逆冲断层位移—长度关系解析——以杭锦旗断裂带为例
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摘要
为了揭示鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗断裂带在晚石炭世—中三叠世逆冲断层生长的位移模式和位移—长度关系,本文通过地震剖面解释、地层回剥分析和断层古位移测算来厘定古断层的末端位置,明确断裂生长连接历史,并结合幂律关系,探究了断层生长模式以及断裂带岩性组合、运动学、反转和断层系统内在特征等方面的影响。研究表明,杭锦旗断裂带的构造演化受基底断裂的分段性制约。其北东走向的分段(泊尔江海子断裂东段)形成较早;在垂向上,断裂中部的位移大,向两端递减;在平面上,断裂末端与东西走向的分段(泊尔江海子断裂西段)叠覆,导致局部位移增大,最终发生硬连接。东西走向的三眼井断裂形成于晚石炭世,先后经历了断层分段、横向扩展和连接的演化阶段。乌兰吉林庙断裂作为调节带断裂,其活动相对较弱且局部发生反转。根据断层位移—长度剖面的几何形态和断层演化阶段分析,可将杭锦旗断裂带的逆冲阶段的位移模式分为4种类型:①近对称的三角状或椭圆状,代表独立断层;②左右极不对称的锯齿状或双峰状,代表断层之间发生软连接作用;③不规则波状,反映多条小型断层的连接作用;④异常尖峰状,代表大型断裂后期位移的调整。杭锦旗断裂带的D_(max)/L数据集与全球其他地区比较,要低一个数量级,可能与断裂带的后期反转有关。最后,针对杭锦旗断裂带在不同时期的构造演化和D_(max)/L变化特征,提出了断裂带逆冲阶段演化的路径模式。
Objectives: Based on the investigation of the formation and evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone in the northern Ordos Basin,this paper discusses the displacement evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the fault zone from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic through the fault displacement—length relationship study.Methods: Through a series of seismic section interpretations,throw and dip angles of these faults are measured. Through the stratum recovery analysis,the displacement along the faults in different periods and the location of the ancient fault tips are approximately calculated,the history of fault growth connections is determined,and the displacement—length relationships in the evolution of the reverse faults is analyzed.Results: The evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone is controlled by the basement faults. Among them,the NEtrending fault zone evolved earlier,mainly in the form of displacement growth. The soft linkage between the fault tip and the overlying fault zone resulted in an increase of local displacement and eventually a hard linkage. the EWtrending fault zone developed in the later stage. The fault segmentation,lateral propagation,and connection process are involved; the fracture activity in the central adjustment zone is relatively weak and locally reversed.Conclusion: We find that the evolution zoning characteristics of the Hangjinqi fault zone from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic include: the east—west basement fault zone,the northeast basement fault zone,and the intermediate adjustment zone. Based on the geometry of the fault displacement—length profile and the analysis of the fault evolution stage,four types of reverse fault displacement patterns can be simply classified:(1) Nearly symmetric triangles and ellipses,representing a single fault;(2) The left—right asymmetric zigzag or double peaks,representing soft linkage between faults;(3) Irregular wavy,reflecting the connection of multiple faults;(4) Abnormal peaks,representing late displacement adjustment of large thrust fault zones. Furthermore,the evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone has experienced a complex process of fault growth and connection. As the evolution of the fault zone,the ratio of the maximum displacement to the length of the fault will change. Compared with the stage of fault connection,the Dm ax/L of the soft connection and the connected mature fault will be higher,but the overall trend is increasing.
