基于景观格局的喀斯特山区流域生态风险评估——以贵州省乌江流域为例
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摘要
以小流域为采样单元开展流域景观生态风险评估,对建立流域景观生态风险预警机制、改善流域生态环境、构建生态安全格局具有重要意义。以2000～2015年土地利用数据为基础,基于景观格局法构建景观生态风险评估模型对贵州省乌江流域景观生态风险及时空特征进行评估与分析。结果表明:(1)15年来,乌江流域景观格局变化显著,其中林地面积增加了2.85%,湿地增加了0.13%,耕地减少了4.52%,其它用地增加了0.02%;(2)乌江流域2000、2005、2010、2015年的景观生态风险度块金值与基台值的比值分别为11.81%、12.05%、13.29%、14.04%,变程分别为10.9、22.8、10.7、12.8 km;(3)15年来,不同景观生态风险等级在面积上表现出不同变化趋势,其中高、极高风险区面积分别增加了8.46%、5.57%,弱、低风险区面积分别减少了6.28%、7.28%。由此可见,由于频繁的人类活动强烈干扰使得流域内景观生态风险整体呈现上升趋势。
Using small watershed as sampling unit to carry out watershed landscape ecological risk assessment is of great significance in establishing early warning mechanism of watershed landscape ecological risk, improving watershed ecological environment and constructing ecological security pattern.Based on the land use data from 2000 to 2015, in the paper, the landscape ecological risk assessment model was constructed based on landscape pattern method, and the landscape ecological risk and spatial and temporal characteristics in Wujiang river basin in Guizhou province were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that the landscape pattern of Wujiang River Basin changed significantly in the past 15 years and were showed as below: 1)The woodland area increased 2.85%, the wetland increased 0.13%, the cultivated land decreased 4.52%, the other land use increased 0.02%; 2)The ratio of block gold value to base value of landscape ecological risk during the year of 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were individually 11.81%,12.05%,13.29%,14.04% and the change ranges during the year 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were individually 10.9 km,22.8 km,10.7 km,12.8 km in Wujiang river basin.3)During the 15 years, different landscape ecological risk grades show different changing trend in area, among which, the area of the high and extremely high risk areas increased by 8.46% and 5.57% respectively; and the area of weak and low risk area decreased by 6.28% and 7.28% respectively. Therefore, because of the frequent human activities, the landscape ecological risk in the river basin is overall rising trend.
Using small watershed as sampling unit to carry out watershed landscape ecological risk assessment is of great significance in establishing early warning mechanism of watershed landscape ecological risk, improving watershed ecological environment and constructing ecological security pattern.Based on the land use data from 2000 to 2015, in the paper, the landscape ecological risk assessment model was constructed based on landscape pattern method, and the landscape ecological risk and spatial and temporal characteristics in Wujiang river basin in Guizhou province were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that the landscape pattern of Wujiang River Basin changed significantly in the past 15 years and were showed as below: 1)The woodland area increased 2.85%, the wetland increased 0.13%, the cultivated land decreased 4.52%, the other land use increased 0.02%; 2)The ratio of block gold value to base value of landscape ecological risk during the year of 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were individually 11.81%,12.05%,13.29%,14.04% and the change ranges during the year 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were individually 10.9 km,22.8 km,10.7 km,12.8 km in Wujiang river basin.3)During the 15 years, different landscape ecological risk grades show different changing trend in area, among which, the area of the high and extremely high risk areas increased by 8.46% and 5.57% respectively; and the area of weak and low risk area decreased by 6.28% and 7.28% respectively. Therefore, because of the frequent human activities, the landscape ecological risk in the river basin is overall rising trend.
引文
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[2] 付在毅,许学工,林辉平,等.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2001(3):365-373.FU Z Y, XU X G, LIN H P, et al. Regional ecological risk assessment of in the Liaohe River Delta wetlands[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001(3):365-373.
[3] 许妍,高俊峰,赵家虎,等.流域生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报, 2012,32(1):284-292.XU Y, GAO J F, ZHAO J H, et al. The research progress and prospect of watershed ecological risk assessment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012,32(1):284-292.
[4] 巩杰,赵彩霞,谢余初,等.基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(7):2041-2048.GONG J, ZHAO C X,XIE Y C, et al.Ecological risk assessment its management of Bailongjiang watershed, southern Gansu based on landscape pattern[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(7):2041-2048.
[5] 曾辉,刘国军.基于景观结构的区域生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,1999(5):454-457.ZENG H, LIU G J. Analysis of regional ecological risk based on landscape structure[J]. China Environmental Science,1999(5):454-457.
[6] LUXON M,LANDIS W G. Application of the relative risk model to the upper Willamette River and Lower McKenzie River,Oregon[J].Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment: Using the Relative Risk Model,2005: 91-117.
[7] ANGELA M, OBERY, WAYNE G. Landis: A regional multiple stressor risk assessment of the codorus creek watershed applying the relative risk model[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2002,8:2,405-428.
[8] ZANDBERGEN P A. Urban watershed ecological risk assessment using GIS: A case study of the Brunette River watershed in British Columbia[J]. Canada. Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,61(1).
