中国南方碳酸盐岩发育土壤的成土特点与系统分类
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摘要
中国南方是世界上碳酸盐岩分布面积最集中的区域之一,对这一类特殊地质体上发育土壤的性状、分类及开发利用的研究一直受到人们的重视,但至今对这些土壤的成土特点、理化性状的空间分布规律及土壤类型的定量划分仍存在不足。本文对贵州、广西、云南、浙江、江西、福建等省(自治区)的代表性碳酸盐岩发育土壤进行了调查、采样分析,对其成土特点和分类进行了探讨。结果表明:碳酸盐岩发育土壤在空间上具较大的异质性,其土体厚度、风化程度、理化性质和土壤类型可在较小空间内发生较大的变化。土体厚度和土壤质地主要受碳酸盐岩产状、岩性与分布区地貌等的影响;岩性、岩溶地貌和气候条件也制约着土壤发育程度及剖面构型,并影响着土壤类型的分化。碳酸盐岩发育土壤的颜色主要与其氧化铁的含量、形态和有机质积累有关,并受土壤湿度和地形等的控制,颜色可在一定程度上反映土壤风化的差异。研究认为,碳酸盐岩上深厚黑色土体的形成与低凹地形有关,是长期反复接受周围岩石的风化物质或周围土壤的表土物质堆积的结果。第2次土壤普查对碳酸盐岩发育土壤的划分过于简单,难以全面反映土壤类型之间的差别。根据中国土壤系统分类的诊断标准,可把中国南方碳酸盐岩发育土壤划分为富铁土、均腐土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土等5个土纲,下分8个亚纲、15个土类和25个亚类。
South China is one of the most concentrated areas of carbonate rock distribution in the world. The researches on the characteristics, classification and utilization of the soil developed on this special geological body have been paid much attention by scientists. But to date, knowledge about the characteristics, the spatial distribution of physical and chemical properties and quantitative classification of the soils are still insufficient. In this paper, the representative soils developed from carbonate rocks in Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Fujian provinces(municipality) were investigated and characterized, and their pedogenetic characteristics and classification were discussed. The results showed that there were great spatial heterogeneities in properties and types of the soils developed from carbonate rocks, and the thickness, weathering degree,physical and chemical properties and soil types could be changed greatly in a small space. The soil thickness and texture were mainly influenced by the formation and lithology of carbonate rocks, and geomorphology. The lithology, Karst geomorphology and climatic conditions simultaneously restricted the degree of soil development and the configuration of soil profiles, and thus affected the differentiation of soil types. The color of the soils developed in carbonate rocks was mainly related to the content, minerals of iron oxide and organic matter accumulation, and affected by soil moisture and topographic conditions. Color could reflect the difference of soil weathering to a certain extent. It was suggested that formation of black soil with high accumulation of organic matter from the carbonate rocks was associated with low-lying terrain, and it was the result of the repeated accumulation of the surface material of the weathered material of the surrounding rock or the surrounding soil for a long time. Soil genetic classification for the second national soil survey was too simple to divide the soils developed from carbonate rocks, and it was difficult to fully reflect the difference among soil types. According to the diagnostic criteria of the Chinese soil taxonomic classification, soils developed from carbonate rocks in the south of China could be divided into five soil orders, i. e., Ferrosols, Isohumosols, Argosols, Cambosols, and Primosols, and was further divided into eight suborders, 15 soil types and 25 subtypes.
South China is one of the most concentrated areas of carbonate rock distribution in the world. The researches on the characteristics, classification and utilization of the soil developed on this special geological body have been paid much attention by scientists. But to date, knowledge about the characteristics, the spatial distribution of physical and chemical properties and quantitative classification of the soils are still insufficient. In this paper, the representative soils developed from carbonate rocks in Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Fujian provinces(municipality) were investigated and characterized, and their pedogenetic characteristics and classification were discussed. The results showed that there were great spatial heterogeneities in properties and types of the soils developed from carbonate rocks, and the thickness, weathering degree,physical and chemical properties and soil types could be changed greatly in a small space. The soil thickness and texture were mainly influenced by the formation and lithology of carbonate rocks, and geomorphology. The lithology, Karst geomorphology and climatic conditions simultaneously restricted the degree of soil development and the configuration of soil profiles, and thus affected the differentiation of soil types. The color of the soils developed in carbonate rocks was mainly related to the content, minerals of iron oxide and organic matter accumulation, and affected by soil moisture and topographic conditions. Color could reflect the difference of soil weathering to a certain extent. It was suggested that formation of black soil with high accumulation of organic matter from the carbonate rocks was associated with low-lying terrain, and it was the result of the repeated accumulation of the surface material of the weathered material of the surrounding rock or the surrounding soil for a long time. Soil genetic classification for the second national soil survey was too simple to divide the soils developed from carbonate rocks, and it was difficult to fully reflect the difference among soil types. According to the diagnostic criteria of the Chinese soil taxonomic classification, soils developed from carbonate rocks in the south of China could be divided into five soil orders, i. e., Ferrosols, Isohumosols, Argosols, Cambosols, and Primosols, and was further divided into eight suborders, 15 soil types and 25 subtypes.
引文
[1]第2次全国土壤普查办公室.中国土壤.北京:中国农业出版社,1998:513-564.Office of the Second National Soil Survey.Soils in China.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1998:513-564.(in Chinese)
[2]贵州省农业厅,中国科学院南京土壤研究所.贵州土壤.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1980:1-89.Guizhou Provincial Department of Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Nanjing Institute of Soil Research.Soils of Guizhou.Guiyang:Guizhou People's Publishing House,1980:1-89.(in Chinese)
[3]贵州省土壤普查办公室.贵州省土壤.贵阳:贵州科技出版社,1994:20-77.Soil Survey Office of Guizhou Province.Soils in Guizhou Province.Guiyang:Guizhou Science and Technology Press,1994:20-77.(in Chinese)
[4]张治伟,许娟娟,严焕德,等.海拔与岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响.土壤学报,2017,54(2):535-542.ZHANG Z W,XU J J,YAN H D,et al.Effects of elevation and lithology on clay mineral composition of soils derived from limestone.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(2):535-542.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张治伟,朱章熊,傅瓦利,等.岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系.环境科学,2012,33(6):2013-2020.ZHANG Z W,ZHU Z X,FU W L,et al.Morphology of soil iron oxides and its correlation with soil-forming process and forming conditions in a Karst mountain.Environmental Science,2012,33(6):2013-2020.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]章明奎,胡国成.浙西石灰岩发育土壤中氧化铁矿物组成及特性的研究.土壤,2000,32(1):38-42.ZHANG M K,HU G C.Study on iron oxides composition and its characteristics of soils derived from limestone in west Zhejiang Province.Soils,2000,32(1):38-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]顾新运,许冀泉.中国土壤胶体研究Ⅴ.滇桂地区石灰岩发育的三种土壤的黏土矿物组成和演变.土壤学报,1963,11(4):411-416.GU X Y,XU J Q.Soil colloid researchesⅤ.Clay minerals and their transformations in rendzina,terra fusca and terra rossa of Yunnan and Kwangsi.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1963,11(4):411-416.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]朱立军,傅平秋,李景阳.贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的黏土矿物及其形成机理.矿物学报,1996,16(3):290-296.ZHU L J,FU P Q,LI J Y.Clay minerals in the laterite developed from carbonate rocks in Guizhou Province and their forming mechanism.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1996,16(3):290-296.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]朱书法,刘丛强,陶发祥,等.贵州喀斯特地区棕色石灰土与黄壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成差异.土壤学报,2007,44(1):169-173.ZHU S F,LIU C Q,TAO F X,et al.Difference in stable carble carbon isotope composition and profile distribution of soil organic matter between brown limestone soil and yellow soil in Karst areas of Guizhou Province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):169-173.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]朱书法,刘丛强,陶发祥,等.喀斯特地区土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学特征.地球与环境,2006,34(3):51-57.ZHU S F,LIU C Q,TAO F X,et al.Geochemical characteristics of stable isotopes in soil organic matter from Karst areas.Earth and Environment,2006,34(3):51-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]谭秋锦,宋同清,彭晚霞,等.峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳特征.应用生态学报,2014,25(3):671-678.TAN Q J,SONG T Q,PENG W X,et al.Stability and organic carbon characteristics of soil aggregates under different ecosystems in Karst canyon region.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(3):671-678.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]俞月凤,卢凌霄,杜虎,等.不同类型森林石灰土的团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征.西北植物学报,2013,33(5):1011-1019.YU Y F,LU L X,DU F,et al.Distribution of organic carbon and aggregation of calcareous soil in different forest types.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(5):1011-1019.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]姚永慧.中国西南喀斯特石漠化研究进展与展望.地理科学进展,2014,33(1):76-84.YAO Y H.Progress and prospect of Karst rocky desertification research in Southwest China.Progress in Geography,2014,33(1):76-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]白占国,万国江.贵州碳酸盐岩区域的侵蚀速率及环境效应研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):1-7.BAI Z G,WAN G J.Study on erosion rate and the environmental effect of carbonate rocks in Guizhou.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(1):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]李阳兵,王世杰,周梦维,等.不同空间尺度下喀斯特石漠化与坡度的关系.水土保持研究,2009,16(5):70-77.LI Y B,WANG S J,ZHOU M W,et al.The relationship between Karst rocky desertification and slope under different spatial scales.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(5):70-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张珊珊,周忠发,孙小涛,等.基于坡度等级的喀斯特山区石漠化与水土流失相关性研究:以贵州省盘县为例.水土保持学报,2017,31(2):79-86.ZHANG S S,ZHOU Z F,SUN X T,et al.Based on the slope grade of rocky desertification and water and soil loss correlation study in Karst mountain area:a case in Panxian County,Guizhou.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(2):79-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]顾也萍,冯学钢,巩吉力.安徽省石灰岩风化物发育土壤的特性和系统分类.土壤学报,1998,35(3):303-312.GU Y P,FENG X G,GONG J L.Properties and taxonomic classification of soils derived from limestone in Anhui Province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1998,35(3):303-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨柳,何腾兵,舒英格,等.贵州喀斯特区草地生态条件下石灰(岩)土的发生特性及系统分类研究.中国岩溶,2011,30(1):93-99.YANG L,HE T B,SHU Y G,et al.Study on the genesis characteristics and taxonomic classification of limestone soil under grassland ecosystem in Guizhou Karst area.Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(1):93-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.土壤野外描述、水热动态观测方法及土壤信息系统.北京:科学出版社,1991:31-98.Chinese Academy of Sciences.Nanjing Institute of Soil Research.Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Methods for Field Description of Soil,Dynamic Observation of Soil Moisture and Temperature and Soil Information System.Beijing:Science Press,1991:31-98.(in Chinese)
[20]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法.北京:科学出版社,2012:82-187.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T.Analytical Methods for Soil Investigation Laboratory.Beijing:Science Press,2012:82-187.(in Chinese)
[21]熊毅,李庆逵.中国土壤.2版.北京:科学出版社,1987:253-258.XIONG Y,LI Q K.Soils in China.2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press,1987:253-258.(in Chinese)
[22]李细年.白色石灰土.土壤,1988(3):160-161,136.LI X N.White lime soil.Soils,1988(3):160-161,136.(in Chinese)
[23]浙江省土壤普查办公室.浙江土壤.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1994:200-213.Soil Survey Office of Zhejiang Province.Soils in Zhejiang.Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,1994:200-213.(in Chinese)
[24]Cooperative Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Beijing:Science Press,2001:91-190.
[2]贵州省农业厅,中国科学院南京土壤研究所.贵州土壤.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1980:1-89.Guizhou Provincial Department of Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Nanjing Institute of Soil Research.Soils of Guizhou.Guiyang:Guizhou People's Publishing House,1980:1-89.(in Chinese)
[3]贵州省土壤普查办公室.贵州省土壤.贵阳:贵州科技出版社,1994:20-77.Soil Survey Office of Guizhou Province.Soils in Guizhou Province.Guiyang:Guizhou Science and Technology Press,1994:20-77.(in Chinese)
[4]张治伟,许娟娟,严焕德,等.海拔与岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响.土壤学报,2017,54(2):535-542.ZHANG Z W,XU J J,YAN H D,et al.Effects of elevation and lithology on clay mineral composition of soils derived from limestone.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(2):535-542.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张治伟,朱章熊,傅瓦利,等.岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系.环境科学,2012,33(6):2013-2020.ZHANG Z W,ZHU Z X,FU W L,et al.Morphology of soil iron oxides and its correlation with soil-forming process and forming conditions in a Karst mountain.Environmental Science,2012,33(6):2013-2020.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]章明奎,胡国成.浙西石灰岩发育土壤中氧化铁矿物组成及特性的研究.土壤,2000,32(1):38-42.ZHANG M K,HU G C.Study on iron oxides composition and its characteristics of soils derived from limestone in west Zhejiang Province.Soils,2000,32(1):38-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]顾新运,许冀泉.中国土壤胶体研究Ⅴ.滇桂地区石灰岩发育的三种土壤的黏土矿物组成和演变.土壤学报,1963,11(4):411-416.GU X Y,XU J Q.Soil colloid researchesⅤ.Clay minerals and their transformations in rendzina,terra fusca and terra rossa of Yunnan and Kwangsi.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1963,11(4):411-416.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]朱立军,傅平秋,李景阳.贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的黏土矿物及其形成机理.矿物学报,1996,16(3):290-296.ZHU L J,FU P Q,LI J Y.Clay minerals in the laterite developed from carbonate rocks in Guizhou Province and their forming mechanism.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1996,16(3):290-296.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]朱书法,刘丛强,陶发祥,等.