藏、汉对比视角下的城市空间环境认知研究——以中国西藏日喀则市为例
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摘要
以分布式认知理论为基础,采用质性研究法、数量分析法以及GIS空间分析技术,探讨日喀则市藏族、汉族居民对城市空间环境认知的异同性。研究表明,藏族对城市空间环境的认知得分高于汉族对城市空间环境的认知得分。藏族、汉族对城市空间环境的认知水平可分为高、中、低3类。认知空间呈现圈层结构与混合结构模式,可分为藏汉一致性、藏族独立以及汉族独立3种认知空间类型。影响居民对城市空间环境的认知因素有共性因素和差异性因素。景观走廊质量、宜居性、基础设施两项是藏族居民关注的主要影响因素,汉族居民更关注公共服务设施的服务能力以及对当地文化的融入感。
In minority areas, it is a vital topic to explore the cognition of urban spatial environment, which has substantial implications for urban development in the context of rapid urbanization in China. Meanwhile, Tibetan Plateau cities have the features of ecological vulnerability, cultural uniqueness and the harmonious relationship between human and environment. Based on the distributed cognition theory, we study the differences of urban spatial environment cognition between Tibetan and Han by taking Shigatse as an example and using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The results indicate that: 1) The Tibetan Cognitive score on urban spatial environment is higher than the Han, which is the result of the geographical and cultural embeddedness of the Tibetan and Han residents. Tibetan and Han residents' cognitive level can be divided into three categories: high, medium and low. 2) The cognitive models are featured by circle and mixed pattern in the urban space. The circle model is mainly found in the urban main area. While the mixed pattern is found in the south of ZhaDe Road, and the south of ZhaDe road where the government developed and exploited in order to meet the need of urban space expansion. Meanwhile, there are three types of cognitive space: Tibetan and Han consistent cognitive space, Tibetan independent cognitive space and Han independent cognitive space. Among them, Tibetan and Han consistent cognitive space is featured by high cognitive level in the central urban area and low cognitive level in the south of ZhaDe Road. Tibetan independent cognitive space is complex, trivial and diverse. On the contrary, the Han independent cognitive space is simple, regular and single. 3) The difference between Tibetan and Han residents' cognition is a consequence of impacts of geographical and cultural environment. Common and different factors all affect Tibetan and Han cognition. Common factors consist of the sense of security, residential centrality, and foreign exchange. However, there are different cognitive factors between Tibetan and Han. Compare with Han, Tibetan are more likely to concern about the landscape corridor,livability and infrastructure quality. However, Han incline to be aware of the public service facilities and local culture integration.
In minority areas, it is a vital topic to explore the cognition of urban spatial environment, which has substantial implications for urban development in the context of rapid urbanization in China. Meanwhile, Tibetan Plateau cities have the features of ecological vulnerability, cultural uniqueness and the harmonious relationship between human and environment. Based on the distributed cognition theory, we study the differences of urban spatial environment cognition between Tibetan and Han by taking Shigatse as an example and using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The results indicate that: 1) The Tibetan Cognitive score on urban spatial environment is higher than the Han, which is the result of the geographical and cultural embeddedness of the Tibetan and Han residents. Tibetan and Han residents' cognitive level can be divided into three categories: high, medium and low. 2) The cognitive models are featured by circle and mixed pattern in the urban space. The circle model is mainly found in the urban main area. While the mixed pattern is found in the south of ZhaDe Road, and the south of ZhaDe road where the government developed and exploited in order to meet the need of urban space expansion. Meanwhile, there are three types of cognitive space: Tibetan and Han consistent cognitive space, Tibetan independent cognitive space and Han independent cognitive space. Among them, Tibetan and Han consistent cognitive space is featured by high cognitive level in the central urban area and low cognitive level in the south of ZhaDe Road. Tibetan independent cognitive space is complex, trivial and diverse. On the contrary, the Han independent cognitive space is simple, regular and single. 3) The difference between Tibetan and Han residents' cognition is a consequence of impacts of geographical and cultural environment. Common and different factors all affect Tibetan and Han cognition. Common factors consist of the sense of security, residential centrality, and foreign exchange. However, there are different cognitive factors between Tibetan and Han. Compare with Han, Tibetan are more likely to concern about the landscape corridor,livability and infrastructure quality. However, Han incline to be aware of the public service facilities and local culture integration.
