转基因食品强制标识的效力:基于美国联邦法案的考察
|
摘要
美国S.764转基因食品强制标识联邦法案的正式签署在一定程度上缓解了州立法与联邦立法在转基因食品标识问题上剑拔弩张的局势,但并没有彻底的解决转基因食品标识制度层面的根本问题。通过对美国转基因食品强制标识联邦法案的内容与特点分析,能够发现该法案的双重特性:一方面,该法案对转基因食品的强制性披露要求动摇了美国的"实质等同"标准;另一方面,该法案对于"转基因技术"的狭义界定以及标识的保障性规定削弱了整个法案的有效性与执行力,使得转基因食品标识的效力被削减。转基因食品强制标识的效力保障有赖于划定技术边界、可追溯体系以及实施审慎监管。因此,细化标准、可追溯体系的建立与加强监管行为才是转基因食品规制的重点方向。
The United States released the S.764 Act about national bioengineered food disclosure standard in July 2016.Although the S.764 Act could not completely solve key problems of GM food labeling,it eased conflicts between the state legislation and federal legislation in the U.S.Moreover,the "substantial equivalence" principle between GM food and traditional food is challenged.The foremost part of S.764 Act is the separation of GM food and non-GM food.From then on,the "substantive equivalence" principle is invalid.With the development of genetically modified technologies,legislation and regulation of GM food is gradually improving.
The United States released the S.764 Act about national bioengineered food disclosure standard in July 2016.Although the S.764 Act could not completely solve key problems of GM food labeling,it eased conflicts between the state legislation and federal legislation in the U.S.Moreover,the "substantial equivalence" principle between GM food and traditional food is challenged.The foremost part of S.764 Act is the separation of GM food and non-GM food.From then on,the "substantive equivalence" principle is invalid.With the development of genetically modified technologies,legislation and regulation of GM food is gradually improving.
引文
1.Kate Golraith.Attitudes on crops are modifying,The New York Times,(July 10,2013),http://www.nutimes.com/2013/07/11/business/energy-environment/11iht-green11.html
2.Jonathan Greenberg.Obama Expands Monsanto Doctrine by Signing DARK Act and Invalidating Vermont GMO Labeling Law,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/obama-signs-dark-act-to-invalidate-vermonts-landmark_us_57a644c7e4b0ccb023727b2d
3.AGuidance on Consultation Procedures Foods Derived From New Plant Varieties,An Overview of the Consultation Process.Part II.Consultation Procedures under fda's 1992 Statement of Policy-Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties,http://www.usda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm096126.htm
4.Miller H.I.& G.Conko.The Science of Biotechnology Meets the Politics of Global Regulation,Issues in Science and Technology on Line,http://www.nap.edu/issue/17.1/miller.htm
5.刘婷.国际贸易中的转基因食品标识问题研究——以美欧转基因食品贸易争端为切入点.黑龙江人民出版社,2018:108
6.叶敬忠,李华.关于转基因技术的综述与思考.农业技术经济,2014(1):11～21
7.刘旭霞.美国转基因产品市场化监管对中国的启示.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(3):115～122
8.刘婷.转基因食品标识冲突对原产地标记的影响.学术交流,2015(2):81～88
9.杨春华,杨洁梅,彭超.美国 2014 农业法案的主要特点与启示.农业经济问题,2017(3):105～109
10.胡加祥.美国转基因食品标识制度的嬗变及对我国的启示.比较法研究,2017(5):158～169
11.王帅.粮食的“地理可获得性”与粮食安全.农业经济问题,2018(5):38～48
12.Jan Husby.挪威基因法的一些特别之处.转基因生物环境影响与安全管理,2006:216
13.E.博登海默.邓正来译.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法.中国政法大学出版社,2004:347
2.Jonathan Greenberg.Obama Expands Monsanto Doctrine by Signing DARK Act and Invalidating Vermont GMO Labeling Law,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/obama-signs-dark-act-to-invalidate-vermonts-landmark_us_57a644c7e4b0ccb023727b2d
3.AGuidance on Consultation Procedures Foods Derived From New Plant Varieties,An Overview of the Consultation Process.Part II.Consultation Procedures under fda's 1992 Statement of Policy-Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties,http://www.usda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm096126.htm
4.Miller H.I.& G.Conko.The Science of Biotechnology Meets the Politics of Global Regulation,Issues in Science and Technology on Line,http://www.nap.edu/issue/17.1/miller.htm
5.刘婷.国际贸易中的转基因食品标识问题研究——以美欧转基因食品贸易争端为切入点.黑龙江人民出版社,2018:108
6.叶敬忠,李华.关于转基因技术的综述与思考.农业技术经济,2014(1):11～21
7.刘旭霞.美国转基因产品市场化监管对中国的启示.华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(3):115～122
8.刘婷.转基因食品标识冲突对原产地标记的影响.学术交流,2015(2):81～88
9.杨春华,杨洁梅,彭超.美国 2014 农业法案的主要特点与启示.农业经济问题,2017(3):105～109
10.胡加祥.美国转基因食品标识制度的嬗变及对我国的启示.比较法研究,2017(5):158～169
11.王帅.粮食的“地理可获得性”与粮食安全.农业经济问题,2018(5):38～48
12.Jan Husby.挪威基因法的一些特别之处.转基因生物环境影响与安全管理,2006:216
13.E.博登海默.邓正来译.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法.中国政法大学出版社,2004:347
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |