长白山千年大喷发泉阳泥炭沉积物记录
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摘要
长白山千年大喷发火山灰覆盖面积极广,广泛分布于日本海及日本半岛等地,在9 000km以外的格陵兰地区也有这层火山灰的产出,是1个非常重要的等时标志层。文中在长白山NW约45km泉阳泥炭沉积物(64cm)中发现一火山灰层,放射性14C定年结果为886—1013cal AD(95. 4%),火山玻璃主量元素的地球化学特征显示其为碱流质,与长白山千年大喷发火山灰碱流质端元十分吻合,确定为长白山千年大喷发的产物。文中的研究结果说明,这次火山喷发产生的火山灰向NW向已经飘散至约45km以外的泉阳地区,另外,鉴于火山灰中浮岩颗粒粒径可达0. 3cm,说明此次火山喷发产生的火山灰可能向W飘散至更远的地区,从而在更广大的区域上形成等时标志层。千年大喷发泉阳泥炭火山灰与四海龙湾、日本等地以及格陵兰冰芯中的火山灰具有不完全一致的火山玻璃主量元素组成,泉阳泥炭中的火山物质在成分上与典型的空降浮岩有所不同,而是与此次火山喷发的松散火山碎屑流更为接近。
Tephra,usually produced by explosive eruptions,is deposited rapidly,hence,it can serve as a distinctive and widespread synchronous marker horizon correlating terrestrial,marine and ice core records. The tephra from Changbaishan Millennium eruption,a widely distributed tephra,is an important marker bed across the Japan Sea,Japan Islands and even in the Greenland ice cores9 000 km away from volcanic vent. In this study,a discrete tephra was identified in the Quanyang peat ～ 45 km northeast to the Changbaishan volcano. Radiocarbon14 C dating on the plant remains constrains an age of 886—1013 cal AD( 95. 4%) to the tephra layer,which can correspond to the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan in time. In addition,there was no similar volcanic eruption in the surrounding areas except Changbaishan at the same time. This tephra shows rhyolitic glass shards major element compositions similar to those rhyolitic tephra from Millennium eruption. This study illustrates that tephra from Millennium eruption has been transported to Quanyang peat ～ 45 km northwest to the Changbaishan volcano. Additionally,the diameter of the pumice lapilli is up to0. 3 cm,implying that the tephra must be transported more distal away from Quanyang peat and formed a widely distributed isochronic layer. Glass geochemistry of the Quanyang tephra,different from the distal tephra recorded at Sihailongwan,Japan,and Greenland ice,shows a close affinity to the pyroclastic flow deposits of the Millennium eruption while not from fall deposits. This may indicate that distribution of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishanin in different directions may be controlled by different stages of eruption. This layer with well-defined annual results can be used to optimize the chronological framework of the corresponding sedimentary environment,thus facilitating more accurate discussion of corresponding environmental changes,which can achieve the contrast of the ancient climate records in the whole Northeast China-Japan and arctic regions.
Tephra,usually produced by explosive eruptions,is deposited rapidly,hence,it can serve as a distinctive and widespread synchronous marker horizon correlating terrestrial,marine and ice core records. The tephra from Changbaishan Millennium eruption,a widely distributed tephra,is an important marker bed across the Japan Sea,Japan Islands and even in the Greenland ice cores9 000 km away from volcanic vent. In this study,a discrete tephra was identified in the Quanyang peat ～ 45 km northeast to the Changbaishan volcano. Radiocarbon14 C dating on the plant remains constrains an age of 886—1013 cal AD( 95. 4%) to the tephra layer,which can correspond to the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan in time. In addition,there was no similar volcanic eruption in the surrounding areas except Changbaishan at the same time. This tephra shows rhyolitic glass shards major element compositions similar to those rhyolitic tephra from Millennium eruption. This study illustrates that tephra from Millennium eruption has been transported to Quanyang peat ～ 45 km northwest to the Changbaishan volcano. Additionally,the diameter of the pumice lapilli is up to0. 3 cm,implying that the tephra must be transported more distal away from Quanyang peat and formed a widely distributed isochronic layer. Glass geochemistry of the Quanyang tephra,different from the distal tephra recorded at Sihailongwan,Japan,and Greenland ice,shows a close affinity to the pyroclastic flow deposits of the Millennium eruption while not from fall deposits. This may indicate that distribution of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishanin in different directions may be controlled by different stages of eruption. This layer with well-defined annual results can be used to optimize the chronological framework of the corresponding sedimentary environment,thus facilitating more accurate discussion of corresponding environmental changes,which can achieve the contrast of the ancient climate records in the whole Northeast China-Japan and arctic regions.