贵州喀斯特地区棕色石灰土与黄壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成差异.土壤学报,2007,44(1):169-173.ZHU S F,LIU C Q,TAO F X,et al.Difference in stable carble carbon isotope composition and profile distribution of soil organic matter between brown limestone soil and yellow soil in Karst areas of Guizhou Province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):169-173.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]朱书法,刘丛强,陶发祥,等.喀斯特地区土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学特征.地球与环境,2006,34(3):51-57.ZHU S F,LIU C Q,TAO F X,et al.Geochemical characteristics of stable isotopes in soil organic matter from Karst areas.Earth and Environment,2006,34(3):51-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]谭秋锦,宋同清,彭晚霞,等.峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳特征.应用生态学报,2014,25(3):671-678.TAN Q J,SONG T Q,PENG W X,et al.Stability and organic carbon characteristics of soil aggregates under different ecosystems in Karst canyon region.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(3):671-678.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]俞月凤,卢凌霄,杜虎,等.不同类型森林石灰土的团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征.西北植物学报,2013,33(5):1011-1019.YU Y F,LU L X,DU F,et al.Distribution of organic carbon and aggregation of calcareous soil in different forest types.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2013,33(5):1011-1019.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]姚永慧.中国西南喀斯特石漠化研究进展与展望.地理科学进展,2014,33(1):76-84.YAO Y H.Progress and prospect of Karst rocky desertification research in Southwest China.Progress in Geography,2014,33(1):76-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]白占国,万国江.贵州碳酸盐岩区域的侵蚀速率及环境效应研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):1-7.BAI Z G,WAN G J.Study on erosion rate and the environmental effect of carbonate rocks in Guizhou.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(1):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]李阳兵,王世杰,周梦维,等.不同空间尺度下喀斯特石漠化与坡度的关系.水土保持研究,2009,16(5):70-77.LI Y B,WANG S J,ZHOU M W,et al.The relationship between Karst rocky desertification and slope under different spatial scales.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(5):70-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张珊珊,周忠发,孙小涛,等.基于坡度等级的喀斯特山区石漠化与水土流失相关性研究:以贵州省盘县为例.水土保持学报,2017,31(2):79-86.ZHANG S S,ZHOU Z F,SUN X T,et al.Based on the slope grade of rocky desertification and water and soil loss correlation study in Karst mountain area:a case in Panxian County,Guizhou.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(2):79-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]顾也萍,冯学钢,巩吉力.安徽省石灰岩风化物发育土壤的特性和系统分类.土壤学报,1998,35(3):303-312.GU Y P,FENG X G,GONG J L.Properties and taxonomic classification of soils derived from limestone in Anhui Province.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1998,35(3):303-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨柳,何腾兵,舒英格,等.贵州喀斯特区草地生态条件下石灰(岩)土的发生特性及系统分类研究.中国岩溶,2011,30(1):93-99.YANG L,HE T B,SHU Y G,et al.Study on the genesis characteristics and taxonomic classification of limestone soil under grassland ecosystem in Guizhou Karst area.Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(1):93-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.土壤野外描述、水热动态观测方法及土壤信息系统.北京:科学出版社,1991:31-98.Chinese Academy of Sciences.Nanjing Institute of Soil Research.Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Methods for Field Description of Soil,Dynamic Observation of Soil Moisture and Temperature and Soil Information System.Beijing:Science Press,1991:31-98.(in Chinese)
[20]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法.北京:科学出版社,2012:82-187.ZHANG G L,GONG Z T.Analytical Methods for Soil Investigation Laboratory.Beijing:Science Press,2012:82-187.(in Chinese)
[21]熊毅,李庆逵.中国土壤.2版.北京:科学出版社,1987:253-258.XIONG Y,LI Q K.Soils in China.2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press,1987:253-258.(in Chinese)
[22]李细年.白色石灰土.土壤,1988(3):160-161,136.LI X N.White lime soil.Soils,1988(3):160-161,136.(in Chinese)
[23]浙江省土壤普查办公室.浙江土壤.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1994:200-213.Soil Survey Office of Zhejiang Province.Soils in Zhejiang.Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,1994:200-213.(in Chinese)
[24]Cooperative Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Beijing:Science Press,2001:91-190.
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