Objectives: Based on the investigation of the formation and evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone in the northern Ordos Basin,this paper discusses the displacement evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the fault zone from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic through the fault displacement—length relationship study.Methods: Through a series of seismic section interpretations,throw and dip angles of these faults are measured. Through the stratum recovery analysis,the displacement along the faults in different periods and the location of the ancient fault tips are approximately calculated,the history of fault growth connections is determined,and the displacement—length relationships in the evolution of the reverse faults is analyzed.Results: The evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone is controlled by the basement faults. Among them,the NEtrending fault zone evolved earlier,mainly in the form of displacement growth. The soft linkage between the fault tip and the overlying fault zone resulted in an increase of local displacement and eventually a hard linkage. the EWtrending fault zone developed in the later stage. The fault segmentation,lateral propagation,and connection process are involved; the fracture activity in the central adjustment zone is relatively weak and locally reversed.Conclusion: We find that the evolution zoning characteristics of the Hangjinqi fault zone from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic include: the east—west basement fault zone,the northeast basement fault zone,and the intermediate adjustment zone. Based on the geometry of the fault displacement—length profile and the analysis of the fault evolution stage,four types of reverse fault displacement patterns can be simply classified:(1) Nearly symmetric triangles and ellipses,representing a single fault;(2) The left—right asymmetric zigzag or double peaks,representing soft linkage between faults;(3) Irregular wavy,reflecting the connection of multiple faults;(4) Abnormal peaks,representing late displacement adjustment of large thrust fault zones. Furthermore,the evolution of the Hangjinqi fault zone has experienced a complex process of fault growth and connection. As the evolution of the fault zone,the ratio of the maximum displacement to the length of the fault will change. Compared with the stage of fault connection,the Dm ax/L of the soft connection and the connected mature fault will be higher,but the overall trend is increasing.
引文
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谢润成,周文,李良,苏瑗,王辛. 2010. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界砂岩储层特征. 新疆地质,28(1):86～90.
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张少华,杨明慧,罗晓华. 2015. 断裂带油气幕式运移:来自物理模拟实验的启示. 地质论评,61(5):1183～1191.
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董进,张世红,姜勇彪. 2004. 正断层位移—长度关系及其研究意义. 地学前缘,11(4):575～584.
丁燕云. 2000. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部航磁反映的构造特征. 物探与化探,24(3):197～202.
冯乔,张小莉,王云鹏,樊爱萍,柳益群. 2006. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界油气运聚特征及其铀成矿意义. 地质学报,80(5):748～752.
纪文明,李潍莲,刘震,雷婷. 2013. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界气源岩分析. 天然气地球科学,24(5):905～914.
雷开宇,刘池洋,张龙,吴柏林,王建强,寸小妮,孙莉. 2017. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部中生代中晚期地层碎屑锆石U—Pb定年与物源示踪. 地质学报,91(7):1522～1541.
李金涛,李恒. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗页岩气成藏条件分析. 山东工业技术,(6):92～93.
李潍莲,纪文明,刘震,雷婷,朱景宇. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部泊尔江海子断裂对上古生界天然气成藏的控制. 现代地质,29(3):584～590.
孙晓,李良,丁超. 2016. 鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区不整合结构类型及运移特征. 石油与天然气地质,37(2):165～172.
孙宜朴,杨伟利,王传刚,黄宏伟,蒲泊伶. 2007. 鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区上古生界天然气成藏历史分析. 石油天然气学报,29(3):217～219.
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谢润成,周文,李良,苏瑗,王辛. 2010. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区上古生界砂岩储层特征. 新疆地质,28(1):86～90.
姚宗惠,张明山,曾令邦,王润生,何天翼. 2003. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部断裂分析. 石油勘探与开发,30(2):20～23.
朱日祥,陈凌,吴福元,刘俊来. 2011. 华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制. 中国科学:地球科学,41(5):583～592.
张少华,杨明慧,罗晓华. 2015. 断裂带油气幕式运移:来自物理模拟实验的启示. 地质论评,61(5):1183～1191.
郑喜强,严岗. 2006. 鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区油气圈闭类型研究.勘探地球物理进展,29(4):279～284.
Ackermann R V, Schlische R W, Withjack M O. 2001. The geometric and statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(11): 1803～1819.
Anders M H, Schlische R W. 1994. Overlapping faults, intrabasin highs, and the growth of normal faults. Journal of Geology, 102(2): 165～179.
Baudon C, Cartwright J. 2008. The kinematics of reactivation of normal faults using high resolution throw mapping. Journal of Structural Geology, 30(8): 1072～1084.
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