解决矿山环境问题的“九节鞭”
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摘要
矿山环境研究是建设"美丽中国",促使废弃矿山变成绿水青山和"金山银山"的具体行动之一。矿产资源开发曾经以牺牲人类生存环境为代价,造成了难以弥补的资源浪费和生态环境破坏,导致一系列严重的矿山环境问题出现。目前我国正在面临突出的矿山环境问题,而矿山环境修复治理进度却相对缓慢。为科学解决矿产资源开发过程中诱发的众多矿山环境问题,采用系统工程思路,运用"九节鞭"手段,围绕矿山环境问题梳理、调查、评价与预测、修复治理技术与模式、矿山土地适宜性评价、监测与预警、信息系统研发、法规标准和矿山环境管理等9个方面探讨了逐步攻克和解决矿山环境问题的出路。提出了矿山环境问题的分类方案和各类型的效应特征;为规范矿山环境的调查和矿山环境数据采集,制定了矿山环境的现场原位调查技术方法和标准;为把握矿山环境现状和预判未来演化发展趋势,提出了矿山环境现状评价和针对不同开发方案其环境演化趋势预测的方法与模型;针对矿山环境的系统属性,开展了环境问题、修复治理目标、修复治理技术及修复治理模式等研究,建立了矿山环境修复治理模式体系;从修复矿山土地资源和矿山土地资源再利用的角度,构建了修复治理后的矿山土地适宜性评价理论与方法;以监测矿山环境、分析变化趋势以及预警突发事件为目的,开发了矿山环境监测与预警技术;为直观展示矿山环境修复治理成果、共享修复治理中的经验和教训,研发了基于云平台大数据等现代信息技术的矿山环境信息管理系统;整理了矿山环境相关的法律法规,对比分析了国内外矿山环境法规标准体系特征;阐述了政府和企业在矿山环境管理中的职责。最后,从消除矿山环境问题对生态环境产生的负面影响、开发闭坑矿山正效应资源并服务矿业城市经济建设与转型、深部开采矿山环境问题防治理论与方法、地下矿山生态环境、矿山环境问题及其公共安全防治理论与技术装备研发、矿山环境大数据平台建设与人工智能等角度,展望了矿山环境研究的未来发展方向和趋势。
Carrying out mine environmental research is a concrete action to build a "beautiful China",which can turn abandoned mines into mountains with clear waters and green trees.The previous exploitation of mineral resources was at the expense of human living environment,resulting in irreparable waste of resources and destruction of ecological environment,which brought serious mine environmental problems.At present,China is faced with outstanding mine environmental problems,but the restoration progress of mine environment is relatively slow.In order to solve the mine environmental problems caused by the exploitation of mineral resources scientifically,the idea of systems engineering is adopted,and the paper means to address the mine environmental problems from the following nine aspects: classification,investigation,evaluation and prediction,restoring techniques and modes,evaluation of land suitability,monitoring and early warning,information system research and development,regulations and standards,and mine environmental management.The classification scheme of mine environmental problems and the effect characteristics of each type are put forward; and in order to standardize mine environment investigation and data collection,the technical methods and standards of field in situ investigation are established; in order to grasp the present situation of mine environment and predict the future,the methods and models for mine environment evaluation and environmental predictions for different development schemes are put forward; due to the systematic attribute of mine environment,the research on environmental problems,remediation targets,remediation technologies and remediation model has been carried out,and the restoration and treatment model of mine environment has been established; from the perspective of the restoration and reuse of mine land resources,the theory and method of land suitability evaluation after restoration and treatment are constructed; and the monitoring and early warning technology of mine environment is developed for real time monitoring,analyzing the changing trend and early warning the emergencies; in order to visually display the achievements of mine environmental remediation and to share the experiences and lessons of restoration and management,a mine environmental information management system based on cloud platform,big data and other modern information technologies is developed; the laws,regulations and standards about mine environment at home and abroad are collated,compared and analyzed; and the responsibilities of the government and enterprises in the management of mine environment are expounded.Finally,the future development of mine environment research are prospected from the aspects of elimination the negative impact on ecological environment,exploitation the positive-effect resources of closed-pit mines,economic construction and transformation of mining cities,prevention theory and methods in deep mining mines,ecological environment of underground mines,theory and technology for public safety prevention and control,setting up of mine environment platform with big data and artificial intelligence.