引文
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[9]郭龙.记忆与想象:城市认知的双重维度[J].建筑学报,2016(12):94-97.[Guo Long.Memory and imagination:The dural dimensions in the perception of urban space.Architectural Journal,2016(12):94-97.]
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[12]Gary T Moore.Knowing about environment knowing the current state of theory and research on environment cognition[J].Environment and Behavior,1979,11(1):33-70.
[13]贺新元.凝聚人心:推进西藏经济社会发展和长治久安的固本之举与长久之策[J].西藏研究,2017,4(2):1-9.[He Xinyuan.Cohesion of the public will:Consolidation strategy and permanent policy of promoting socio-economy and permanent stability of Tibet.Tibetan Studies,2017,4(2):1-9.]
[14]暴占杰.改革开放以来中央西藏工作座谈会研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.[Bao Zhanjie.Research on the central Tibet work forum since the reform and opening up.Changchun:Jiling University,2017.]
[15]王宝璋.走进日喀则[J].中国机关后勤,2008(1):42.[Wang Baozhang.Approaching shigatse.Chinese Government Rear Services Literary World,2008(1):42.]
[16]魏伟,李博寻,焦永利.藏区中心城市的演变及格局研究[J].建筑学报,2007(7):80-84.[Wei Wei,Li Boxun,Jiao Yongli.Study on the evolution and pattern of central cities in Tibetan Area.Architectural Joural,2007(7):80-84.]
[17]青岛规划设计研究院.西藏日喀则市城市总体规划(2006~2020)[J].规划师,2006(S2):69.[Qingdao Urban Planning&Design Institute.Shigatse master plan(2006-2020)[J].Planners,2006(S2):69.]
[18]中国建筑设计研究院.日喀则市城市总体规划(2016-2035)[R/OL].http://www.rkzw.cn/gsgg/201611/t20161125_10848691.htm.[China Architecture Design and Research Institute.Shigatse Urban master planning(2016-2035).http://www.rkzw.cn/gsgg/201611/t20161125_10848691.htm.]
[19]日喀则市统计局.日喀则市统计年鉴[M].日喀则:西藏自治区日喀则统计局出版社,2016.[Shigatse Bureau of Statistics.Shigatse statistical yearbook.Shigatse:Shigatse Statistical Bureau Press in Tibet,2016.]
[20]湛东升,孟斌,张文忠.北京市居民居住满意度感知与行为意向研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):336-348.[Zhan Dongsheng,Meng Bin,Zhang Wenzhong.A study on residential satisfaction and its behavioral intension in Beijing.Geographical Reacher,2014,33(2):336-348.]
[21]卢秀玲.分布式认知理论在人机交互系统中的应用[C]//中国心理学会.第十届全国心理学学术大会论文摘要集.上海:中国心理学会,2005:445.[Lu Xiuling.Application of distributed cognition theory in human-computer interaction system.Chinese Psychological Society.Abstract of the tenth national academic conference on psychology.Shanghai:Chinese Psychological Society,2005:445.]
[22]徐维祥,张凌燕,刘程军,等.城市功能与区域创新耦合协调的空间联系研究--以长江经济带107个城市为实证[J].地理科学,2017,37(11):1659-1667.[Xu Weixiang,Zhang Lingyan,Liu Chengjun et al.The coupling coordination of urban function and regional innovation:A case study of 107 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(11):1659-1667.]
[23]符文颖,邓金玲.产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化[J].地理科学,2017,37(6):833-840.[Fu Wenying,Deng Jinling.Locational choice of start-ups and spatial evolution of clusters in the context of industrial restructuring.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(6):833-840.]
[24]王毅,陈娱,陆玉麒,等.城市门户性与中国门户群研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(3):331-338.[Wang Yi,Chen Yu,Lu Yuqi et al.Analysis on the gateway property and gateway-city groups of China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(3):331-338.]
[25]汪芳,黄晓辉,俞曦.旅游地地方感的游客认知研究[J].地理学报,2009,64(10):1267-1277.[Wang Fang,Huang Xiaohui,Yu Xi.Tourist cognition of sense of place in tourism attractions.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1267-1277.]
[26]周一星,曹广忠.中国城市人口可比增长速度的空间差异(1949~1995)[J].经济地理,1998(1):27-34.[Zhou Yixing,Cao Guangzhong.On spatial disparity of comparable increase speed of china’s urban size,1949-1995.Economic Geography,1998(1):27-34.]
