苹果手机零部件全球价值链的价值分配与中国角色演变
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摘要
产品内分工已成为支配当代企业分工与产品生产的重要模式。研究智能手机生产网络价值分配格局,对辨析中国大陆企业在移动通讯产业价值链中所处地位与演进具有重要意义。论文利用2012—2017年苹果公司供应商数据,以其零部件价值含量与技术要求为测度标准,分析了苹果手机零部件全球价值链的分配特征以及中国大陆企业在其中的地位变化。发现:高价值环节的供应商主要以美国、日本、韩国为主,而中低价值环节则以中国台湾、日本和中国大陆供应商为主,且中国大陆与中国台湾在中间环节占据重要地位。处于价值链高端的供应商分支数量在中国大陆和美国缩减明显,日本、韩国较为稳定,中国台湾增加明显。在价值链的中低端环节,供应商分支趋向中国大陆集中。印度、巴西以及越南等地成为新的中低端价值环节转移承接地。近年来,中国大陆在苹果手机价值链的高端环节得到了提升,长三角、珠三角、京津冀、成渝、中原地区等地逐渐形成了苹果供应商分支的集聚区域,呈现出零部件生产的区域分工特征。长三角(上海-苏州为核心)与珠三角(深圳-东莞为核心),承接了价值链多个生产环节,是中国大陆嵌入苹果手机生产网络的主要阵地。成渝地区既承接了芯片类企业布局,也承接了价值链低端的组装代工和包装服务环节,呈现出在价值链两端双向承接的特征。环渤海、福建及湖南等地主要承接苹果手机价值链的中间环节,而中原地区主要以苹果手机组装与包装服务为主,承接价值链的低端环节。最后,论文从创新驱动、政府作用与外资等方面探讨了影响中国大陆地位提升的因素。
Based on the data of Apple suppliers from 2012 to 2017, this study conducted an empirical analysis of the global value chains of i Phone parts, and the changing role of Chinese enterprises according to the cost value of different parts of mobile phone. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, suppliers of the key parts were mainly located in the United States, Japan, and South Korea, and they were in the core of value chain governance; while the important and general components were mainly from Japan and Chinese mainland and Taiwan, China.Secondly, the production of most parts was completed in Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia. In recent years,Chinese mainland's status of the "world factory" for general parts of iPhone has been further consolidated, but at the same time, breakthroughs have been made in some important links of the value chains, and Chinese mainland has gradually moved to the high end of the value chain. Thirdly, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta,the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the Central Plains have become the core production base of i Phone's components. iPhone parts industrial clusters have been formed in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, and they have become the main base for Chinese mainland's enterprises to embed in i Phone's global value chain. The Chengdu-Chongqing region is not only the base for chip companies,but also the location for assemblying and packaging services at the low end of the value chain, which indicates the two-way acceptance at both ends of the value chain. The regions around the Bohai Bay, Fujian Province, Hunan Province, and some other places mainly carry on the production of the medium part of the value chain, while the Central Plains mainly carry on the production of the mobile phone assembly and packaging services. Finally, we analyzed the driving factors that upgraded Chinese mainland's status in the global value chains.
Based on the data of Apple suppliers from 2012 to 2017, this study conducted an empirical analysis of the global value chains of i Phone parts, and the changing role of Chinese enterprises according to the cost value of different parts of mobile phone. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, suppliers of the key parts were mainly located in the United States, Japan, and South Korea, and they were in the core of value chain governance; while the important and general components were mainly from Japan and Chinese mainland and Taiwan, China.Secondly, the production of most parts was completed in Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia. In recent years,Chinese mainland's status of the "world factory" for general parts of iPhone has been further consolidated, but at the same time, breakthroughs have been made in some important links of the value chains, and Chinese mainland has gradually moved to the high end of the value chain. Thirdly, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta,the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, and the Central Plains have become the core production base of i Phone's components. iPhone parts industrial clusters have been formed in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, and they have become the main base for Chinese mainland's enterprises to embed in i Phone's global value chain. The Chengdu-Chongqing region is not only the base for chip companies,but also the location for assemblying and packaging services at the low end of the value chain, which indicates the two-way acceptance at both ends of the value chain. The regions around the Bohai Bay, Fujian Province, Hunan Province, and some other places mainly carry on the production of the medium part of the value chain, while the Central Plains mainly carry on the production of the mobile phone assembly and packaging services. Finally, we analyzed the driving factors that upgraded Chinese mainland's status in the global value chains.
引文
邓智团.2010.产业网络进化论:城市-区域竞合范式的理论与实践[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.[Deng Z T.2010.The evolution theory of industrial networks.Beijing,China:Social Sciences Academic Press.]
李健,宁越敏.2011.全球生产网络的浮现及其探讨:一个基于全球化的地方发展研究框架[J].上海经济研究,(9):20-27,54.[Li J,Ning Y M.2011.The local competitiveness of global production networks on computer industry its development in China.Shanghai Journal of economics,(9):20-27,54.]
李健,宁越敏,汪明峰.2008.计算机产业全球生产网络分析:兼论其在中国大陆的发展[J].地理学报,63(4):437-448.[Li J,Ning Y M,Wang M F.2008.Global production networks of computer industry and its development in mainland China.Acta Geographica Sinica,63(4):437-448.]
李强,郑江淮.2013.基于产品内分工的我国制造业价值链攀升:理论假设与实证分析[J].财贸经济,(9):95-102.[Li Q,Zheng J H.2013.Value chain upgrading of China's manufacturing industry based on intra-product specialization:Theoretical assumptions and empirical analysis.Finance&Trade Economics,(9):95-102.]
李怡,李平.2018.FDI对中国工业价值链升级影响的异质性考察[J].世界经济研究,(5):37-50,135-136.[Li Y,Li P.2018.A study on heterogeneity impacts of FDI on China industries'value chain upgrading.World Economic Study,(5):37-50,135-136.]
林桂军,何武.2015.中国装备制造业在全球价值链的地位及升级趋势[J].国际贸易问题,(4):3-15.[Lin G J,He W.2015.Position and Upgrading of China's equipment manufacturing industry in global value chain.Journal of International Trade,(4):3-15.]
刘逸.2018.战略耦合的研究脉络与问题[J].地理研究,37(7):1421-1434.[Liu Y.2018.Theoretical thread and problems of strategic coupling.Geographical Research,37(7):1421-1434.]
刘志彪.2011.重构国家价值链:转变中国制造业发展方式的思考[J].世界经济与政治论坛,(4):1-14.[Liu Z B.2011.Reconstructing the national value chain:Reflections on changing the development mode of China's manufacturing industry.Forum of World Economics&Politics,(4):1-14.]
卢明华,李国平.2004.全球电子信息产业价值链及对我国的启示[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),41(4):63-69.[Lu M H,Li G P.2004.The development of global electronic and information industrial value-chain and its revelation.Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),41(4):63-69.]
宁越敏,石崧.2011.从劳动空间分工到大都市区空间组织[M].北京:科学出版社.[Ning Y M,Shi S.2011.From spatial division of labor to spatial organization in metropolitan areas.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
潘峰华,王缉慈.2010.全球化背景下中国手机制造产业的空间格局及其影响因素[J].经济地理,30(4):608-613.[Pan F H,Wang J C.2010.What determines the spatial pattern of the mobile phone industry in China?Economic Geography,30(4):608-613.]
盛科荣,张红霞,佀丹丹.2018.基于企业网络视角的城市网络研究进展与展望[J].人文地理,33(2):11-17.[Sheng KR,Zhang H X,Si D D.2018.Progress and prospect of urban networks research through the lens of corporate networks.Human Geography,33(2):11-17.]
苏灿,任建兰.2016.中国制造业在亚太地区的分工与合作研究综述[J].世界地理研究,25(1):95-103,114.[Su C,Ren J L.2016.Review of the research on division and cooperation of Chinese manufacturing industry in Asia Pacific region.World Regional Studies,25(1):95-103,114.]
王宝平,徐伟.2017.城市网络:价值链生产的空间组织[M].北京:科学出版社.[Wang B P,Xu W.2017.City networkthe spatial organization of value production.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
文嫮,韩笑.2014.中间环节市场结构与价值链治理者的决定:以2G和3G时代中国移动通信产业为例[J].中国工业经济,(3):134-146.[Wen H,Han X.2014.The effect of market structure of value chain links to the governor decision-the case of China 2G and 3G mobile communication industry.China Industrial Economics,(3):134-146.]