[9] CORMIER S M .SMITH M .NORTON S . Neiheisel T . Assessing ecological risk in watersheds: A case study of problem formulation in the Big Darby Creek watershed . Ohio . USA[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry and Chemistry,1999,19(4):1082-1096.
[10] DIAMOND J M,SERVEISS V B. Identifying sources of stress to native aquatic fauna using a watershed ecological risk assessment framework[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2002,35(24).
[11] 巩杰,谢余初,赵彩霞,等.甘肃白龙江流域景观生态风险评价及其时空分异[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2153-2160.GONG J, XIE Y C, ZHAO C X, et al. Landscape ecological risk assessment and its spatiotemporal variation of the Bailongjiang watershed,Gansu[J].China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(8):2153-2160.
[12] 潘竟虎,刘晓.疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(3):791-799.PAN J H, LIU X. Landscape ecological assessment and landscape security pattern optimization in Shule river basin[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(3):791-799.
[13] 许妍,高俊峰,高永年.基于土地利用动态变化的太湖地区景观生态风险评价[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(4):642-648.XU Y, GAO J F, GAO Y N. Landscape ecological risk assessment in the Taihu region based on land use change[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2011,23(4):642-648.
[14] 许妍,高俊峰,郭建科.太湖流域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2896-2906.XU Y, GAO J F, GUO J K. The ecological risk assessment of Taihu Lake watershed[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(9):2896-2906.
[15] 易武英,苏维词.基于RS和GIS技术的乌江流域生态环境质量现状诊断[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(4):447-452.YI W Y, SU W C.Diagnosis of eco-environment quality in Wujing River watershed based on RS and GIS[J],2013,32(4):447-452.
[16] 易武英,苏维词.基于RS和GIS的乌江流域生态安全度变化评价[J].中国岩溶,2014,33(3):308-318.YI W Y, SU W C. Evaluation of ecological security in the Wujiang River basin using remote sensing and GIS technologies[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2014,33(3):308-318.
[17] 苏维词,李久林.乌江流域生态环境预警评价初探[J].贵州科学,1997(3):207-214.SU W C, LI J L. A Preliminary study on the warning appraisal of eco-environment in the Wujiang valley[J]. Guizhou Science,1997(3):207-214.
[18] 郜红娟,韩会庆,俞洪燕,等.乌江流域重要生态系统服务地形梯度分布特征分析[J].生态科学),2016,35(05):154-159.GAO H J, HAN H Q, Yu H Y, et al. Distribution characteristic of important ecosystem services in terrain gradient in Wujiang River Basin[J]. Ecological Science,2016,35(5):154-159.
[19] 王传辉,郭振亚,高超,等.基于遥感的巢湖流域景观格局变化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(12):1586-1592.WANG C H,GAO Z Y,GAO C,et al. Changes of landscape pattern in the Chaohu Lake Basin based on remote sensing[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(12):1586-1592.
[20] 黄木易,何翔.巢湖流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动力研究[J].长江流域资源与境,2016,25(5):743-750.HUANG M Y, HE X .Study on landscape pattern changes and driving forces of ecological risk in Chaohu Lake basin[J].Resources and Evironment in the Yangtze Bsin,2016,25(5):743-750.
[21] 吕乐婷,张杰,孙才志,等.基于土地利用变化的细河流域景观生态风险评估[J].生态学报,2018,33(16): 1-8.LV L T, ZHANG J, SUN C Z. Landscape ecological risk assessment of Xi River basin on land use change[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,33(16): 1-8.
[22] 石悦樾,银正彤,郑文锋.基于MODIS数据乌江流域植被覆盖变化与气候变化关系研究[J].林业资源管理,2017(1):127-134.SHI YY,YIN Z T,ZHENG W F. Study on the response of vegetation cover change and climate change in Wujiang River basin based on MODIS data[J].Forest Resources Management,2017(1):127-134.
[23] 李宗梅,马周琴,聂芹,等.生态流域水文单元划分方法研究[J].水文,2017,37(5):27-30.LI Z M, MA Z Q, NIE Q,et al .Method of ecological watershed partitioning[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2017,37(5):27-30.
[24] 吕一兵,张斌,陈智虎,等.基于DEM的不同地貌类型区小流域划分及分布特征研究——以贵州省赤水河流域为例[J].测绘通报,2017,(9):110-115.LU Y B, ZHANG B,CHEN Z H,et al. Different geomorphic type watershed division and distribution research based on DEM: Taking Chishui River basin as an example[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mpping,2017,(9):110-115.
[25] PENG J, ZONG M L, HU Y,et al. Assessing landscape ecological risk in a mining city: A case study in Liaoyuan City, China[J]. Sustainability, 2015, 7: 8312-8334.
[26] PENG J, WANG Y L, ZHANG Y A, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of landscape metrics in quantifying spatial patterns[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2010, 10: 217-223 6.
[27] 胡锋,安裕伦,许璟.“亚喀斯特”概念与景观特征的初步探讨——以贵州为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1569-1580.HU F, AV Y L, XU J. Preliminary discussion on concept and landscape features of “Semi-Karst”: A case study of Guizhou Province[J]. Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1569-1580.
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