Carrying out mine environmental research is a concrete action to build a "beautiful China",which can turn abandoned mines into mountains with clear waters and green trees.The previous exploitation of mineral resources was at the expense of human living environment,resulting in irreparable waste of resources and destruction of ecological environment,which brought serious mine environmental problems.At present,China is faced with outstanding mine environmental problems,but the restoration progress of mine environment is relatively slow.In order to solve the mine environmental problems caused by the exploitation of mineral resources scientifically,the idea of systems engineering is adopted,and the paper means to address the mine environmental problems from the following nine aspects: classification,investigation,evaluation and prediction,restoring techniques and modes,evaluation of land suitability,monitoring and early warning,information system research and development,regulations and standards,and mine environmental management.The classification scheme of mine environmental problems and the effect characteristics of each type are put forward; and in order to standardize mine environment investigation and data collection,the technical methods and standards of field in situ investigation are established; in order to grasp the present situation of mine environment and predict the future,the methods and models for mine environment evaluation and environmental predictions for different development schemes are put forward; due to the systematic attribute of mine environment,the research on environmental problems,remediation targets,remediation technologies and remediation model has been carried out,and the restoration and treatment model of mine environment has been established; from the perspective of the restoration and reuse of mine land resources,the theory and method of land suitability evaluation after restoration and treatment are constructed; and the monitoring and early warning technology of mine environment is developed for real time monitoring,analyzing the changing trend and early warning the emergencies; in order to visually display the achievements of mine environmental remediation and to share the experiences and lessons of restoration and management,a mine environmental information management system based on cloud platform,big data and other modern information technologies is developed; the laws,regulations and standards about mine environment at home and abroad are collated,compared and analyzed; and the responsibilities of the government and enterprises in the management of mine environment are expounded.Finally,the future development of mine environment research are prospected from the aspects of elimination the negative impact on ecological environment,exploitation the positive-effect resources of closed-pit mines,economic construction and transformation of mining cities,prevention theory and methods in deep mining mines,ecological environment of underground mines,theory and technology for public safety prevention and control,setting up of mine environment platform with big data and artificial intelligence.
引文
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[3] JAUME Bech,CLAUDIO Bini,MARIYA A Pashkevich.Assessment,restoration and reclamation of mining influenced soils[M]. London:Academic Press,2017.
[4] BONDARENKO Volodymyr,KOVALEVS’KA Iryna,GANUSHEVYCH Kostiantyn.Progressive technologies of coal,coalbed methane,and ores mining[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,2014.
[5]武强.我国矿山环境地质问题类型划分研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,30(5):107-112.WU Qiang.Study of classification of geologic environmental problems in mines in China[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2003,30(5):107-112.
[6] JEROME V De Graff. Understanding and responding to hazardous substances at mine sites in the western United States[M].Boulder:Geological Society of America,2007.
[7]刘淼.《中国矿产资源报告》发布我国矿山治理率达26.7%[EB/OL]. http://www. gov. cn/xinwen/2016-10/05/content_5115172.htm,2016-10-05.
[8]尹国勋.矿山环境保护[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010.
[9]武强,薛东,连会青.矿山环境评价方法综述[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,32(3):84-88.WU Qiang,XUE Dong,LIAN Huiqing.A review on assessment methods of mining environments[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2005,32(3):84-88.
[10] BIAN Zhengfu,INYANG Hilary,DANIELS John,et al.Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutions[J]. Mining Science and Technology(China),2010,20(2):215-223.
[11]武强,刘宏磊,陈奇,等.矿山环境修复治理模式理论与实践[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(5):1085-1092.WU Qiang,LIU Honglei,CHEN Qi,et al. Theoretical study of mine geo-environmental restoration model and its application[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(5):1085-1092.
[12]张进德.我国矿山地质环境调查研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.
[13] TIWARY R K.Environmental impact of coal mining on water regime and its management[J].Ware,Air,and Soil Pollution,2001,132(1/2),185-199.
[14] INNIS,PAMELA S.Overview of cost estimating for abandoned mine lands and hazardous materials cleanup projects[M]. Denver:Department of the Interior,Bureau of Land Management,2011.
[15]陈奇.矿山环境治理技术与治理模式研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2009.CHEN Qi. Research of treatment methods of mine environment and treatment model[D]. Beijing:China University of Mining&Technology(Beijing),2009.
[16]武强,陈奇.矿山环境问题诱发的环境效应研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2008,35(5):81-85.WU Qiang,CHEN Qi.An analysis of environmental effects induced by environmental problems in mines[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2008,35(5):81-85.
[17]张进德,张作辰,刘建伟,等.中国矿山地质环境调查研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.
[18] RUTLEDGE Philip,BARNES A James,BENAVIDES Teodoro,et al.How environmental justice relates to land use planning and zoning[R].Washington D.C.:National Academy of Public Administration,2003.
[19]韦冠俊,蒋仲安,金龙哲.矿山环境工程[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[20]刘宏磊.煤炭资源开采沉陷地质环境响应研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2015.LIU Honglei.Study of geo-environmental response to mining subsidence of coal resources[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2015.
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