引文
陈宣谕,徐义刚,Menzies M.2014.火山灰年代学:原理与应用[J].岩石学报,30(12):3491-3500.CHEN Xuan-yu,XU Yi-gang,Menzies M.2014.Tephrochronology:Principles and applications[J].Acta PetrologicaSinica,30(12):3491-3500(in Chinese).
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樊祺诚,隋建立,孙谦,等.2005.天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制初步探讨[J].岩石学报,21(6):1703-1708.FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,SUN Qian,et al.2005.Preliminary research of magma mixing and explosive mechanism of the Millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(6):1703-1708(in Chinese).
郭正府,刘嘉麒,樊祺诚,等.2005.四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义[J].岩石学报,21(1):251-255.GUO Zheng-fu,LIU Jia-qi,FAN Qi-cheng,et al.2005.Source of volcanic ash in the sediments of Sihailongwan maar lake,NE China,and its significance[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(1):251-255(in Chinese).
刘嘉麒.1999.中国火山[M].北京:科学出版社:13-126.LIU Jia-qi.1999.Volcanoes in China[M].Science Press,Beijing:13-126(in Chinese).
刘若新,魏海泉,汤吉,等.1996.长白山天池火山研究进展[J].地震地磁观测与研究,17(4):2-11.LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,TANG Ji,et al.1996.Research advances in the Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,17(4):2-11(in Chinese).
隋淑珍,刘嘉麒,郭正府,等.2003.火山灰的提取及测试技术[J].地学前缘,10(1):111-116.SUI Shu-zhen,LIU Jia-qi,GUO Zheng-fu,et al.2003.Extraction and measuring techniques of volcanic ash[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(1):111-116(in Chinese).
王非,陈文寄,彭子成,等.2001.长白山天池火山晚更新世以来的喷发活动:高精度铀系TIMS年代学制约[J].地球化学,30(1):88-94.WANG Fei,CHEN Wen-ji,PENG Zi-cheng,et al.2001.Activity of Cangbaishan Tianchi volcano since Late Pleistocene:The constrain from geochronology of high precision U-series TIMS method[J].Geochimica,30(1):88-94(in Chinese).
赵宏丽,刘嘉麒.2012.东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义[J].地震地质,34(3):516-530.doi:3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.03.012.ZHAO Hong-li,LIU Jia-qi.2012.Cryptotephra discovered in Gushantun peat of NE China and its significance[J].Seismology and Geology,34(3):516-530(in Chinese).
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Chu G,Sun Q,Xie M,et al.2014.Holocene cyclic climatic variations and the role of the Pacific Ocean as recorded in varved sediments from northeastern China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,12:85-95.
Cong J,Gao C,Zhang Y,et al.2016.Dating the period when intensive anthropogenic activity began to influence the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China[J].Scientific Reports,6:22153.
Coulter S E,Pilcher J R,Plunkett G,et al.2012.Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117:D21303.
Davies S M,Larsen G,Wastegard S,et al.2010.Widespread dispersal of Icelandic tephra:How does the Eyjafj9ll eruption of 2010 compare to past Icelandic events?[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,25(5):605-611.
Furuta T,Fujioka K,Arai F.1986.Widespread submarine tephras around Japan:Petrographic and chemical properties[J].Marine Geology,72(1-2):125-142.
Fukusawa H,Tsukamoto S,Tsukamoto H,et al.1998.Falling age of Baegdusan-Tomakomai tephra(B-Tm)estimated by using non-glacial varves[J].Laguna,5:55-62.
Horn S,Schmincke H U.2000.Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan volcano(China/North Korea)ca.969 AD[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,61(8):537-555.
Hughes P D M,Mallon G,Brown A,et al.2013.The impact of high tephra loading on late-Holocene carbon accumulation and vegetation succession in peatland communities[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,67(3):160-175.
Jiang W,Leroy S A G,Ogle N,et al.2008.Natural and anthropogenic forest fires recorded in the Holocene pollen record from a Jinchuan peat bog,northeastern China[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,261(1-2):47-57.
Kamite M,Yamada K,Saito-Kato M,et al.2010.Microscopic observations of varve sediments from Lake Ni-noMegata and Lake San-no-Megata,Oga Peninsula,NE Japan,with reference to the fallout age of the B-Tm Tephra[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,116(7):349-359.
Lane C S,Chorn B T,Johnson T C.2013.Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75ka[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(20):8025-8029.
Le Bas M,Le Maitre R W,Strekeisen A,et al.1986.A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkalisilica diagram[J].Journal of Petrology,27:745-750.
Liu J,Chu G,Han J,et al.2009.Volcanic eruptions in the Longgang volcanic field,northeastern China,during the past 15000 years[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,34(5):645-654.
Liu J,Han J,Fyfe W S.2001.Cenozoic episodic volcanism and continental rifting in Northeast China and possible link to Japan Sea development as revealed from K-Ar geochronology[J].Tectonophysics,339(3):385-401.
Lowe D J.2011.Tephrochronology and its application:A review[J].Quaternary Geochronology,6(2):107-153.
Machida H,Arai F.1983.Extensive ash falls in and around the Sea of Japan from large late Quaternary eruptions[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,18(1-4):151-164.
Machida H,Moriwaki H,Zhao D.1990.The recent major eruption of Changbai volcano and its environmental effects[J].Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University,25:1-20.
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Nanayama F,Satake K,Furukawa R,et al.2003.Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench[J].Nature,424(6949):660-663.
Okuno M,Torii M,Yamada K,et al.2011.Widespread tephras in sediments from Lake Ichi-no-Megata in northern Japan:Their description,correlation and significance[J].Quaternary International,246(1):270-277.
Oppenheimer C,Wacker L,Xu J,et al.2017.Multi-proxy dating the‘Millennium eruption'of Changbaishan to late946 CE[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,158:164-171.
Sigl M,Winstrup M,Mcconnell J R,et al.2015.Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500years[J].Nature,523(7562):543-549.
Smith V.2013.Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive,Japan:Chronostatigrahic markers for synchronisation of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last150ka[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,80(3):206-206.
Stebich M,Rehfeld K,Schlütz F,et al.2015.Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics of NE China based on the pollen record from Sihailongwan maar lake[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,124:275-289.
Sun C,Liu J,Wu J,et al.2017a.The first tephra evidence for a late glacial explosive volcanic eruption in the ArxanChaihe volcanic field(ACVF),Northeast China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,40:109-119.
Sun C,Liu J,You H,et al.2017b.Tephrostratigraphy of Changbaishan volcano,Northeast China,since the midHolocene[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,177:104-119.
Sun C,Plunkett G,Liu J,et al.2014a.Ash from Changbaishan Millennium eruption recorded in Greenland ice:Implications for determining the eruption's timing and impact[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(2):2453-2465.
Sun C,You H,He H,et al.2015.New evidence for the presence of Changbaishan Millennium eruption ash in the Longgang volcanic field,Northeast China[J].Gondwana Research,28(1):52-60.
Sun C,You H,Liu J,et al.2014b.Distribution,geochemistry and age of the Millennium eruptives of Changbaishan volcano,Northeast China:A review[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,8(2):216-230.
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Yang L,Wang F,Feng H,et al.2014.40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Holocene volcanic activity at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano,Northeast China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,21(1):106-114.
Yatsuzuka S,Okuno M,Nakamura T,et al.2010.14C wiggle-matching of the B-Tm tephra,Baitoushan volcano,China/North Korea[J].Radiocarbon,52(3):933-940.
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Zou H,Fan Q,Zhang H.2010.Rapid development of the great Millennium eruption of Changbaishan(Tianchi)volcano,China/North Korea:Evidence from U-Th zircon dating[J].Lithos,119(3-4):289-296.
樊祺诚,刘若新,魏海泉,等.1999.长白山天池火山全新世喷发与岩石地球化学特征[J].地质论评,45(S1):263-271.FAN Qi-cheng,LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,et al.1999.Petrogeochemical characteristics of Holocene eruption of the Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains[J].Geological Review,45(S1):263-271(in Chinese).
樊祺诚,隋建立,孙谦,等.2005.天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制初步探讨[J].岩石学报,21(6):1703-1708.FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,SUN Qian,et al.2005.Preliminary research of magma mixing and explosive mechanism of the Millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(6):1703-1708(in Chinese).
郭正府,刘嘉麒,樊祺诚,等.2005.四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义[J].岩石学报,21(1):251-255.GUO Zheng-fu,LIU Jia-qi,FAN Qi-cheng,et al.2005.Source of volcanic ash in the sediments of Sihailongwan maar lake,NE China,and its significance[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(1):251-255(in Chinese).
刘嘉麒.1999.中国火山[M].北京:科学出版社:13-126.LIU Jia-qi.1999.Volcanoes in China[M].Science Press,Beijing:13-126(in Chinese).
刘若新,魏海泉,汤吉,等.1996.长白山天池火山研究进展[J].地震地磁观测与研究,17(4):2-11.LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,TANG Ji,et al.1996.Research advances in the Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,17(4):2-11(in Chinese).
隋淑珍,刘嘉麒,郭正府,等.2003.火山灰的提取及测试技术[J].地学前缘,10(1):111-116.SUI Shu-zhen,LIU Jia-qi,GUO Zheng-fu,et al.2003.Extraction and measuring techniques of volcanic ash[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(1):111-116(in Chinese).
王非,陈文寄,彭子成,等.2001.长白山天池火山晚更新世以来的喷发活动:高精度铀系TIMS年代学制约[J].地球化学,30(1):88-94.WANG Fei,CHEN Wen-ji,PENG Zi-cheng,et al.2001.Activity of Cangbaishan Tianchi volcano since Late Pleistocene:The constrain from geochronology of high precision U-series TIMS method[J].Geochimica,30(1):88-94(in Chinese).
赵宏丽,刘嘉麒.2012.东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义[J].地震地质,34(3):516-530.doi:3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.03.012.ZHAO Hong-li,LIU Jia-qi.2012.Cryptotephra discovered in Gushantun peat of NE China and its significance[J].Seismology and Geology,34(3):516-530(in Chinese).
Chen X,Blockley S P E,Tarasov P E,et al.2016.Clarifying the distal to proximal tephrochronology of the Millennium(B-Tm)eruption,Changbaishan volcano,Northeast China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,33:61-75.
Chu G,Sun Q,Xie M,et al.2014.Holocene cyclic climatic variations and the role of the Pacific Ocean as recorded in varved sediments from northeastern China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,12:85-95.
Cong J,Gao C,Zhang Y,et al.2016.Dating the period when intensive anthropogenic activity began to influence the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China[J].Scientific Reports,6:22153.
Coulter S E,Pilcher J R,Plunkett G,et al.2012.Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,117:D21303.
Davies S M,Larsen G,Wastegard S,et al.2010.Widespread dispersal of Icelandic tephra:How does the Eyjafj9ll eruption of 2010 compare to past Icelandic events?[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,25(5):605-611.
Furuta T,Fujioka K,Arai F.1986.Widespread submarine tephras around Japan:Petrographic and chemical properties[J].Marine Geology,72(1-2):125-142.
Fukusawa H,Tsukamoto S,Tsukamoto H,et al.1998.Falling age of Baegdusan-Tomakomai tephra(B-Tm)estimated by using non-glacial varves[J].Laguna,5:55-62.
