城市污泥生物沥浸法和化学法调理的效果比较——对污泥理化性质及其深度脱水性能的影响研究
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摘要
分别用生物沥浸法(BC)、Fenton法和石灰/三氯化铁/PAM法(石灰法)对同一批城市污泥进行调理,并以常规PAM法(CC)为对照,探究不同调理后污泥的理化性质及其脱水性能的变化差异,并用流式细胞仪测定污泥中细胞裂解情况,以分析其机理.结果表明,BC法、Fenton法和石灰法均能大幅提高城市污泥脱水性能,表现在污泥过滤比阻(SRF)值仅为常规处理的0.43%～6.12%,尤其以石灰法处理脱水性能最佳.但BC法脱水泥饼中的有机质和养分能得到最大程度的保留,有机质(56.9%)、总氮(4.66%)、速效氮(0.47%)、矿化氮(1.80%)和总磷(1.60%)含量均远高于石灰法处理,而且污泥中重金属能被部分去除(Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn溶出率分别为18.7%、50.0%、48.7%和72.9%),该处理的污泥最具资源化潜力.而石灰法脱水泥饼由于大量脱水剂添加导致有机质(49.5%)、总氮(3.55%)和总磷(1.20%)含量明显下降,且泥饼呈强碱性(pH值接近11).脱水滤液中的sCOD(645mg/L)和TP(4.62mg/L)也显著高于其他处理.流式细胞仪测定结果显示,BC法、Fenton法和石灰法均能导致污泥微生物凋亡,活细胞数量由原始的86%降至75%左右,特别是石灰法对污泥中细胞的破解效果最为彻底,从而释放出更多内部水和胞内物质,这可能是引起其有机质和养分大量损失至脱水滤液中的原因之一.与Fenton法和石灰法调理相比,生物沥浸法既具有能大幅提高污泥脱水性能,脱水滤液水质相对较好的优点,又具有泥饼有机质和氮磷养分高,重金属含量低的优点.
Three widely used conditioning methods, including bioleaching(BC), Fenton oxidation(FC), and chemical addition of lime/FeCl_3/PAM(LC), were investigated to determine their effects on sludge dewaterability and physicochemical properties. The results showed that the BC, FC, and LC conditioning methods significantly improved sludge dewatering performance, as exhibiting that specific resistance to filtration(SRF) of already-conditioned sludge by BC, FC and LC only were 0.43%～6.12% of that by conventional PAM addition treatment(CC). Furthermore, compared to chemical treatments(FC and LC), relatively high quantities of plant nutrients(56.9% of organic matter, 4.66% of total nitrogen, 0.47% of water soluble nitrogen, 1.80% of mineralized nitrogen, and 1.60% of total phosphorus) were retained in the dewatered sludge of bioleaching treatment. Meanwhile, after bioleaching treatment, 18.7% of Cr, 50.0% of Mn, 48.7% of Ni and 72.9% of Zn were removed from sludge, respectively. Flow cytometry was further used to examine the variation of sludge cell apoptosis before and after the three conditioning methods. It was found that dosing chemical conditioners(FC and LC) lead to the obvious lysis of the sludge cells and accordingly a large amount of internal water and intracellular substances within the sludge flocs were released, which may be responsible for their increased plant nutrients release and improved sludge dewaterability. The results suggested that bioleaching treatment exhibited excellent performance in improving sludge dewatering and heavy metal removal and maintaining sludge nutrients, therefore it's promising conditioning approach for sludge disposal.
Three widely used conditioning methods, including bioleaching(BC), Fenton oxidation(FC), and chemical addition of lime/FeCl_3/PAM(LC), were investigated to determine their effects on sludge dewaterability and physicochemical properties. The results showed that the BC, FC, and LC conditioning methods significantly improved sludge dewatering performance, as exhibiting that specific resistance to filtration(SRF) of already-conditioned sludge by BC, FC and LC only were 0.43%～6.12% of that by conventional PAM addition treatment(CC). Furthermore, compared to chemical treatments(FC and LC), relatively high quantities of plant nutrients(56.9% of organic matter, 4.66% of total nitrogen, 0.47% of water soluble nitrogen, 1.80% of mineralized nitrogen, and 1.60% of total phosphorus) were retained in the dewatered sludge of bioleaching treatment. Meanwhile, after bioleaching treatment, 18.7% of Cr, 50.0% of Mn, 48.7% of Ni and 72.9% of Zn were removed from sludge, respectively. Flow cytometry was further used to examine the variation of sludge cell apoptosis before and after the three conditioning methods. It was found that dosing chemical conditioners(FC and LC) lead to the obvious lysis of the sludge cells and accordingly a large amount of internal water and intracellular substances within the sludge flocs were released, which may be responsible for their increased plant nutrients release and improved sludge dewaterability. The results suggested that bioleaching treatment exhibited excellent performance in improving sludge dewatering and heavy metal removal and maintaining sludge nutrients, therefore it's promising conditioning approach for sludge disposal.
引文
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[25]李超,周立祥,王世梅.复合硫杆菌生物浸出污泥中重金属的效果及与pH和ORP的关系[J].环境科学学报,2008,(6):1155-1160.Li C,Zhou L,Wang S.Bioleaching of heavy metals from municipal sludge by the co-inoculation of two acidophilic Thiobacillus.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,(6):1155-1160.
[26]周立祥,方迪,周顺桂,等.利用嗜酸性硫杆菌去除制革污泥中铬的研究[J].环境科学,2004,(1):62-66.Zhou L,Fang D,Zhou S,et al.Removal of Cr from Tannery Sludge by Acidophilic Thiobacilli.[J].Environmental Science,2004,(1):62-66.
[27]周立祥.固体废物处理处置与资源化[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.Zhou L.Treatment,disposal,and reutilization of solid waste.[M].China Agricultural Press,2007.
[28]Neyens E,Baeyens J,Dewil R,et al.Advanced sludge treatment affects extracellular polymeric substances to improve activated sludge dewatering[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2004,106(2/3):83-92.
[29]霍敏波,郑冠宇,梁剑茹,等.生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(9):2199-2204.Huo M,Zheng G,Liang J,et al.Influence of microbial flora and extracellular plyometric substances on municipal sewage sludge dewaterability enhanced by bioleaching process.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2199-2204.
[30]刘奋武.生物沥浸法促进城市污泥脱水的效果与优化运行研究[D].南京农业大学,2012.Liu F.Effect and optimal operation of bioleaching improving sewage sludge dewaterability.[D].Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.
[31]李超.嗜酸性复合硫杆菌对城市污泥的生物沥浸效果及机理研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.Li C.Bioleaehing of heavy metals from municipal sludge by the coinoculation of two acidophilic Thiobacillus.[D].Nanjing Agricultural University,2007.
[32]洪晨,邢奕,司艳晓,等.芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响[J].环境科学研究,2014(6):615-622.Hong C,Xing Y,Si Y,et al.Influence of Fenton's Reagent Oxidation on Sludge Dewaterability.[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014(6):615-622.
[33]Yu W,Wen Q,Yang J,et al.Unraveling oxidation behaviors for intracellular and extracellular from different oxidants(HOCl vs.H2O2)catalyzed by ferrous iron in waste activated sludge dewatering[J].Water Research,2019,148:60-69.
[34]Virto R,Ma?as P,álvarez I,et al.Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorinedemanding substrate[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(9):5022-5028.
[35]Cai M,Hu J,Wells G,et al.Understanding mechanisms of synergy between acidification and ultrasound treatments for activated sludge dewatering:from bench to pilot-scale investigation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(7):4313-4323.
[2]王硕,陈晓光,陈宇,等.城市污水处理厂污泥深度脱水技术研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2015,(S2):186-190.Wang S,Chen X,Chen Y,et al.Recent advances on deep dewatering of sludge in wastewater treatment plant.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,(S2):186-190.
[3]周立祥.污泥生物沥浸处理技术及其工程应用[J].南京农业大学学报,2012,(5):154-166.Zhou L.Bioleaching role in improving sludge in-deep dewatering and removal of sludge-borne metals and its engineering application.[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2012,(5):154-166.
[4]程文,耿震,张新彦.污水厂污泥深度脱水工程的优化探讨[J].中国给水排水,2015,(16):62-64.Cheng W,Geng Z,Zhang X.Discussion on optimization of advanced sludge dewatering system in wastewater treatment plant.[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015,(16):62-64.
[5]何足道,周立祥,李喆.采用生物沥浸法和化学法调理深度脱水污泥的堆肥效果:生产性试验[J].环境科学学报,2018,(1):275-282.He Z,Zhou L,Li Z.The composting of two kinds of advanced dewatered sludge cakes treated with bioleaching and chemical conditioning methods:A full-scale study.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,(1):275-282.
[6]俞勇.工业园区污水处理厂的深度处理试验研究[J].环境科学与管理,2017,(9):128-131.Yu Y.Study on advanced treatment of industrial park wastewater treatment plant.[J].Environmental Science and Management,2017,(9):128-131.
[7]邢奕,王志强,洪晨,等.芬顿试剂与DDBAC联合调理污泥的工艺优化[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1164-1172.Xing Y,Wang Z,Hong C,et al.Technological optimization of sludge conditioned by Fenton's reagent combined with surfactant.[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1164-1172.
[8]Liu F,Zhou J,Wang D.Enhancing sewage sludge dewaterability by bioleaching approach with comparison to other physical and chemical conditioning methods.[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(8):1403-1410.
[9]Czekalski N,Imminger S,Salhi E,et al.Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes by ozone:from laboratory experiments to full-scale wastewater treatment.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(21):11862.
[10]Xiao B,Liu C,Liu J,et al.Evaluation of the microbial cell structure damages in alkaline pretreatment of waste activated sludge.[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,196:109-115.
[11]周俊,刘奋武,崔春红,等.生物沥浸对城市污泥脱水及其重金属去除的影响[J].中国给水排水,2014,(1):86-89.Zhou J,Liu F,Cui C,et al.Effect of bioleaching on dewaterability of sewage sludge and removal of heavy metals.[J].China Water&Wastewater,2014,(1):86-89.
