习得年龄对客体和动作图画口语命名的不同影响:ERP研究
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摘要
词汇习得年龄指人们最早理解单词意义时的年龄,已有研究发现早习得词汇的阅读反应时间短于晚习得词汇,研究者对于词汇习得年龄效应的认知机制存在争论。本研究运用事件相关电位技术,考察了词汇习得年龄(早与晚)对客体图画和动作图画命名的影响。研究中采用图画命名任务,要求被试在看到图画后迅速且准确地说出图画名称。结果发现早习得名词的命名快于晚习得名词,而早习得动词的命名却慢于晚习得动词;习得年龄对于名词产生的影响发生在图画呈现后的250～300ms之间,表现为早习得名词波幅小于晚习得名词,而习得年龄对于动词产生的影响发生在图画呈现后的200～600 ms之间,表现为早习得动词波幅大于晚习得动词。这表明名词产生中的习得年龄效应发生在词汇选择阶段,支持了语义假设的观点;动词产生过程中的习得年龄效应出现在多个加工阶段,包括了词汇选择、音韵编码和语音编码阶段,这与动词语义的多重性及其与动作相关的脑区激活有关,支持了网络可塑性假说的观点。
Age of Acquisition(AoA) refers to the age at which a concept is learned. Early-acquired words have an advantage over late-acquired words in processing accuracy and speed. Which stage of AoA playing its role in spoken word production remains controversial. The phonological completeness hypothesis assumes that AoA may have a phonological locus, while the semantic hypothesis assumes that AoA affects semantic processing(i.e., conceptual preparation, lexical selection). The network plasticity hypothesis assumes that AoA arises at multiple processing levels, in spoken word production. In a picture naming task, we used the event-related potential(ERP) technique to examine the loci of AoA effect in object and action pictures naming. Twenty-eight participants(9 males, mean range: 22.18, SD: 2.56) participated in this study. We selected a total of 188 words and their corresponding black and white line pictures, half of which were object pictures, and half were action pictures. Within each type of picture, half were early acquired, and half were late acquired. Therefore, the age of acquisition of picture names(early vs. late) and word type(noun vs. verb) served as within-participants variables. During the experiment, participants were asked to name each picture as accurately and quickly as possible. Behavioral data indicated a typical AoA effect in object pictures naming, showing that object pictures corresponding to early-acquired nouns were named faster than those corresponding to late-acquired ones. In contrast, action pictures corresponding to early-acquired verbs were named slower than those corresponding to late-acquired verbs. ERP data also showed distinct AoA effect patterns in object and action picture naming. For object picture naming, late-acquired nouns elicited a larger positivity than early-acquired nouns between 250～300 ms over left-prefrontal regions. In contrast, for action picture naming, early-acquired verbs evoked a larger positivity than late-acquired verbs within 200～250 ms, 300～400 ms and 450～600 ms time windows over the left hemisphere. We suggest that the AoA effect in object naming may originate in the lexical selection of spoken word production, supporting the semantic hypothesis. In contrast, the AoA effects in action naming may originate in multiple processes, such as lexical selection, phonological encoding and phonetic encoding, supporting the network plasticity hypothesis. The distinct AoA effects between the naming of object and action pictures probably relate to the distinct semantic networks that represent objects and actions. Therefore, the AoA effect in action picture naming is much more complicated than in object picture naming and needs further investigation.
