ZH-1卫星观测的VLF人工源信号特征分析与全波模拟
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摘要
中国地震电磁监测试验卫星张衡一号(ZH-1)已于2018年2月2日成功发射,正在开展卫星数据在轨测试,并对卫星数据质量进行判定.本文对ZH-1卫星2018年5月至6月夜侧的VLF频段电场功率谱数据进行了分析.通过分析位于不同L值、具有不同发射频率的多个VLF人工源上空的卫星重访轨道观测数据,发现ZH-1卫星记录的人工源信号电场变化标准差与DEMETER卫星记录电场变化标准差几乎一致,说明ZH-1卫星观测数据具有较好的稳定性.通过重访轨道均值与全波模型计算结果对比,发现两者在数值上较为接近,在形态上较为一致,说明ZH-1卫星VLF频段电场功率谱数据具有一定的可靠性.此外,研究了VLF人工源上空及共轭区的电场分布特征和电波传播规律,并与DEMETER卫星的结果进行了对比,结果表明VLF人工源产生的电磁辐射穿透电离层后以导管或者非导管的哨声波模向共轭区传播,因为传播过程中的朗道阻尼,共轭区的电场能量比辐射源顶空更小.VLF人工源位于L<1.5时,电磁波传播更容易发生非导管传播,VLF人工源信号导管传播模式在共轭区的电场响应相对于共轭点会发生一定程度北向偏移.
The China seismo-electromagnetic satellite(ZH-1)has been successfully launched onFebruary 2 nd,2018.In-orbit test on the satellite data is undergoing,and meanwhile,the quality of the scientific data needs to be verified.The VLF electric field power spectrum data at nightside of ZH-1 from May to June 2018 has been analyzed.The re-orbit data above the VLF transmitters at different L shell with different radiation frequencies have been analyzed.It can be found that the standard deviation of the electric field excited by the VLF transmitters observed by the ZH-1 satellite is similar with DEMETER satellite.The observed electric fields are generally consistent with the full-wave simulation results,which mean that ZH-1 satellite′s electric field PSD data at VLF band is stable and reliable.In addition,the electric field distribution and the propagation mode of the signal from the VLF transmitters have also been studied above the transmitters and their conjugate regions.The results show that the electromagnetic waves penetrating the lower ionosphere propagate in the way of the‘duct'or the‘non-duct'whistler mode to the topside of VLF transmitter and its conjugate region.Because of the Landau damping,the electromagnetic energy reaching the conjugate region is usually smaller than it just above the transmitter.It is easier for the VLF transmitters located at L<1.5 to propagate as the ‘nonduct'whistler mode.The electric field distribution has northward displacement at the conjugate region for the‘duct'mode.
The China seismo-electromagnetic satellite(ZH-1)has been successfully launched onFebruary 2 nd,2018.In-orbit test on the satellite data is undergoing,and meanwhile,the quality of the scientific data needs to be verified.The VLF electric field power spectrum data at nightside of ZH-1 from May to June 2018 has been analyzed.The re-orbit data above the VLF transmitters at different L shell with different radiation frequencies have been analyzed.It can be found that the standard deviation of the electric field excited by the VLF transmitters observed by the ZH-1 satellite is similar with DEMETER satellite.The observed electric fields are generally consistent with the full-wave simulation results,which mean that ZH-1 satellite′s electric field PSD data at VLF band is stable and reliable.In addition,the electric field distribution and the propagation mode of the signal from the VLF transmitters have also been studied above the transmitters and their conjugate regions.The results show that the electromagnetic waves penetrating the lower ionosphere propagate in the way of the‘duct'or the‘non-duct'whistler mode to the topside of VLF transmitter and its conjugate region.Because of the Landau damping,the electromagnetic energy reaching the conjugate region is usually smaller than it just above the transmitter.It is easier for the VLF transmitters located at L<1.5 to propagate as the ‘nonduct'whistler mode.The electric field distribution has northward displacement at the conjugate region for the‘duct'mode.
引文
Abel B,Thorne R M.1998a.Electron scattering loss in Earth′s inner magnetosphere:1.Dominant physical processes.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,103(A2):2385-2396.
Abel B,Thorne R M.1998b.Electron scattering loss in Earth′s inner magnetosphere:2.Sensitivity to model parameters.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,103(A2):2397-2407.
Barton C E.1997.International Geomagnetic Reference Field:The seventh generation.Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity,49(2-3):123-148.
Bilitza D,Reinisch B W.2008.International Reference Ionosphere2007:Improvements and new parameters.Advances in Space Research,42(4):599-609.
Bortnik J,Inan U S,Bell T F.2006a.Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves:1.Methodology.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,111(A2):A02204,doi:10.1029/2005JA011182.
Bortnik J,Inan U S,Bell T F.2006b.Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightninggenerated MR whistler waves:2.Global signatures.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,111(A2):A02205,doi:10.1029/2005JA011398.
Clilverd M A,Smith A J,Thomson N R.1992a.The effects of ionospheric horizontal electron density gradients on whistler mode signals.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,54(7-8):1061-1074.
Clilverd M A,Thomson N R,Smith A J.1992b.Observation of two preferred propagation paths for whistler mode VLF signals received at a non-conjugate location.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,54(7-8):1075-1079.
Clilverd M A,Rodger C J,Gamble R,et al.2008.Ground-based transmitter signals observed from space:Ducted or nonducted?Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A4):A04211,doi:10.1029/2007JA012602.
Cohen M B,Inan U S.2012.Terrestrial VLF transmitter injection into the magnetosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,117(A8):A08310,doi:10.1029/2012JA017992.
Crary J H.1961.The effect of the earth-ionosphere waveguide on whistlers[Ph.D.thesis].California:Stanford University.
Helliwell R A.1965.Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena.Stanford,California:Stanford University Press.
Inan U S,Chang H C,Helliwell R A.1984.Electron precipitation zones around major ground-based VLF signal sources.Journal of Geophysical Research,89(A5):2891-2906.
Kulkarni P,Inan U S,Bell T F,et al.2008.Precipitation signatures of ground-based VLF transmitters.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A7):A07214,doi:10.1029/2007JA012569.
Lehtinen N G,Inan U S.2008.Radiation of ELF/VLF waves by harmonically varying currents into a stratified ionosphere with application to radiation by a modulated electrojet.Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2008,113(A6):A06301,doi:10.1029/2007JA012911.
Lehtinen N G,Inan U S.2009.Full-wave modeling of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves.Geophysical Research Letters,36(3):L03104,doi:10.1029/2008GL036535.
Li J D,Spasojevic M,Harid V,et al.2014.Analysis of magnetospheric ELF/VLF wave amplification from the Siple Transmitter experiment.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(3):1837-1850.
Liao L,Zhao S F,Zhang X M.2017.Advances in the study of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves.Chinese Journal of Space Science(in Chinese),37(3):277-283.
Shen X H,Zhang X M,Yuan S G,et al.2018a.The state-of-theart of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite mission.Science China Technological Sciences,61(5):634-642.
Shen X H,Zong Q-G,Zhang X M,2018b.Introduction to special section on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite and initial results.Earth Planet.Phys.,2(6),439-443.doi:10.26464/epp2018041.
Starks M J,Quinn R A,Ginet G P,et al.2008.Illumination of the plasmasphere by terrestrial very low frequency transmitters:Model validation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A9):A09320,doi:10.1029/2008JA013112.
Swanson E R,Kugel C P.1972.VLF timing:Conventional and modern techniques including omega.Proceedings of the IEEE,60(5):540-551.
Tao X,Bortnik J,Friedrich M.2010.Variance of transionospheric VLF wave power absorption.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,115(A7):A07303,doi:10.1029/2009JA015115.
Thorne R M.2010.Radiation belt dynamics:The importance of wave-particle interactions.Geophysical Research Letters,37(22):L22107,doi:10.1029/2010GL044990.
Zhang X M,Zhao S F,Ruzhin Y,et al.2017.The spatial distribution features of three Alpha transmitter signals at the topside ionosphere.Radio Science,52(5):653-662,doi:10.1002/2016RS006219.
Zhao S F,Zhang X M,Zhao Z Y,et al.2015.Temporal variations of electromagnetic responses in the ionosphere excited by the NWC communication station.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(7):2263-2273,doi:10.6038/cjg20150705.
Zhao S F,Liao L,Zhang X M.2017.Trans-ionospheric VLF wave power absorption of terrestrial VLF signal.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(8):3004-3014,doi:10.6038/cjg20170809.
廖力,赵庶凡,张学民.2017.VLF波渗透电离层传播计算研究进展.空间科学学报,37(3):277-283.
赵庶凡,张学民,赵正予等.2015.NWC通信台在电离层中激发电磁响应的时变特征.地球物理学报,58(7):2263-2273,doi:10.6038/cjg20150705.
赵庶凡,廖力,张学民.2017.地面VLF波穿透电离层的能量衰减变化.地球物理学报,60(8):3004-3014,doi:10.6038/cjg20170809.
Abel B,Thorne R M.1998b.Electron scattering loss in Earth′s inner magnetosphere:2.Sensitivity to model parameters.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,103(A2):2397-2407.
Barton C E.1997.International Geomagnetic Reference Field:The seventh generation.Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity,49(2-3):123-148.
Bilitza D,Reinisch B W.2008.International Reference Ionosphere2007:Improvements and new parameters.Advances in Space Research,42(4):599-609.
Bortnik J,Inan U S,Bell T F.2006a.Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves:1.Methodology.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,111(A2):A02204,doi:10.1029/2005JA011182.
Bortnik J,Inan U S,Bell T F.2006b.Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightninggenerated MR whistler waves:2.Global signatures.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,111(A2):A02205,doi:10.1029/2005JA011398.
Clilverd M A,Smith A J,Thomson N R.1992a.The effects of ionospheric horizontal electron density gradients on whistler mode signals.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,54(7-8):1061-1074.
Clilverd M A,Thomson N R,Smith A J.1992b.Observation of two preferred propagation paths for whistler mode VLF signals received at a non-conjugate location.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,54(7-8):1075-1079.
Clilverd M A,Rodger C J,Gamble R,et al.2008.Ground-based transmitter signals observed from space:Ducted or nonducted?Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A4):A04211,doi:10.1029/2007JA012602.
Cohen M B,Inan U S.2012.Terrestrial VLF transmitter injection into the magnetosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,117(A8):A08310,doi:10.1029/2012JA017992.
Crary J H.1961.The effect of the earth-ionosphere waveguide on whistlers[Ph.D.thesis].California:Stanford University.
Helliwell R A.1965.Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena.Stanford,California:Stanford University Press.
Inan U S,Chang H C,Helliwell R A.1984.Electron precipitation zones around major ground-based VLF signal sources.Journal of Geophysical Research,89(A5):2891-2906.
Kulkarni P,Inan U S,Bell T F,et al.2008.Precipitation signatures of ground-based VLF transmitters.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A7):A07214,doi:10.1029/2007JA012569.
Lehtinen N G,Inan U S.2008.Radiation of ELF/VLF waves by harmonically varying currents into a stratified ionosphere with application to radiation by a modulated electrojet.Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2008,113(A6):A06301,doi:10.1029/2007JA012911.
Lehtinen N G,Inan U S.2009.Full-wave modeling of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves.Geophysical Research Letters,36(3):L03104,doi:10.1029/2008GL036535.
Li J D,Spasojevic M,Harid V,et al.2014.Analysis of magnetospheric ELF/VLF wave amplification from the Siple Transmitter experiment.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(3):1837-1850.
Liao L,Zhao S F,Zhang X M.2017.Advances in the study of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves.Chinese Journal of Space Science(in Chinese),37(3):277-283.
Shen X H,Zhang X M,Yuan S G,et al.2018a.The state-of-theart of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite mission.Science China Technological Sciences,61(5):634-642.
Shen X H,Zong Q-G,Zhang X M,2018b.Introduction to special section on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite and initial results.Earth Planet.Phys.,2(6),439-443.doi:10.26464/epp2018041.
Starks M J,Quinn R A,Ginet G P,et al.2008.Illumination of the plasmasphere by terrestrial very low frequency transmitters:Model validation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,113(A9):A09320,doi:10.1029/2008JA013112.
Swanson E R,Kugel C P.1972.VLF timing:Conventional and modern techniques including omega.Proceedings of the IEEE,60(5):540-551.
Tao X,Bortnik J,Friedrich M.2010.Variance of transionospheric VLF wave power absorption.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,115(A7):A07303,doi:10.1029/2009JA015115.
Thorne R M.2010.Radiation belt dynamics:The importance of wave-particle interactions.Geophysical Research Letters,37(22):L22107,doi:10.1029/2010GL044990.
Zhang X M,Zhao S F,Ruzhin Y,et al.2017.The spatial distribution features of three Alpha transmitter signals at the topside ionosphere.Radio Science,52(5):653-662,doi:10.1002/2016RS006219.
Zhao S F,Zhang X M,Zhao Z Y,et al.2015.Temporal variations of electromagnetic responses in the ionosphere excited by the NWC communication station.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(7):2263-2273,doi:10.6038/cjg20150705.
Zhao S F,Liao L,Zhang X M.2017.Trans-ionospheric VLF wave power absorption of terrestrial VLF signal.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(8):3004-3014,doi:10.6038/cjg20170809.
廖力,赵庶凡,张学民.2017.VLF波渗透电离层传播计算研究进展.空间科学学报,37(3):277-283.
赵庶凡,张学民,赵正予等.2015.NWC通信台在电离层中激发电磁响应的时变特征.地球物理学报,58(7):2263-2273,doi:10.6038/cjg20150705.
赵庶凡,廖力,张学民.2017.地面VLF波穿透电离层的能量衰减变化.地球物理学报,60(8):3004-3014,doi:10.6038/cjg20170809.
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