通天河七渡口风沙环境特征及沙害防治
|
摘要
通天河七渡口位于长江上游楚玛尔河和通天河交汇处,属于长江的水源涵养区和补给区,近年来该地区草场在风力侵蚀作用下出现沙漠化趋势。为控制沙化草地的进一步蔓延,我们在通天河七渡口进行了风沙环境观测,并开展了机械和植物固沙试验。结果表明:通天河七渡口年平均风速为1.95 m·s~(-1),最大风速20.63 m·s~(-1),主起沙风向为偏西风(包括W、WSW、WNW),次起沙风向为东北风(包括NNE、NE),年输沙势为93.06 VU,年合成输沙方向为107.54°,年总输沙量为3 007.30 g·cm~(-1)。经过两年的机械和植物固沙试验,沙障内形成了稳定的蚀积凹曲面,使沙层表面得到固定,有效控制了沙丘移动。随着沙障内人工植被的逐渐生长,试验区内地表微环境逐渐得到改善:(1)土壤颗粒变细,沙样粒径组分中粉沙和黏土增多,沙障内未种草地和沙障内人工种草地粉沙和黏土含量分别是流沙地的6.4倍和9.1倍;(2)表土有机质增多,流沙地、沙障内未种草地、沙障内人工种草地表土有机质含量分别为0.91、1.48、2.02 g·kg~(-1);(3)沙层表面形成土壤结皮,土壤硬度增强,流沙地、沙障内未种草地、沙障内人工种草地土壤硬度分别为0.52、1.25、2.12 k Pa。
Qidukou is located in the confluence reaches of Chumaer River and Tongtianhe River and belongs to the headwaters of Yangtze River. In recent years,the temperature increased in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and the climate changed to aridity in the source region of Yangtze River. In addition,high and over grazing made the problem of grassland desertification presented in Qidukou,Tongtian River. To control the further spread of the desertification grassland,we have observed characteristics of the wind-blown sand environment,and have made a mechanical and plant sand-fixation experiment in this region. The observation results showed that the annual-average wind speed was1.95 m·s~(-1),the maximum instantaneous wind speed was 20.63 m·s~(-1),the direction of prevailing sand-moving wind was westerly wind( include W,WSW and WNW),the annual sand drift potential was 93.06 VU,the sand transport direction was 107.54°,and the annual sand transport amount was 3 007.30 g·cm~(-1) in Qidukou,Tongtian River. After two years of mechanical and plant sand-fixation experiment,concave curved surfaces formed in the HDPE sand barriers,which made the sand bed fixed,and controlled the dune movement effectively. As the growing of artificial vegetation in the sand barriers,the soil microenvironment in the experimental zone improved gradually:( 1) Silt and clay content increased in HDPE sand barriers without/with artificial vegetation,it was 6.4 and 9.1 times more than that in drift sand.( 2) Organic content increased,which was 0.91,1.48,2.02 g·kg~(-1) in drift sand,sand barriers without artificial vegetation,and sand barriers with artificial vegetation respectively.( 3) Soil hardness increased,which was 0.52,1.25,and 2.12 kPa in drift sand,sand barriers without artificial vegetation,and sand barriers with artificial vegetation respectively.
Qidukou is located in the confluence reaches of Chumaer River and Tongtianhe River and belongs to the headwaters of Yangtze River. In recent years,the temperature increased in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and the climate changed to aridity in the source region of Yangtze River. In addition,high and over grazing made the problem of grassland desertification presented in Qidukou,Tongtian River. To control the further spread of the desertification grassland,we have observed characteristics of the wind-blown sand environment,and have made a mechanical and plant sand-fixation experiment in this region. The observation results showed that the annual-average wind speed was1.95 m·s~(-1),the maximum instantaneous wind speed was 20.63 m·s~(-1),the direction of prevailing sand-moving wind was westerly wind( include W,WSW and WNW),the annual sand drift potential was 93.06 VU,the sand transport direction was 107.54°,and the annual sand transport amount was 3 007.30 g·cm~(-1) in Qidukou,Tongtian River. After two years of mechanical and plant sand-fixation experiment,concave curved surfaces formed in the HDPE sand barriers,which made the sand bed fixed,and controlled the dune movement effectively. As the growing of artificial vegetation in the sand barriers,the soil microenvironment in the experimental zone improved gradually:( 1) Silt and clay content increased in HDPE sand barriers without/with artificial vegetation,it was 6.4 and 9.1 times more than that in drift sand.( 2) Organic content increased,which was 0.91,1.48,2.02 g·kg~(-1) in drift sand,sand barriers without artificial vegetation,and sand barriers with artificial vegetation respectively.( 3) Soil hardness increased,which was 0.52,1.25,and 2.12 kPa in drift sand,sand barriers without artificial vegetation,and sand barriers with artificial vegetation respectively.
引文
[1]Ye D Z,Wu G X.The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation[J].Meteorology&Atmospheric Physics,1998,67(1/2/3/4):181-198.
[2]Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau[J].Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,2010,38(1):77-102.
[3]Immerzeel W W,van Beek L P,Bierkens M F.Climate change will affect the Asian water towers[J].Science,2010,328(5984):1382-1385.
[4]胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.长江源区沙漠化土地遥感调查及分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(3):505-509.
[5]胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.近30 a来长江源区沙漠化时空演变过程及成因分析[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(2):102-110.
[6]Hu G Y,Dong Z B,Lu J F,et al.Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,66(1):257-263.
[7]姚檀栋,杨志红.冰芯记录所揭示的青藏高原升温[J].科学通报,1994,39(5):438-441.