温晓君.2013.中国智能手机产业链研究及赶超之路[J].通信技术,46(8):131-135.[Wen X J.2013.China's smart phone industry chain and development.Communications Technology,46(8):131-135.]
尹伟华.2015.中国制造业参与全球价值链的程度与方式:基于世界投入产出表的分析[J].经济与管理研究,36(8):12-20.[Yin W H.2015.The levels and ways of participation in global value chain of Chinese manufacturing:Based on world input-output tables.Research on Economics and Management,36(8):12-20.]
查日升.2015.中国参与全球经济治理模式研究:基于全球价值链治理视角[J].宏观经济研究,(5):9-17.[Zha R S.2015.The study of China's participation in global economic governance model:Based on the perspective of global value chain.Macroeconomics,(5):9-17.]
张少军,刘志彪.2017.全球价值链与全球城市网络的交融:发展中国家的视角[J].经济学家,(6):33-41.[Zhang S J,Liu Z B.2017.Blend of global value chain theory and global city network theory:Based on developing countries perspective.Economist,(6):33-41.]
郑蕾,刘毅,刘卫东.2016.全球整车及其零部件贸易格局演化特征[J].地理科学,36(5):662-670.[Zheng L,Liu Y,Liu W D.2016.Globalization and regionalization of complete auto's and auto parts'trade.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(5):662-670.]
Agostino M,Giunta A,Nugent J B,et al.2015.The importance of being a capable supplier:Italian industrial firms in global value chains[J].International Small Business Journal,33(7):708-730.
Coe N,Yeung H W.2015.Global production networks:Theorizing economic development on interconnected world[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dicken P.1992.Global shift:The internationalization of economic activity[M].New York:Guilford Press.
Fuller C,Phelps N A.2018.Revisiting the multinational enterprise in global production networks[J].Journal of Economic Geography,18(1):139-161.
Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Kaplinsky R.et al.2001.Introduction:Globalisation,value chains and development[J].IDSBulletin,32(3):1-8.
Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Sturgeon T.2005.The governance of global value chains[J].Review of International Political Economy,12(1):78-104.
Gereffi G,Lee J.2016.Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters:Why governance matters[J].Journal of Business Ethics,133(1):1-14.
Grimes S,Sun Y.2016.China's evolving role in Apple's global value chain[J].Area Development&Policy,1(1):94-112.
Henderson J,Dicken P,Hess M,et al.2002.Global production networks and the analysis of economic development[J].Review of International Political Economy,9(3):436-464.
Kr?tke S.2017.How manufacturing industries connect cities across the world:Extending research on'multiple globalizations'[J].Global Networks,14(2):121-147.
Lee J,Gereffi G.2013.The co-evolution of concentration in mobile phone global value chains and its impact on social upgrading in developing countries[R].Capturing the Gains Working Paper 25.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2237510.
Lee J,Gereffi G,Nathan D.2013.Mobile phones:Who benefits in shifting global value chains?[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,6(1):1-6.
Porter M E.1985.Technology and competitive advantage[J].Journal of Business Strategy,5(3):60-78.
Rasiah R,Kong X X,Vinanchiarachi J.2011.Moving up in the global value chain in button manufacturing in China[J].Asia Pacific Business Review,17(2):161-174.
Sturgeon T J,Kawakami M.2011.Global value chains in the electronics industry:Characteristics,crisis,and upgrading opportunities for firms from developing countries[J].International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation&Development,4(1):120-147.
Sun Y,Grimes S.2016.China's increasing participation in ICT's global value chain:A firm level analysis[J].Telecommunications Policy,40(2-3):210-224.
Wei Y H D,Li J,Ning Y M.2010.Corporate networks,value chains,and spatial organization:A study of the computer industry in China[J].Urban Geography,31(8):1118-1140.
Yang C,He C F.2017.Transformation of China's'world factory':Production relocation and export evolution of the electronics firms[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,108(5):571-591.
(1)数据来源于2017年世界知识产权报告(http://www.wipo.int/publications/zh/series/index.jsp?id=38)。
(2)详细内容可以参考著作:谢志峰,陈大明.芯事——一本书读懂芯片产业[M].上海:上海科技技术出版社, 2018.
(3)资料来源:研发人员数量和研发投入数据均来自京东方和蓝思科技企业2017年的公司年报。三星的数据来自于欧盟委员会月初公布的2017年韩国的研发投入,作者参考三星2017年年报计算。
(4)资料来源:2014年江苏长电的年报资料。
李健,宁越敏.2011.全球生产网络的浮现及其探讨:一个基于全球化的地方发展研究框架[J].上海经济研究,(9):20-27,54.[Li J,Ning Y M.2011.The local competitiveness of global production networks on computer industry its development in China.Shanghai Journal of economics,(9):20-27,54.]
李健,宁越敏,汪明峰.2008.计算机产业全球生产网络分析:兼论其在中国大陆的发展[J].地理学报,63(4):437-448.[Li J,Ning Y M,Wang M F.2008.Global production networks of computer industry and its development in mainland China.Acta Geographica Sinica,63(4):437-448.]
李强,郑江淮.2013.基于产品内分工的我国制造业价值链攀升:理论假设与实证分析[J].财贸经济,(9):95-102.[Li Q,Zheng J H.2013.Value chain upgrading of China's manufacturing industry based on intra-product specialization:Theoretical assumptions and empirical analysis.Finance&Trade Economics,(9):95-102.]
李怡,李平.2018.FDI对中国工业价值链升级影响的异质性考察[J].世界经济研究,(5):37-50,135-136.[Li Y,Li P.2018.A study on heterogeneity impacts of FDI on China industries'value chain upgrading.World Economic Study,(5):37-50,135-136.]
林桂军,何武.2015.中国装备制造业在全球价值链的地位及升级趋势[J].国际贸易问题,(4):3-15.[Lin G J,He W.2015.Position and Upgrading of China's equipment manufacturing industry in global value chain.Journal of International Trade,(4):3-15.]
刘逸.2018.战略耦合的研究脉络与问题[J].地理研究,37(7):1421-1434.[Liu Y.2018.Theoretical thread and problems of strategic coupling.Geographical Research,37(7):1421-1434.]
刘志彪.2011.重构国家价值链:转变中国制造业发展方式的思考[J].世界经济与政治论坛,(4):1-14.[Liu Z B.2011.Reconstructing the national value chain:Reflections on changing the development mode of China's manufacturing industry.Forum of World Economics&Politics,(4):1-14.]
卢明华,李国平.2004.全球电子信息产业价值链及对我国的启示[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),41(4):63-69.[Lu M H,Li G P.2004.The development of global electronic and information industrial value-chain and its revelation.Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),41(4):63-69.]
宁越敏,石崧.2011.从劳动空间分工到大都市区空间组织[M].北京:科学出版社.[Ning Y M,Shi S.2011.From spatial division of labor to spatial organization in metropolitan areas.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
潘峰华,王缉慈.2010.全球化背景下中国手机制造产业的空间格局及其影响因素[J].经济地理,30(4):608-613.[Pan F H,Wang J C.2010.What determines the spatial pattern of the mobile phone industry in China?Economic Geography,30(4):608-613.]
盛科荣,张红霞,佀丹丹.2018.基于企业网络视角的城市网络研究进展与展望[J].人文地理,33(2):11-17.[Sheng KR,Zhang H X,Si D D.2018.Progress and prospect of urban networks research through the lens of corporate networks.Human Geography,33(2):11-17.]
苏灿,任建兰.2016.中国制造业在亚太地区的分工与合作研究综述[J].世界地理研究,25(1):95-103,114.[Su C,Ren J L.2016.Review of the research on division and cooperation of Chinese manufacturing industry in Asia Pacific region.World Regional Studies,25(1):95-103,114.]
王宝平,徐伟.2017.城市网络:价值链生产的空间组织[M].北京:科学出版社.[Wang B P,Xu W.2017.City networkthe spatial organization of value production.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
文嫮,韩笑.2014.中间环节市场结构与价值链治理者的决定:以2G和3G时代中国移动通信产业为例[J].中国工业经济,(3):134-146.[Wen H,Han X.2014.The effect of market structure of value chain links to the governor decision-the case of China 2G and 3G mobile communication industry.China Industrial Economics,(3):134-146.]
温晓君.2013.中国智能手机产业链研究及赶超之路[J].通信技术,46(8):131-135.[Wen X J.2013.China's smart phone industry chain and development.Communications Technology,46(8):131-135.]
