征研究-以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市为例[J].中国物价,2016(2):46-49.
[3] 张正河, 张晓敏. 生态约束下牧户草地规模经营研究[J]. 农业技术经济, 2015(6):82-90.
[4] Holden S T, Otsuka K. The roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in the context of population growth and land use intensification in Africa[J]. Food Policy, 2014, 48(10):88-97.
[5] 杜朝晖.我国农村土地流转制度改革-模式、问题与对策[J].当代经济研究,2010(2):48-52.
[6] Jongeneel R, Polman N, Slangen L. Cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch nature policy: Transaction costs and land market impacts[J]. Land Use Policy, 2012, 29(4):827-836.
[7] 钱龙,洪名勇,龚丽娟,等.差序格局、利益取向与农户土地流转契约选择[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):95-104.
[8] 陈浩,王佳.社会资本能促进土地流转吗?-基于中国家庭追踪调查的研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2016(1):21-29.
[9] 仇童伟,杨震宇,马贤磊.农村土地流转中“差序格局”的形成与破除-基于交易“差序格局”和第三方实施的分析[J].农林经济管理学报,2017,16(4):441-453.
[10] 费孝通,江村经济[M]. 上海:上海人民出版社, 2013:84-89.
[11] Robison L J, Myers R J, Siles M E. Social capital and the terms of trade for farmland[J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2010, 24(1):44-58.
[12] Holden S, Ghebru H. Kinship, Transaction Costs and Land Rental Market Participation. [DB/OL].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228368790_Kinship_Transaction_Costs_and_Land_Rental_Market_Participation, 2005.
[13] 牛喜霞,农村土地交易中社会资本运作研究-以宁夏T县杨村为个案[D]. 上海:上海大学, 2005:67-76.
[14] Tan S H, Liu B, Zhang Q Y, et al. Understanding grassland rental markets and their determinants in eastern inner Mongolia, PR China[J].Land Use Policy,2017, 67: 733-741.
[15] 郭敬生.新生代农民弃农的影响、原因与措施[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(4):585-589.
[16] 孙泽厚,曾文佳,孙云钢.新生代农民人力资源能力结构及要素关系实证研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012(5):57-61.
[17] 刘博,谭淑豪.信息不对称视角下社会资本对于牧户草地租赁行为的影响[J].内蒙古社会科学,2017,11(6):196-200.
[18] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1973,78: 1360-1380.
[19] 洪名勇,龚丽娟.农地流转口头契约自我履约机制的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2015,36(8):13-20.
[20] 董小苹.寻找朋友、选择友谊与青少年的社会化(上)-兼论中、日、美三国中学生的择友取向[J].当代青年研究,1993(5):27-30.
[21] 周立,董小瑜.“三牧”问题的制度逻辑-中国草场管理与产权制度变迁研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013,30(2):94-107.
[22] 崔红志. 农村老年人主观幸福感影响因素分析-基于全国8省(区)农户问卷调查数据[J]. 中国农村经济, 2015(4):72-80.
[23] 张会萍, 胡小云, 惠怀伟. 土地流转背景下老年人生计问题研究-基于宁夏银北地区的农户调查[J]. 农业技术经济, 2016(3):56-67.
[24] Tan S H, Zhang R X, Tan Z C. Grassland rental markets and herder technical efficiency: ability effect or resource equilibration effect? [J].Land Use Policy, 2018, 77: 135-142.
[25] Chamberlin J, Ricker J. Participation in rural land rental markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: who benefits and by how much? Evidence from Malawi and Zambia [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2016,98 (5):1507–1528.
[26] Teklu T, Lemi A. Factors affecting entry and intensity in informal rental land markets in Southern Ethiopian highlands[J]. Agricultural Economics, 2004,30(2): 117–128.
[27] 赵雪雁.社会资本测量研究综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(7):127-133.
[28] Putnam R. Bowling alone, America's declining of social capital[J]. Journal of Democracy, 1995, 6(1):65-78.
[29] Fukuyama F. Trust: The Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity[M]. New York: the Free Press, 1996.
[30] Lin N. Social networks and status attainment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1999, 25(1):467-487.
[31] Ostrom E, Burger J, Field C, et al. Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. [J]. Science, 1999, 284(5412):278-82.
[32] 方然. “社会资本”的中国本土化定量测量研究[D].北京:北京大学, 2010:134-136.
[33] 刘彬彬, 陆迁, 李晓平. 社会资本与贫困地区农户收入-基于门槛回归模型的检验[J]. 农业技术经济, 2014(11):40-51.
[34] 靳乐山,胡振通.谁在超载? 不同规模牧户的差异分析[J].中国农村观察,2013(2):37-43.
[35] 谭仲春,谭淑豪.草地流转与牧户效率:“能人”效应还是“资源平衡”效应?[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(3):76-85.
[36] 陈强. 高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2010:191-192.
[37] 陈飞, 翟伟娟. 农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究[J]. 经济研究, 2015, 50(10):163-177.
[38] 李庆海, 李锐, 王兆华. 农户土地租赁行为及其福利效果[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2012, 11(1):269-288.
[39] Tan S H, Li T Y, Liu B, et al. How can sedentarised pastoralists be more technically efficient?-A case from eastern Inner Mongolia[J].The Rangeland Journal, 2018,40(3):241-249.
[40] 刘博, 谭淑豪. 社会资本与牧户草地租赁倾向[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2018,32(4):13-18.
[41] Tu Q, Bulte E, Tan S. Religiosity and economic performance: Micro-econometric evidence from Tibetan area[J]. China Economic Review, 2011, 22(1):55-63.
[42] 普蓂喆, 郑风田. 初始禀赋、土地依赖与农户土地转出行为分析-基于23省5165个农户样本的实证分析[J]. 华中科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2016,30(1):42-50.
[43] 胡振通, 孔德帅, 靳乐山. 草原生态补偿:弱监管下的博弈分析[J]. 农业经济问题, 2016(1):95-102.
[44] 戴微著, 谭淑豪. 草原生态奖补政策效果评价-基于内蒙古典型牧区调研的制度分析[J]. 生态经济, 2018,34(3):196-201.
(1)嘎查和苏木分别指我国内蒙古自治区的行政村级别和乡镇级别建制。
(2)羊单位的换算公式为:1只绵羊等于1个羊单位,1头牛等于5个羊单位,1匹马等于6个羊单位,1峰骆驼等于7个羊单位。
(3)2011年与2012年,调研区域的平均载畜量标准为1.67hm2草场饲养一只羊。
(4)Clas为classification的简写,是对Probit边际效应回归的拟合优度进行判断的一种方法。
(5)基于Probit模型的边际效应结果并未在文中列出。
[2] 柏娜,谭淑豪,谭文列婧.典型牧区牧户家庭信贷特征研究-以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市为例[J].中国物价,2016(2):46-49.
[3] 张正河, 张晓敏. 生态约束下牧户草地规模经营研究[J]. 农业技术经济, 2015(6):82-90.
[4] Holden S T, Otsuka K. The roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in the context of population growth and land use intensification in Africa[J]. Food Policy, 2014, 48(10):88-97.
[5] 杜朝晖.我国农村土地流转制度改革-模式、问题与对策[J].当代经济研究,2010(2):48-52.
[6] Jongeneel R, Polman N, Slangen L. Cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch nature policy: Transaction costs and land market impacts[J]. Land Use Policy, 2012, 29(4):827-836.
[7] 钱龙,洪名勇,龚丽娟,等.差序格局、利益取向与农户土地流转契约选择[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):95-104.
[8] 陈浩,王佳.社会资本能促进土地流转吗?-基于中国家庭追踪调查的研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2016(1):21-29.
[9] 仇童伟,杨震宇,马贤磊.农村土地流转中“差序格局”的形成与破除-基于交易“差序格局”和第三方实施的分析[J].农林经济管理学报,2017,16(4):441-453.
[10] 费孝通,江村经济[M]. 上海:上海人民出版社, 2013:84-89.
[11] Robison L J, Myers R J, Siles M E. Social capital and the terms of trade for farmland[J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2010, 24(1):44-58.
[12] Holden S, Ghebru H. Kinship, Transaction Costs and Land Rental Market Participation. [DB/OL].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228368790_Kinship_Transaction_Costs_and_Land_Rental_Market_Participation, 2005.
[13] 牛喜霞,农村土地交易中社会资本运作研究-以宁夏T县杨村为个案[D]. 上海:上海大学, 2005:67-76.
[14] Tan S H, Liu B, Zhang Q Y, et al. Understanding grassland rental markets and their determinants in eastern inner Mongolia, PR China[J].Land Use Policy,2017, 67: 733-741.
[15] 郭敬生.新生代农民弃农的影响、原因与措施[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(4):585-589.
[16] 孙泽厚,曾文佳,孙云钢.新生代农民人力资源能力结构及要素关系实证研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012(5):57-61.