[8]康世昌,张拥军,秦大河,等.近期青藏高原长江源区急剧升温的冰芯证据[J].科学通报,2007,52(4):457-462.
[9]Gao Y,Li X,Leung L R,et al.Aridity changes in the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(3):34013-34024.
[10]孙昌峰,陈光辉,范军领,等.防风抑尘网研究进展[J].化工进展,2011,30(4):871-877.
[11]屈建军,喻文波,秦晓波.HDPE功能性固沙障防风效应试验[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1185-1193.
[12]Qu J,Han Q,Dong G,et al.A study of the characteristics of aeolian sand activity and the effects of a comprehensive protective system in a coastal dune area in southern China[J].Coastal Engineering,2013,77(8):28-39.
[13]唐玉龙.青藏铁路西格段戈壁风沙流防治体系研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(1):72-76.
[14]Saqqa W A,Saqqa A W.A computer program(WDTSRP)designed for computation of sand drift potential(DP)and plotting sand roses[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(6):832-840.
[15]Alawadhi J M,Alhelal A,Alenezi A.Sand drift potential in the desert of Kuwait[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(2):425-438.
[16]Han Q J,Qu J J,Dong Z B,et al.The effect of air density on sand transport structures and the adobe abrasion profile:a field wind-tunnel experiment over a wide range of altitude[J].BoundaryLayer Meteorology,2014,150(2):299-317.
[17]Han Q J,Qu J J,Dong Z B,et al.Air density effects on aeolian sand movement:implications for sediment transport and sand control in regions with extreme altitudes or temperatures[J].Sedimentology,2015,62(4):1024-1038.
[18]俎瑞平,张克存,屈建军,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠风况特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(2):167-170.
[19]谢胜波,屈建军,庞营军,等.青藏铁路红梁河段沙害成因及防治模式[J].铁道学报,2014(11):99-105.
[20]周娜,张春来,田金鹭,等.半隐蔽式草方格沙障凹曲面形成的流场解析及沉积表征[J].地理研究,2014,33(11):2145-2156.
[21]马全林,王继和,詹科杰,等.塑料方格沙障的固沙原理及其推广应用前景[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):37-39.
[22]Qu J J,Zu R P,Zhang K C,et al.Field observations on the protective effect of semi-buried checkerboard sand barriers[J].Geomorphology,2007,88(1/2):193-200.
[23]Qiu G Y,Lee I B,Shimizu H,et al.Principles of sand dune fixation with straw checkerboard technology and its effects on the environment[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,56(3):449-464.
[2]Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau[J].Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,2010,38(1):77-102.
[3]Immerzeel W W,van Beek L P,Bierkens M F.Climate change will affect the Asian water towers[J].Science,2010,328(5984):1382-1385.
[4]胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.长江源区沙漠化土地遥感调查及分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(3):505-509.
[5]胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.近30 a来长江源区沙漠化时空演变过程及成因分析[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(2):102-110.
[6]Hu G Y,Dong Z B,Lu J F,et al.Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,66(1):257-263.
[7]姚檀栋,杨志红.冰芯记录所揭示的青藏高原升温[J].科学通报,1994,39(5):438-441.
[8]康世昌,张拥军,秦大河,等.近期青藏高原长江源区急剧升温的冰芯证据[J].科学通报,2007,52(4):457-462.
[9]Gao Y,Li X,Leung L R,et al.Aridity changes in the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(3):34013-34024.
[10]孙昌峰,陈光辉,范军领,等.防风抑尘网研究进展[J].化工进展,2011,30(4):871-877.
[11]屈建军,喻文波,秦晓波.HDPE功能性固沙障防风效应试验[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1185-1193.
[12]Qu J,Han Q,Dong G,et al.A study of the characteristics of aeolian sand activity and the effects of a comprehensive protective system in a coastal dune area in southern China[J].Coastal Engineering,2013,77(8):28-39.
[13]唐玉龙.青藏铁路西格段戈壁风沙流防治体系研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(1):72-76.
[14]Saqqa W A,Saqqa A W.A computer program(WDTSRP)designed for computation of sand drift potential(DP)and plotting sand roses[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(6):832-840.
[15]Alawadhi J M,Alhelal A,Alenezi A.Sand drift potential in the desert of Kuwait[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(2):425-438.
[16]Han Q J,Qu J J,Dong Z B,et al.The effect of air density on sand transport structures and the adobe abrasion profile:a field wind-tunnel experiment over a wide range of altitude[J].BoundaryLayer Meteorology,2014,150(2):299-317.
[17]Han Q J,Qu J J,Dong Z B,et al.Air density effects on aeolian sand movement:implications for sediment transport and sand control in regions with extreme altitudes or temperatures[J].Sedimentology,2015,62(4):1024-1038.
[18]俎瑞平,张克存,屈建军,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠风况特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(2):167-170.
[19]谢胜波,屈建军,庞营军,等.青藏铁路红梁河段沙害成因及防治模式[J].铁道学报,2014(11):99-105.
[20]周娜,张春来,田金鹭,等.半隐蔽式草方格沙障凹曲面形成的流场解析及沉积表征[J].地理研究,2014,33(11):2145-2156.
[21]马全林,王继和,詹科杰,等.塑料方格沙障的固沙原理及其推广应用前景[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):37-39.
[22]Qu J J,Zu R P,Zhang K C,et al.Field observations on the protective effect of semi-buried checkerboard sand barriers[J].Geomorphology,2007,88(1/2):193-200.
[23]Qiu G Y,Lee I B,Shimizu H,et al.Principles of sand dune fixation with straw checkerboard technology and its effects on the environment[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,56(3):449-464.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |