南极企鹅数量识别及变化趋势分析——基于无人机航拍的高分辨率影像
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摘要
南极企鹅是南大洋环境变化的"生物指示剂",研究南极典型地区企鹅栖息地分布与种群数量,将为探讨气候变化对企鹅影响及气候变化条件下企鹅物种保护提供基础数据及理论指导.高分辨率无人机航拍技术为企鹅遥感识别提供了重要技术支撑,本文以南极半岛的阿德雷岛、拜尔斯半岛以及中山站附近的企鹅岛为研究对象,基于固定翼无人机航拍影像,采用面向对象法提取了企鹅数量与分布状况,并结合历史资料分析了南极典型区域企鹅数量变化趋势.结果表明,阿德雷岛、拜尔斯半岛和企鹅岛的企鹅总数分别为5 063、3 260和982对,识别精度分别为87%、98%和91%.结合历史资料发现,阿德雷岛企鹅数量总体呈现增长趋势,基于2016年无人机遥感识别的企鹅数量与10年前企鹅总数基本持平,企鹅聚集区主要分布在海拔较低的东部沿海地区;阿德雷岛主要企鹅类型是金图企鹅(Pygoscelis papua),数量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而对海冰较为依赖的阿德利企鹅(Pygoscelis adeliae)呈现下降的趋势.拜尔斯半岛帽带企鹅(Pygoscelis antarctica)逐渐减少,金图企鹅数量则在增加.发展南极典型区域长时间序列无人机航拍企鹅栖息地技术与企鹅数量识别方法对完善企鹅制图意义重大.
The Antarctic Peninsula faced temperature rises in the Southern Hemisphere.Antarctic penguins could act as biological indicators for global climate change.Studying penguin habitat colonies and population changes would provide important information on changes in Antarctic climate.Due to adverse weather conditions in Antarctica,ground census count of penguin was difficult. High-resolution aerial photography obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)provides important guarantees in penguin identification.We have identified penguin populations with object-oriented method from aerial photography on Ardley Island,Byers Peninsula and Penguin Island.A total of 5 063,3 260 and 982 breeding pairs of penguins were identified on Ardley Island,Byers Peninsula and Penguin Island respectively,with recognition accuracy and comprehensive evaluation indicators of 87%,98%,and 91%,respectively.Historical data and remote sensing identifications indicate that the number of penguins on Ardley Island was stable or steadily increasing,the number of penguins in 2016 was similar to 2006.Adélie Penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae),which are more dependent on sea ice,showed a downward trend on Ardley Island.Ardley Island.Adélie penguins were distributed in the lower reaches of eastern coastal areas on Ardley Island.Chinstrap penguin population was decreasing on Byers Island,while the Gentoo penguin showed increasing trend.Long-term aerial photography from UAV technology will continue to play agreat role in mapping penguin population and colonies in Antarctica.
The Antarctic Peninsula faced temperature rises in the Southern Hemisphere.Antarctic penguins could act as biological indicators for global climate change.Studying penguin habitat colonies and population changes would provide important information on changes in Antarctic climate.Due to adverse weather conditions in Antarctica,ground census count of penguin was difficult. High-resolution aerial photography obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)provides important guarantees in penguin identification.We have identified penguin populations with object-oriented method from aerial photography on Ardley Island,Byers Peninsula and Penguin Island.A total of 5 063,3 260 and 982 breeding pairs of penguins were identified on Ardley Island,Byers Peninsula and Penguin Island respectively,with recognition accuracy and comprehensive evaluation indicators of 87%,98%,and 91%,respectively.Historical data and remote sensing identifications indicate that the number of penguins on Ardley Island was stable or steadily increasing,the number of penguins in 2016 was similar to 2006.Adélie Penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae),which are more dependent on sea ice,showed a downward trend on Ardley Island.Ardley Island.Adélie penguins were distributed in the lower reaches of eastern coastal areas on Ardley Island.Chinstrap penguin population was decreasing on Byers Island,while the Gentoo penguin showed increasing trend.Long-term aerial photography from UAV technology will continue to play agreat role in mapping penguin population and colonies in Antarctica.
引文
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[2]孙维萍,蔡明红,王海燕,等.阿德雷岛企鹅种群分布、繁殖行为及其环境影响因子分析[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):33
[3]WITHARANA C,LYNCH H J.An object-based image analysis approach for detecting penguin guano in very high spatial resolution satellite images[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(5):375.
[4]李香兰,贺红,程晓,等.高分辨率遥感数据在南极企鹅与温室气体研究中的应用[J].科学通报,2017(31):3605
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[6]LARUE M A,KOOYMAN G,LYNCH H J,et al.Emigration in emperor penguins:implications for interpretation of long-term studies[J].Ecography,2015,38(2):114
[7]BARBER-MEYER S M,KOOYMAN G L,PONGANISP J.Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery[J].Polar Biology,2007,30(12):1565
[8]FRETWELL P T,LARUE M A,MORIN P,et al.An emperor penguin population estimate:the first global,synoptic survey of a species from space[J].PLoS One,2012,7(4):e33751
[9]FRETWELL P T,TRATHAN P N,WIENECKE B,et al.Emperor penguins breeding on iceshelves[J].PLoSOne,2014,9(1):e85285
[10]LYNCH H J,WHITE R,BLACK A D,et al.Detection,differentiation,and abundance estimation of penguin species by high-resolution satellite imagery[J].Polar Biology,2012,35(6):963
[11]FRETWELL P T,PHILLIPS R A,BROOKE M D L,et al.Using the unique spectral signature of guano to identify unknown seabird colonies[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2015,156:448
[12]LYNCH H J,SCHWALLER M R.Mapping the abundance and distribution of Adélie Penguins using Landsat-7:first steps towards an integrated multisensor pipeline for tracking populations at the continental scale[J].PLoS One,2014,9(11):e113301
[13]BHIKHARIDAS A,WHITEHEAD M,PETERSONJ.Mapping Adélie penguin rookeries in the Vestfold Hills and Rauer Islands,east Antarctica,using SPOTHRV data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(8):1577
[14]FRETWELL P T,TRATHAN P N.Penguins from space:faecal stains reveal the location of emperor penguin colonies[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2009,18(5):543
[15]SCHWALLER M R,SOUTHWELL C J,EMMERSON L M.Continental-scale mapping of Adélie penguin colonies from Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,139:353
[16]SOUTHWELL C,EMMERSON L.Large-scale occupancy surveys in East Antarctica discover new Adélie penguin breeding sites and reveal an expanding breeding distribution[J].Antarctic Science,2013,25(4):531
[17]LYNCH H J,NAVEEN R,TRATHAN P N,et al.Spatially integrated assessment reveals widespread changes in penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Ecology,2012,93(6):1367
[18]LYNCH H J,LARUE M A.First global census of the Adélie Penguin[J].Auk,2014,131(4):457
[19]MUSTAFA O,PFEIFER C,PETER H U,et al.Pilot study on monitoring climate-induced changes in penguin colonies in the Antarctic using satellite images[J].Project FKZ,2012,3711(85):199
[20]WOEHLER E J,RIDDLE M J.Spatial relationships of Adélie penguin colonies:implications for assessing population changes from remote imagery[J].Antarctic Science,1998,10(4):449
[21]SIMAS F N B,SCHAEFER C E G R,MELO V F,et al.Ornithogenic cryosols from Maritime Antarctica:phosphatization as a soil forming process[J].Geoderma,2007,138(3/4):191
[22]SCHWALLER M R,OLSON J R C E,MA Z,et al.Aremote sensing analysis of Adélie penguin rookeries[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,28:199
[23]熊登亮,陈舫益.采用无人机影像生成高原山区高精度DEM的一种方法[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2014(1):127
[24]HHLE J.Photogrammetric measurements in oblique aerial images[J].Photogrammetrie,Fernerkundung,Geoinformation,2008,1(1):7
[25]BLASCHKE T,LANG S,LORUP E,et al.Objectoriented image processing in an integrated GIS/remote sensing environment and perspectives for environmental applications[J].Environmental information for planning,politics and the public,2000,2:555
[26]WANG Z,WEI W,ZHAO S,et al.Object-oriented classification and application in land use classification using SPOT-5 PAN imagery[C]∥Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2004.IGARSS'04Proceedings.IEEE,2004,5:3158
[27]贺红,李香兰,程晓,等.基于航拍数据的南极维多利亚地企鹅源温室气体排放量估算[J].科学通报,2016(30):3268
[28]HE H,CHENG X,LI X,et al.Aerial photography based census of Adélie Penguin and its application in CH4 and N2O budget estimation in Victoria Land,Antarctic[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):12942
[29]GOEBEL M E,PERRYMAN W L,HINKE J T,et al.A small unmanned aerial system for estimating abundance and size of Antarctic predators[J].Polar Biology,2015,38(5):619
[30]NORTON-GRIFFITHS M.Reducing counting bias in aerial censuses by photography[J].African Journal of Ecology,2010,12(3):245
[31]LOWRY M S.Counts of california sea lion(zalophus californianus)pups from aerial color photographs and from the ground:a comparison of two methods[J].Marine Mammal Science,2010,15(1):143
[32]ROBERTSON G,MORENO C A,LAWTON K,et al.Comparison of census methods for black-browed albatrosses breeding at the Ildefonso Archipelago,Chile[J].Polar Biology,2008,31(2):153
[33]MERETSKY V J,BRACK V,CARTER T C,et al.Digital photography improves consistency and accuracy of bat counts in hibernacula[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2010,74(1):166
[34]WEIMERSKIRCH H,LE BOUARD F,RYAN P G,et al.Massive decline of the world’s largest king penguin colony at Ile aux Cochons,Crozet[J].Antarctic Science,2018,30(4):236
[35]马小荣,聂亚光,刘晓东,等.南极拜尔斯半岛企鹅粪土沉积物元素地球化学特征[J].极地研究,2014,26(2):201
[36]CROXALL J P,KIRKWOOD E D.The distribution of penguins on the Antarctic peninsula and islands of the Scotia Sea[M].Antarctica:British Antarctic Survey,1979
[37]WILLIAMS T,BOERSMA P.Magellanic penguin[M].Oxford:The penguins Oxford University Press,1995:249
[38]LARUE M A,AINLEY D G,SWANSON M,et al.Climate change winners:receding ice fields facilitate colony expansion and altered dynamics in an Adélie penguin metapopulation[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e60568
[39]FRASER W R,PATTERSON D L.Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations:a natural experiment at Palmer Station,Antarctic Peninsula[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997:445-452
[40]DUCKLOW H W,BAKER K,MARTINSON D G,et al.Marine pelagic ecosystems:the west Antarctic Peninsula[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,2007,362(1477):67
[41]TURNER J,OVERLAND J E,WALSH J E.An Arctic and Antarctic perspective on recent climate change[J].International Journal of Climatology,2007,27(3):277
[42]TRIVELPIECE W Z,HINKE J T,MILLER A K,et al.Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,108(18):7625
[43]BENDER N A,CROSBIE K,LYNCH H J.Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region:a 20-year analysis[J].Antarctic Science,2016,28(3):194
[44]SCAR BULLETIN.The international council for science scientific committee on antarctic research[C]∥Twenty-fifth Antarctic Treaty Consulatative Meeting.Warsaw:Polar Record,2003,39(210):273
[45]EMSLIE S D,BAUMANN K,TUINEN M V.Late Holocene occupation of Gentoo Penguins(Pygoscelis papua)on Byers Peninsula,Livingston Island,Antarctica[J].Polar Biology,2011,34(2):283
[2]孙维萍,蔡明红,王海燕,等.阿德雷岛企鹅种群分布、繁殖行为及其环境影响因子分析[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):33
[3]WITHARANA C,LYNCH H J.An object-based image analysis approach for detecting penguin guano in very high spatial resolution satellite images[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(5):375.
[4]李香兰,贺红,程晓,等.高分辨率遥感数据在南极企鹅与温室气体研究中的应用[J].科学通报,2017(31):3605
[5]LARUE M A,LYNCH H J,LYVER P O B,et al.Amethod for estimating colony sizes of Adélie penguins using remote sensing imagery[J].Polar Biology,2014,37(4):507
[6]LARUE M A,KOOYMAN G,LYNCH H J,et al.Emigration in emperor penguins:implications for interpretation of long-term studies[J].Ecography,2015,38(2):114
[7]BARBER-MEYER S M,KOOYMAN G L,PONGANISP J.Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery[J].Polar Biology,2007,30(12):1565
[8]FRETWELL P T,LARUE M A,MORIN P,et al.An emperor penguin population estimate:the first global,synoptic survey of a species from space[J].PLoS One,2012,7(4):e33751
[9]FRETWELL P T,TRATHAN P N,WIENECKE B,et al.Emperor penguins breeding on iceshelves[J].PLoSOne,2014,9(1):e85285
[10]LYNCH H J,WHITE R,BLACK A D,et al.Detection,differentiation,and abundance estimation of penguin species by high-resolution satellite imagery[J].Polar Biology,2012,35(6):963
[11]FRETWELL P T,PHILLIPS R A,BROOKE M D L,et al.Using the unique spectral signature of guano to identify unknown seabird colonies[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2015,156:448
[12]LYNCH H J,SCHWALLER M R.Mapping the abundance and distribution of Adélie Penguins using Landsat-7:first steps towards an integrated multisensor pipeline for tracking populations at the continental scale[J].PLoS One,2014,9(11):e113301
[13]BHIKHARIDAS A,WHITEHEAD M,PETERSONJ.Mapping Adélie penguin rookeries in the Vestfold Hills and Rauer Islands,east Antarctica,using SPOTHRV data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(8):1577
[14]FRETWELL P T,TRATHAN P N.Penguins from space:faecal stains reveal the location of emperor penguin colonies[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2009,18(5):543
[15]SCHWALLER M R,SOUTHWELL C J,EMMERSON L M.Continental-scale mapping of Adélie penguin colonies from Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,139:353
[16]SOUTHWELL C,EMMERSON L.Large-scale occupancy surveys in East Antarctica discover new Adélie penguin breeding sites and reveal an expanding breeding distribution[J].Antarctic Science,2013,25(4):531
[17]LYNCH H J,NAVEEN R,TRATHAN P N,et al.Spatially integrated assessment reveals widespread changes in penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Ecology,2012,93(6):1367
[18]LYNCH H J,LARUE M A.First global census of the Adélie Penguin[J].Auk,2014,131(4):457
[19]MUSTAFA O,PFEIFER C,PETER H U,et al.Pilot study on monitoring climate-induced changes in penguin colonies in the Antarctic using satellite images[J].Project FKZ,2012,3711(85):199
[20]WOEHLER E J,RIDDLE M J.Spatial relationships of Adélie penguin colonies:implications for assessing population changes from remote imagery[J].Antarctic Science,1998,10(4):449
[21]SIMAS F N B,SCHAEFER C E G R,MELO V F,et al.Ornithogenic cryosols from Maritime Antarctica:phosphatization as a soil forming process[J].Geoderma,2007,138(3/4):191
[22]SCHWALLER M R,OLSON J R C E,MA Z,et al.Aremote sensing analysis of Adélie penguin rookeries[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,28:199
[23]熊登亮,陈舫益.采用无人机影像生成高原山区高精度DEM的一种方法[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2014(1):127
[24]HHLE J.Photogrammetric measurements in oblique aerial images[J].Photogrammetrie,Fernerkundung,Geoinformation,2008,1(1):7