[17] 刘博,谭淑豪.信息不对称视角下社会资本对于牧户草地租赁行为的影响[J].内蒙古社会科学,2017,11(6):196-200.
[18] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1973,78: 1360-1380.
[19] 洪名勇,龚丽娟.农地流转口头契约自我履约机制的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2015,36(8):13-20.
[20] 董小苹.寻找朋友、选择友谊与青少年的社会化(上)-兼论中、日、美三国中学生的择友取向[J].当代青年研究,1993(5):27-30.
[21] 周立,董小瑜.“三牧”问题的制度逻辑-中国草场管理与产权制度变迁研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013,30(2):94-107.
[22] 崔红志. 农村老年人主观幸福感影响因素分析-基于全国8省(区)农户问卷调查数据[J]. 中国农村经济, 2015(4):72-80.
[23] 张会萍, 胡小云, 惠怀伟. 土地流转背景下老年人生计问题研究-基于宁夏银北地区的农户调查[J]. 农业技术经济, 2016(3):56-67.
[24] Tan S H, Zhang R X, Tan Z C. Grassland rental markets and herder technical efficiency: ability effect or resource equilibration effect? [J].Land Use Policy, 2018, 77: 135-142.
[25] Chamberlin J, Ricker J. Participation in rural land rental markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: who benefits and by how much? Evidence from Malawi and Zambia [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2016,98 (5):1507–1528.
[26] Teklu T, Lemi A. Factors affecting entry and intensity in informal rental land markets in Southern Ethiopian highlands[J]. Agricultural Economics, 2004,30(2): 117–128.
[27] 赵雪雁.社会资本测量研究综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(7):127-133.
[28] Putnam R. Bowling alone, America's declining of social capital[J]. Journal of Democracy, 1995, 6(1):65-78.
[29] Fukuyama F. Trust: The Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity[M]. New York: the Free Press, 1996.
[30] Lin N. Social networks and status attainment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1999, 25(1):467-487.
[31] Ostrom E, Burger J, Field C, et al. Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. [J]. Science, 1999, 284(5412):278-82.
[32] 方然. “社会资本”的中国本土化定量测量研究[D].北京:北京大学, 2010:134-136.
[33] 刘彬彬, 陆迁, 李晓平. 社会资本与贫困地区农户收入-基于门槛回归模型的检验[J]. 农业技术经济, 2014(11):40-51.
[34] 靳乐山,胡振通.谁在超载? 不同规模牧户的差异分析[J].中国农村观察,2013(2):37-43.
[35] 谭仲春,谭淑豪.草地流转与牧户效率:“能人”效应还是“资源平衡”效应?[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(3):76-85.
[36] 陈强. 高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2010:191-192.
[37] 陈飞, 翟伟娟. 农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究[J]. 经济研究, 2015, 50(10):163-177.
[38] 李庆海, 李锐, 王兆华. 农户土地租赁行为及其福利效果[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2012, 11(1):269-288.
[39] Tan S H, Li T Y, Liu B, et al. How can sedentarised pastoralists be more technically efficient?-A case from eastern Inner Mongolia[J].The Rangeland Journal, 2018,40(3):241-249.
[40] 刘博, 谭淑豪. 社会资本与牧户草地租赁倾向[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2018,32(4):13-18.
[41] Tu Q, Bulte E, Tan S. Religiosity and economic performance: Micro-econometric evidence from Tibetan area[J]. China Economic Review, 2011, 22(1):55-63.
[42] 普蓂喆, 郑风田. 初始禀赋、土地依赖与农户土地转出行为分析-基于23省5165个农户样本的实证分析[J]. 华中科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2016,30(1):42-50.
[43] 胡振通, 孔德帅, 靳乐山. 草原生态补偿:弱监管下的博弈分析[J]. 农业经济问题, 2016(1):95-102.
[44] 戴微著, 谭淑豪. 草原生态奖补政策效果评价-基于内蒙古典型牧区调研的制度分析[J]. 生态经济, 2018,34(3):196-201.
(1)嘎查和苏木分别指我国内蒙古自治区的行政村级别和乡镇级别建制。
(2)羊单位的换算公式为:1只绵羊等于1个羊单位,1头牛等于5个羊单位,1匹马等于6个羊单位,1峰骆驼等于7个羊单位。
(3)2011年与2012年,调研区域的平均载畜量标准为1.67hm2草场饲养一只羊。
(4)Clas为classification的简写,是对Probit边际效应回归的拟合优度进行判断的一种方法。
(5)基于Probit模型的边际效应结果并未在文中列出。
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