尹伟华.2015.中国制造业参与全球价值链的程度与方式:基于世界投入产出表的分析[J].经济与管理研究,36(8):12-20.[Yin W H.2015.The levels and ways of participation in global value chain of Chinese manufacturing:Based on world input-output tables.Research on Economics and Management,36(8):12-20.]
查日升.2015.中国参与全球经济治理模式研究:基于全球价值链治理视角[J].宏观经济研究,(5):9-17.[Zha R S.2015.The study of China's participation in global economic governance model:Based on the perspective of global value chain.Macroeconomics,(5):9-17.]
张少军,刘志彪.2017.全球价值链与全球城市网络的交融:发展中国家的视角[J].经济学家,(6):33-41.[Zhang S J,Liu Z B.2017.Blend of global value chain theory and global city network theory:Based on developing countries perspective.Economist,(6):33-41.]
郑蕾,刘毅,刘卫东.2016.全球整车及其零部件贸易格局演化特征[J].地理科学,36(5):662-670.[Zheng L,Liu Y,Liu W D.2016.Globalization and regionalization of complete auto's and auto parts'trade.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(5):662-670.]
Agostino M,Giunta A,Nugent J B,et al.2015.The importance of being a capable supplier:Italian industrial firms in global value chains[J].International Small Business Journal,33(7):708-730.
Coe N,Yeung H W.2015.Global production networks:Theorizing economic development on interconnected world[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dicken P.1992.Global shift:The internationalization of economic activity[M].New York:Guilford Press.
Fuller C,Phelps N A.2018.Revisiting the multinational enterprise in global production networks[J].Journal of Economic Geography,18(1):139-161.
Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Kaplinsky R.et al.2001.Introduction:Globalisation,value chains and development[J].IDSBulletin,32(3):1-8.
Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Sturgeon T.2005.The governance of global value chains[J].Review of International Political Economy,12(1):78-104.
Gereffi G,Lee J.2016.Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters:Why governance matters[J].Journal of Business Ethics,133(1):1-14.
Grimes S,Sun Y.2016.China's evolving role in Apple's global value chain[J].Area Development&Policy,1(1):94-112.
Henderson J,Dicken P,Hess M,et al.2002.Global production networks and the analysis of economic development[J].Review of International Political Economy,9(3):436-464.
Kr?tke S.2017.How manufacturing industries connect cities across the world:Extending research on'multiple globalizations'[J].Global Networks,14(2):121-147.
Lee J,Gereffi G.2013.The co-evolution of concentration in mobile phone global value chains and its impact on social upgrading in developing countries[R].Capturing the Gains Working Paper 25.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2237510.
Lee J,Gereffi G,Nathan D.2013.Mobile phones:Who benefits in shifting global value chains?[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,6(1):1-6.
Porter M E.1985.Technology and competitive advantage[J].Journal of Business Strategy,5(3):60-78.
Rasiah R,Kong X X,Vinanchiarachi J.2011.Moving up in the global value chain in button manufacturing in China[J].Asia Pacific Business Review,17(2):161-174.
Sturgeon T J,Kawakami M.2011.Global value chains in the electronics industry:Characteristics,crisis,and upgrading opportunities for firms from developing countries[J].International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation&Development,4(1):120-147.
Sun Y,Grimes S.2016.China's increasing participation in ICT's global value chain:A firm level analysis[J].Telecommunications Policy,40(2-3):210-224.
Wei Y H D,Li J,Ning Y M.2010.Corporate networks,value chains,and spatial organization:A study of the computer industry in China[J].Urban Geography,31(8):1118-1140.
Yang C,He C F.2017.Transformation of China's'world factory':Production relocation and export evolution of the electronics firms[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,108(5):571-591.
(1)数据来源于2017年世界知识产权报告(http://www.wipo.int/publications/zh/series/index.jsp?id=38)。
(2)详细内容可以参考著作:谢志峰,陈大明.芯事——一本书读懂芯片产业[M].上海:上海科技技术出版社, 2018.
(3)资料来源:研发人员数量和研发投入数据均来自京东方和蓝思科技企业2017年的公司年报。三星的数据来自于欧盟委员会月初公布的2017年韩国的研发投入,作者参考三星2017年年报计算。
(4)资料来源:2014年江苏长电的年报资料。
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