[25]BLASCHKE T,LANG S,LORUP E,et al.Objectoriented image processing in an integrated GIS/remote sensing environment and perspectives for environmental applications[J].Environmental information for planning,politics and the public,2000,2:555
[26]WANG Z,WEI W,ZHAO S,et al.Object-oriented classification and application in land use classification using SPOT-5 PAN imagery[C]∥Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2004.IGARSS'04Proceedings.IEEE,2004,5:3158
[27]贺红,李香兰,程晓,等.基于航拍数据的南极维多利亚地企鹅源温室气体排放量估算[J].科学通报,2016(30):3268
[28]HE H,CHENG X,LI X,et al.Aerial photography based census of Adélie Penguin and its application in CH4 and N2O budget estimation in Victoria Land,Antarctic[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):12942
[29]GOEBEL M E,PERRYMAN W L,HINKE J T,et al.A small unmanned aerial system for estimating abundance and size of Antarctic predators[J].Polar Biology,2015,38(5):619
[30]NORTON-GRIFFITHS M.Reducing counting bias in aerial censuses by photography[J].African Journal of Ecology,2010,12(3):245
[31]LOWRY M S.Counts of california sea lion(zalophus californianus)pups from aerial color photographs and from the ground:a comparison of two methods[J].Marine Mammal Science,2010,15(1):143
[32]ROBERTSON G,MORENO C A,LAWTON K,et al.Comparison of census methods for black-browed albatrosses breeding at the Ildefonso Archipelago,Chile[J].Polar Biology,2008,31(2):153
[33]MERETSKY V J,BRACK V,CARTER T C,et al.Digital photography improves consistency and accuracy of bat counts in hibernacula[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2010,74(1):166
[34]WEIMERSKIRCH H,LE BOUARD F,RYAN P G,et al.Massive decline of the world’s largest king penguin colony at Ile aux Cochons,Crozet[J].Antarctic Science,2018,30(4):236
[35]马小荣,聂亚光,刘晓东,等.南极拜尔斯半岛企鹅粪土沉积物元素地球化学特征[J].极地研究,2014,26(2):201
[36]CROXALL J P,KIRKWOOD E D.The distribution of penguins on the Antarctic peninsula and islands of the Scotia Sea[M].Antarctica:British Antarctic Survey,1979
[37]WILLIAMS T,BOERSMA P.Magellanic penguin[M].Oxford:The penguins Oxford University Press,1995:249
[38]LARUE M A,AINLEY D G,SWANSON M,et al.Climate change winners:receding ice fields facilitate colony expansion and altered dynamics in an Adélie penguin metapopulation[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e60568
[39]FRASER W R,PATTERSON D L.Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations:a natural experiment at Palmer Station,Antarctic Peninsula[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997:445-452
[40]DUCKLOW H W,BAKER K,MARTINSON D G,et al.Marine pelagic ecosystems:the west Antarctic Peninsula[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,2007,362(1477):67
[41]TURNER J,OVERLAND J E,WALSH J E.An Arctic and Antarctic perspective on recent climate change[J].International Journal of Climatology,2007,27(3):277
[42]TRIVELPIECE W Z,HINKE J T,MILLER A K,et al.Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,108(18):7625
[43]BENDER N A,CROSBIE K,LYNCH H J.Patterns of tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region:a 20-year analysis[J].Antarctic Science,2016,28(3):194
[44]SCAR BULLETIN.The international council for science scientific committee on antarctic research[C]∥Twenty-fifth Antarctic Treaty Consulatative Meeting.Warsaw:Polar Record,2003,39(210):273
[45]EMSLIE S D,BAUMANN K,TUINEN M V.Late Holocene occupation of Gentoo Penguins(Pygoscelis papua)on Byers Peninsula,Livingston Island,Antarctica[J].Polar Biology,2011,34(2):283
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