Horn S,Schmincke H U.2000.Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan volcano(China/North Korea)ca.969 AD[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,61(8):537-555.
Hughes P D M,Mallon G,Brown A,et al.2013.The impact of high tephra loading on late-Holocene carbon accumulation and vegetation succession in peatland communities[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,67(3):160-175.
Jiang W,Leroy S A G,Ogle N,et al.2008.Natural and anthropogenic forest fires recorded in the Holocene pollen record from a Jinchuan peat bog,northeastern China[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,261(1-2):47-57.
Kamite M,Yamada K,Saito-Kato M,et al.2010.Microscopic observations of varve sediments from Lake Ni-noMegata and Lake San-no-Megata,Oga Peninsula,NE Japan,with reference to the fallout age of the B-Tm Tephra[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,116(7):349-359.
Lane C S,Chorn B T,Johnson T C.2013.Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75ka[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(20):8025-8029.
Le Bas M,Le Maitre R W,Strekeisen A,et al.1986.A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkalisilica diagram[J].Journal of Petrology,27:745-750.
Liu J,Chu G,Han J,et al.2009.Volcanic eruptions in the Longgang volcanic field,northeastern China,during the past 15000 years[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,34(5):645-654.
Liu J,Han J,Fyfe W S.2001.Cenozoic episodic volcanism and continental rifting in Northeast China and possible link to Japan Sea development as revealed from K-Ar geochronology[J].Tectonophysics,339(3):385-401.
Lowe D J.2011.Tephrochronology and its application:A review[J].Quaternary Geochronology,6(2):107-153.
Machida H,Arai F.1983.Extensive ash falls in and around the Sea of Japan from large late Quaternary eruptions[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,18(1-4):151-164.
Machida H,Moriwaki H,Zhao D.1990.The recent major eruption of Changbai volcano and its environmental effects[J].Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University,25:1-20.
Mclean D,Albert P G,Nakagawa T,et al.2016.Identification of the Changbaishan‘Millennium’(B-Tm)eruption deposit in the Lake Suigetsu(SG06)sedimentary archive,Japan:Synchronization of hemispheric-wide palaeoclimate archives[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,150:301-307.
Nakamura T,Okuno M,Kimura K,et al.2007.Application of14C wiggle-matching to support dendrochronological analysis in Japan[J].Tree-Ring Research,63:37-46.
Nanayama F,Satake K,Furukawa R,et al.2003.Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench[J].Nature,424(6949):660-663.
Okuno M,Torii M,Yamada K,et al.2011.Widespread tephras in sediments from Lake Ichi-no-Megata in northern Japan:Their description,correlation and significance[J].Quaternary International,246(1):270-277.
Oppenheimer C,Wacker L,Xu J,et al.2017.Multi-proxy dating the‘Millennium eruption'of Changbaishan to late946 CE[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,158:164-171.
Sigl M,Winstrup M,Mcconnell J R,et al.2015.Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500years[J].Nature,523(7562):543-549.
Smith V.2013.Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive,Japan:Chronostatigrahic markers for synchronisation of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last150ka[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,80(3):206-206.
Stebich M,Rehfeld K,Schlütz F,et al.2015.Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics of NE China based on the pollen record from Sihailongwan maar lake[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,124:275-289.
Sun C,Liu J,Wu J,et al.2017a.The first tephra evidence for a late glacial explosive volcanic eruption in the ArxanChaihe volcanic field(ACVF),Northeast China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,40:109-119.
Sun C,Liu J,You H,et al.2017b.Tephrostratigraphy of Changbaishan volcano,Northeast China,since the midHolocene[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,177:104-119.
Sun C,Plunkett G,Liu J,et al.2014a.Ash from Changbaishan Millennium eruption recorded in Greenland ice:Implications for determining the eruption's timing and impact[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(2):2453-2465.
Sun C,You H,He H,et al.2015.New evidence for the presence of Changbaishan Millennium eruption ash in the Longgang volcanic field,Northeast China[J].Gondwana Research,28(1):52-60.
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