Age of Acquisition(AoA) refers to the age at which a concept is learned. Early-acquired words have an advantage over late-acquired words in processing accuracy and speed. Which stage of AoA playing its role in spoken word production remains controversial. The phonological completeness hypothesis assumes that AoA may have a phonological locus, while the semantic hypothesis assumes that AoA affects semantic processing(i.e., conceptual preparation, lexical selection). The network plasticity hypothesis assumes that AoA arises at multiple processing levels, in spoken word production. In a picture naming task, we used the event-related potential(ERP) technique to examine the loci of AoA effect in object and action pictures naming. Twenty-eight participants(9 males, mean range: 22.18, SD: 2.56) participated in this study. We selected a total of 188 words and their corresponding black and white line pictures, half of which were object pictures, and half were action pictures. Within each type of picture, half were early acquired, and half were late acquired. Therefore, the age of acquisition of picture names(early vs. late) and word type(noun vs. verb) served as within-participants variables. During the experiment, participants were asked to name each picture as accurately and quickly as possible. Behavioral data indicated a typical AoA effect in object pictures naming, showing that object pictures corresponding to early-acquired nouns were named faster than those corresponding to late-acquired ones. In contrast, action pictures corresponding to early-acquired verbs were named slower than those corresponding to late-acquired verbs. ERP data also showed distinct AoA effect patterns in object and action picture naming. For object picture naming, late-acquired nouns elicited a larger positivity than early-acquired nouns between 250～300 ms over left-prefrontal regions. In contrast, for action picture naming, early-acquired verbs evoked a larger positivity than late-acquired verbs within 200～250 ms, 300～400 ms and 450～600 ms time windows over the left hemisphere. We suggest that the AoA effect in object naming may originate in the lexical selection of spoken word production, supporting the semantic hypothesis. In contrast, the AoA effects in action naming may originate in multiple processes, such as lexical selection, phonological encoding and phonetic encoding, supporting the network plasticity hypothesis. The distinct AoA effects between the naming of object and action pictures probably relate to the distinct semantic networks that represent objects and actions. Therefore, the AoA effect in action picture naming is much more complicated than in object picture naming and needs further investigation.
引文
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Bonin,P.,Boyer,B.,Méot,A.,Fayol,M.,&Droit,S.(2004).Psycholinguistic norms for action photographs in French and their relationships with spoken and written latencies.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,and Computers,36(1),127-139.
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Arévalo,A.L.,Lu,C.C.,Huang,L.B.Y.,Bates,E.A.,&Dronkers,N.F.(2011).Action and object processing in brain-injured speakers of Chinese.Neuropsychology,25(6),792-805.
Bai,X.J.,Wang,L.H.,Lv,Y.,&Hu,W.(2010).An ERPstudy on age of acquisition effect.Psychological Exploration,30(1),21-26.[白学军,王丽红,吕勇,胡伟.(2010).词汇的获得年龄效应:ERP研究.心理学探新,30(1),21-26.]
Bakhtiar,M.,Su,I.F.,Lee,H.K.,&Weekes,B.S.(2016).Neural correlates of age of acquisition on visual word recognition in Persian.Journal of Neurolinguistics,39,1-9.
Barry,C.,Johnston,R.A.,&Wood,R.F.(2006).Effects of age of acquisition,age,and repetition priming on object naming.Visual Cognition,13(7-8),911-927.
Bates,E.,D'Amico,S.,Jacobsen,T.,Székely,A.,Andonova,E.,&Devescovi,A.,…Tzeng,O.(2003).Timed picture naming in seven languages.Psychonomic Bulletin Review,10(2),344-380.
Belke,E.,Brysbaert,M.,Meyer,A.S.,&Ghyselinck,M.(2005).Age of acquisition effects in picture naming:Evidence for a lexical-semantic competition hypothesis.Cognition,96(2),B45-B54.
Bonin,P.,Boyer,B.,Méot,A.,Fayol,M.,&Droit,S.(2004).Psycholinguistic norms for action photographs in French and their relationships with spoken and written latencies.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,and Computers,36(1),127-139.
Brown,G.D.A.,&Watson,F.L.(1987).First in,first out:Word learning age and spoken word frequency as predictors of word familiarity and word naming latency.Memory and cognition,15(3),208-216.
Brysbaert,M.,Van,W.I.,&De Deyne.S.(2000).Age-of-acquisition effects in semantic processing tasks.Acta Psychologica,104(2),215-226.
Carroll,J.B.,&White,M.N.(1973).Age-of-acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,12(5),563-576.
Catling,J.C.,&Johnston,R.A.(2006).The effects of age of acquisition on an object classification task.Visual Cognition,13(7-8),968-980.
Catling,J.C.,&Johnston,R.A.(2009).The varying effects of age of acquisition.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,62(1),50-62.
Catling,J.C.,Dent,K.,Johnston,R.A.,&Balding,R.(2010).Age of acquisition,word frequency,and picture-word interference.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63(7),1304-1317.
Chalard,M.,&Bonin,P.(2006).Age-of-acquisition effects in picture naming:Are they structural and/or semantic in nature?Visual Cognition,13(7-8),864-883.
Chen,B.G.,Dent,K.You,W.P.,&Wu,G.L.(2009).Age of acquisition affects early orthographic processing during Chinese character recognition.Acta Psychologica,130(3),196-203.