[12]周立祥.一种用于城市污泥生物沥浸处理的专用药剂及其生产工艺:中国.[P].201010221264,2010-12-15.Zhou L.Agent special for municipal sludge bioleaching and its production process:[P].201010221264,2010-12-15.
[13]国家环境保护总局,水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration of China.Determination methods for water and wastewater.[M].China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S.Soil agrochemical analysis.[M].China Agricultural Press,2000.
[15]Davey H M,Hexley P.Red but not dead?Membranes of stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae are permeable to propidium iodide.[J].Environmental Microbiology,2011,13(1):163-171.
[16]Guo X,Liu J,Xiao B.Evaluation of the damage of cell wall and cell membrane for various extracellular polymeric substance extractions of activated sludge[J].Journal of Biotechnology,2014,188(1):130.
[17]Liu F,Zhou L,Zhou J,et al.Improvement of sludge dewaterability and removal of sludge-borne metals by bioleaching at optimum pH[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,s221-222(4):170-177.
[18]Sheng G P,Yu H Q,Li X Y.Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems:a review[J].Biotechnology Advances,2010,28(6):882-894.
[19]Raynaud M,Vaxelaire J,Olivier J,et al.Compression dewatering of municipal activated sludge:effects of salt and pH.[J].Water Research,2012,46(14):4448-4456.
[20]黄绍松,梁嘉林,张斯玮,等.Fenton氧化联合氧化钙调理对污泥脱水的机理研究[J].环境科学学报,2017:1-22.Huang S,Liang J,Zhang S,et al.A comprehensive mechanism for deeply dewatering sludge using Fenton's reagent with lime.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017:1-22.
[21]丁绍兰,曹凯,董凌霄.石灰调理对污泥脱水性能的影响[J].陕西科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,(4):23-27.Ding S,Cao K,Dong L.The influence of lime regulate on the dewaterability of sewage sludge.[J].Journal of Shanxi University of Science&Technology(Natural Science Edition),2015,(4):23-27.
[22]Roca-Pérez L,Martínez C,Marcilla P,et al.Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(6):781-787.
[23]Bernai M P,Paredes C,Sánchez-Monedero M A,et al.Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1998,63(1):91-99.
[24]周立祥,胡霭堂,胡忠明.城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,(3):103-108.Zhou L,Hu A,Hu Z.Mineralization of organic nitrogen in anaerobically digested sludge.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1997,(3):103-108.
[25]李超,周立祥,王世梅.复合硫杆菌生物浸出污泥中重金属的效果及与pH和ORP的关系[J].环境科学学报,2008,(6):1155-1160.Li C,Zhou L,Wang S.Bioleaching of heavy metals from municipal sludge by the co-inoculation of two acidophilic Thiobacillus.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,(6):1155-1160.
[26]周立祥,方迪,周顺桂,等.利用嗜酸性硫杆菌去除制革污泥中铬的研究[J].环境科学,2004,(1):62-66.Zhou L,Fang D,Zhou S,et al.Removal of Cr from Tannery Sludge by Acidophilic Thiobacilli.[J].Environmental Science,2004,(1):62-66.
[27]周立祥.固体废物处理处置与资源化[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.Zhou L.Treatment,disposal,and reutilization of solid waste.[M].China Agricultural Press,2007.
[28]Neyens E,Baeyens J,Dewil R,et al.Advanced sludge treatment affects extracellular polymeric substances to improve activated sludge dewatering[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2004,106(2/3):83-92.
[29]霍敏波,郑冠宇,梁剑茹,等.生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(9):2199-2204.Huo M,Zheng G,Liang J,et al.Influence of microbial flora and extracellular plyometric substances on municipal sewage sludge dewaterability enhanced by bioleaching process.[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2199-2204.
[30]刘奋武.生物沥浸法促进城市污泥脱水的效果与优化运行研究[D].南京农业大学,2012.Liu F.Effect and optimal operation of bioleaching improving sewage sludge dewaterability.[D].Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.
[31]李超.嗜酸性复合硫杆菌对城市污泥的生物沥浸效果及机理研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.Li C.Bioleaehing of heavy metals from municipal sludge by the coinoculation of two acidophilic Thiobacillus.[D].Nanjing Agricultural University,2007.
[32]洪晨,邢奕,司艳晓,等.芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响[J].环境科学研究,2014(6):615-622.Hong C,Xing Y,Si Y,et al.Influence of Fenton's Reagent Oxidation on Sludge Dewaterability.[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014(6):615-622.
[33]Yu W,Wen Q,Yang J,et al.Unraveling oxidation behaviors for intracellular and extracellular from different oxidants(HOCl vs.H2O2)catalyzed by ferrous iron in waste activated sludge dewatering[J].Water Research,2019,148:60-69.
[34]Virto R,Ma?as P,álvarez I,et al.Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorinedemanding substrate[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(9):5022-5028.
[35]Cai M,Hu J,Wells G,et al.Understanding mechanisms of synergy between acidification and ultrasound treatments for activated sludge dewatering:from bench to pilot-scale investigation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(7):4313-4323.
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