[27]汪芳,严琳,熊忻凯,等.基于游客认知的历史地段城市记忆研究--以北京南锣鼓巷历史地段为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(4):545-556.[Wang Fang,Yan Lin,Xiong Xinkai et al.A study on tourist cognition of urban memory historic sites:A case study of alley NanLuogu historic site in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(4):545-556.]
[28]李彦萍,杨红霞.非参数统计中相关系数的计算及其应用[J].山西农业大学学报,2003,23(4):363-366.[Li Yanping,Yang Hongxia.On calculating and appling of correlation in non-parameter statistics.Journal of Shanxi Agriculture University,2003,23(4):363-366.]
[29]陈彦光.环境剧变、文化断裂与伊克化[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2014,27(2):199-203.[Chen Yanguang.Environmental change,cultural break and national iksization.Journal of Xinyang Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2014,27(2):199-203.]
[30]孟虎军,陈武强.藏传佛教寺院管理制度研究综述[J].青海社会科学,2010,9(5):162-165.[Meng Hujun,Chen Wuqiang.A review of the management system of tibetan buddhist Temples.
[2]王晓磊.“社会空间”的概念界说与本质特征[J].理论与现代化,2010(1):49-55.[Wang Xiaolei.The definition and essential characteristics of the concept of“social space”.Theory and Moderization,2010(1):49-55.]
[3]李潇晨.城市空间环境识别系统研究[D].湖南:中南大学,2009.[Li Xiaochen.A research on identification system for the urban space environment.Hunan:Central South University,2009.]
[4]陆大道.变化发展中的中国人文与经济地理学[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):641-650.[Lu Dadao.The changing humanistic and economic geography in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):641-650.]
[5]蒲倩.分布式认知理论与实践研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.[Pu Qian.A study on the distributed cognition theory and practice.Shanghai:East China Normal University,MS Thesis,2011.]
[6]吴萌,甘臣林,任立,等.分布式认知理论框架下农户土地转出意愿影响因素研究--基于SEM模型的武汉城市圈典型地区实证分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(9):62-71.[Wu Meng,Gan Chenlin,Ren Li et al.Analysis on influencing factors of farming household’s willingness to land conversion under the distributed cognition theory:An empirical evaluation of Wuhan urban circle by SEM.China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(9):62-71.]
[7]Douglas Amedo,Kate Speicher.Essential environment and spatial concerns for the congenitally visually impaired[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,1995(14):113-122.
[8]刘革,吴庆麟.情景认知理论的三大流派及争论[J].心理探索,2012(1):37-40.[Liu Ge,Wu Qinglin.The three schools and controversies of situated cognition theory.Psychological Exploration,2012(1):37-40.]
[9]郭龙.记忆与想象:城市认知的双重维度[J].建筑学报,2016(12):94-97.[Guo Long.Memory and imagination:The dural dimensions in the perception of urban space.Architectural Journal,2016(12):94-97.]
[10]于小涵.认知系统性研究--基于分布式认知的视角[D].浙江:浙江大学,2012.[Yu Xiaohan.The study on the systematic of cognition-Based on the distributed cognition perspective.ZheJiang:Zhejiang University,2012.]
[11]保罗·诺克斯,史蒂文·平奇.城市社会地理学导论[M].柴彦威,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2009:75-121.[Paul Knox,Steven Pinch worked.Urban social geography.Translated by Chai Yanwei et al.Beijing:Commercial Press,2009:75-121.]
[12]Gary T Moore.Knowing about environment knowing the current state of theory and research on environment cognition[J].Environment and Behavior,1979,11(1):33-70.
[13]贺新元.凝聚人心:推进西藏经济社会发展和长治久安的固本之举与长久之策[J].西藏研究,2017,4(2):1-9.[He Xinyuan.Cohesion of the public will:Consolidation strategy and permanent policy of promoting socio-economy and permanent stability of Tibet.Tibetan Studies,2017,4(2):1-9.]
[14]暴占杰.改革开放以来中央西藏工作座谈会研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.[Bao Zhanjie.Research on the central Tibet work forum since the reform and opening up.Changchun:Jiling University,2017.]
[15]王宝璋.走进日喀则[J].中国机关后勤,2008(1):42.[Wang Baozhang.Approaching shigatse.Chinese Government Rear Services Literary World,2008(1):42.]
[16]魏伟,李博寻,焦永利.藏区中心城市的演变及格局研究[J].建筑学报,2007(7):80-84.[Wei Wei,Li Boxun,Jiao Yongli.Study on the evolution and pattern of central cities in Tibetan Area.Architectural Joural,2007(7):80-84.]
[17]青岛规划设计研究院.西藏日喀则市城市总体规划(2006~2020)[J].规划师,2006(S2):69.[Qingdao Urban Planning&Design Institute.Shigatse master plan(2006-2020)[J].Planners,2006(S2):69.]
[18]中国建筑设计研究院.日喀则市城市总体规划(2016-2035)[R/OL].http://www.rkzw.cn/gsgg/201611/t20161125_10848691.htm.[China Architecture Design and Research Institute.Shigatse Urban master planning(2016-2035).http://www.rkzw.cn/gsgg/201611/t20161125_10848691.htm.]
[19]日喀则市统计局.日喀则市统计年鉴[M].日喀则:西藏自治区日喀则统计局出版社,2016.[Shigatse Bureau of Statistics.Shigatse statistical yearbook.Shigatse:Shigatse Statistical Bureau Press in Tibet,2016.]
[20]湛东升,孟斌,张文忠.北京市居民居住满意度感知与行为意向研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):336-348.[Zhan Dongsheng,Meng Bin,Zhang Wenzhong.A study on residential satisfaction and its behavioral intension in Beijing.Geographical Reacher,2014,33(2):336-348.]
[21]卢秀玲.分布式认知理论在人机交互系统中的应用[C]//中国心理学会.第十届全国心理学学术大会论文摘要集.上海:中国心理学会,2005:445.[Lu Xiuling.Application of distributed cognition theory in human-computer interaction system.Chinese Psychological Society.Abstract of the tenth national academic conference on psychology.Shanghai:Chinese Psychological Society,2005:445.]
[22]徐维祥,张凌燕,刘程军,等.城市功能与区域创新耦合协调的空间联系研究--以长江经济带107个城市为实证[J].地理科学,2017,37(11):1659-1667.[Xu Weixiang,Zhang Lingyan,Liu Chengjun et al.The coupling coordination of urban function and regional innovation:A case study of 107 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(11):1659-1667.]
[23]符文颖,邓金玲.产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化[J].地理科学,2017,37(6):833-840.[Fu Wenying,Deng Jinling.Locational choice of start-ups and spatial evolution of clusters in the context of industrial restructuring.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(6):833-840.]
[24]王毅,陈娱,陆玉麒,等.城市门户性与中国门户群研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(3):331-338.[Wang Yi,Chen Yu,Lu Yuqi et al.Analysis on the gateway property and gateway-city groups of China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(3):331-338.]
[25]汪芳,黄晓辉,俞曦.旅游地地方感的游客认知研究[J].地理学报,2009,64(10):1267-1277.[Wang Fang,Huang Xiaohui,Yu Xi.Tourist cognition of sense of place in tourism attractions.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1267-1277.]
[26]周一星,曹广忠.中国城市人口可比增长速度的空间差异(1949~1995)[J].经济地理,1998(1):27-34.[Zhou Yixing,Cao Guangzhong.On spatial disparity of comparable increase speed of china’s urban size,1949-1995.Economic Geography,1998(1):27-34.]
[27]汪芳,严琳,熊忻凯,等.基于游客认知的历史地段城市记忆研究--以北京南锣鼓巷历史地段为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(4):545-556.[Wang Fang,Yan Lin,Xiong Xinkai et al.A study on tourist cognition of urban memory historic sites:A case study of alley NanLuogu historic site in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(4):545-556.]
[28]李彦萍,杨红霞.非参数统计中相关系数的计算及其应用[J].山西农业大学学报,2003,23(4):363-366.[Li Yanping,Yang Hongxia.On calculating and appling of correlation in non-parameter statistics.Journal of Shanxi Agriculture University,2003,23(4):363-366.]
[29]陈彦光.环境剧变、文化断裂与伊克化[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2014,27(2):199-203.[Chen Yanguang.Environmental change,cultural break and national iksization.Journal of Xinyang Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2014,27(2):199-203.]
[30]孟虎军,陈武强.藏传佛教寺院管理制度研究综述[J].青海社会科学,2010,9(5):162-165.[Meng Hujun,Chen Wuqiang.A review of the management system of tibetan buddhist Temples.
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