Chen,B.G.,You,W.P.,&Wang,L.X.(2006).The research development of the age-of-acquisition effect in lexical processing.Psychological Science,29(6),1515-1517.[陈宝国,尤文平,王立新.(2006).词汇习得年龄效应的研究进展.心理科学,29(6),1515-1517.]
Chen,B.G.,You,W.P.,&Zhou,H.X.(2007).Age of acquisition effects in reading Chinese:Evidence in favor of the semantic hypothesis.Acta Psychologica Sinica,39,9-17.[陈宝国,尤文平,周会霞.(2007).汉语词汇习得的年龄效应:语义假设的证据.心理学报,39(1),9-17.]
Chen,B.G.,You,W.P.,Zhang,Y.F.,&Liu,W.H.(2010)Acquisition age of effects on the early orthographic processing stage of Chinese character recognition.Psychological Science,33(3),726-728.[陈宝国,尤文平,张亚峰,刘文唤.(2010).汉字早期字形加工阶段的习得年龄效应.心理科学,33(3),726-728.]
Chen,B.G.,Zhou,H.X.,Dunlap,S.,&Perfetti,C.A.(2007).Age of acquisition effects in reading Chinese:Evidence in favour of the arbitrary mapping hypothesis.British Journal of Psychology,98(3),499-516.
Chen,J.,Lin,S.H.,&Zhang,J.J.(2011).The word AoAeffects in Chaoshan-Putonghua bilinguals’experimental performance.Acta Psychologica Sinica,43(2),111-112.[陈俊,林少惠,张积家.(2011).潮汕话-普通话双言者的词汇习得年龄效应.心理学报,43(2),111-112.]
Chen,Y.X.,&Zhu,L.Q.(2015).Predictors of action picture naming in Mandarin Chinese.Acta Psychologica Sinica,47(1),11-18.[陈永香,朱莉琪.(2015).影响动作图片命名的因素.心理学报,47(1),11-18.]
Cuetos,F.,&Alija,M.(2003).Normative data and naming times for action pictures.Behavior Research Methods Instruments and Computers,35(1),168-177.
Damian,M.F.,&Martin,R.C.(1999).Semantic and phonological codes interact in single word production.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,25(2),345-361.
Dell’Acqua,R.,Sessa,P.,Peressotti,F.,Mulatti,C.,Navarrete,E.,&Grainger,J.(2010).ERP evidence for ultra-fast semantic processing in the picture-word interference paradigm.Frontiers in Psychology,1,177.
Druks,J.,Masterson,J.,Kopelman,M.,Claire,L.,Rose,A.,&Ray,G.(2006).Is action naming better preserved(than object naming)in Alzheimer’s disease and why should we ask?Brain and Language,98(3),332-340.
Ellis,A.W.,&Lambon Ralph,M.A.(2000).Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing system:Insights from connectionist networks.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition,26(5),1103-1123.
Fang,J.M.,&Zhang,Z.(1998).Comparative study on cognitive processing of Chinese characters between hearing-impaired and normal children.Chinese Journal of Special Education,(4),19-21.[方俊明,张朝.(1998).聋人与听力正常人汉字加工认知途径的比较研究.中国特殊教育,(4),19-22.]
Gentner,D.(1982).Why nouns are learned before verbs:Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning.Language,2,301-334.
Gerhand,S.,&Barry,C.(1999).Age of acquisition,word frequency,and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task.Memory and Cognition,27(4),592-602.
Holmes,S.J.,&Ellis,A.W.(2006).Age of acquisition and typicality effects in three object processing tasks.Visual Cognition,13(7-8),884-910.
Indefrey,P.(2011).The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components:A critical update.Frontiers in Psychology,2,255-275.
Indefrey,P.,&Levelt,W.J.M.(2004).The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components.Cognition.92(1-2),101-144.
Johnston,R.A.,&Barry,C.(2006).Age of acquisition and lexical processing.Visual Cognition,13(7-8),789-845.
Laganaro,M.,&Perret,C.(2011).Comparing electrophysiological correlates of word production in immediate and delayed naming through the analysis of word age of acquisition effects.Brain Topography,24(1),19-29.
Laganaro,M.,Valente,A.,&Perret,C.(2012).Time course of word production in fast and slow speakers:A high density ERP topographic study.Neuroimage,59(4),3881-3888.
Levelt,W.J.,M.,Roelofs,A.,&Meyer,A.S.(1999).A theory of lexical access in speech production.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,22(1),1-75.
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