土地利用、人口密度及海拔对城市热岛的影响
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摘要
以广州市为研究区域,利用Landsat 8影像反演获取地表温度和土地利用数据,分析城市地表温度与土地利用及其景观格局、人口密度、海拔之间的定量关系,以期揭示影响城市热岛的关键因素.结果表明:城市地表温度与不同土地利用类型面积占比、人口密度和海拔均极显著相关;逐步回归分析发现,生态用地(包括森林和湿地)面积占比、城镇建设用地面积占比和海拔是影响研究区域的热岛效应的关键因素;除少数选取的景观格局指数外,不同土地利用景观格局指数与地表温度显著相关,而逐步回归分析发现城镇聚集度指数、城镇边界密度、城镇分割度和森林分割度是影响城市热岛效应空间格局的关键影响因素.因此,在城市规划过程中,应尽量保留连片的自然生态用地特别是森林用地,避免对其自然边界的线性切割,同时实施多中心城市开发战略,避免连片城市开发,将有利于缓解城市热岛效应.
Urban heat island(UHI) has been mostly observed as urbanization accelerated. UHI are closely affected by land use types and their landscape pattern, population, and geological conditions(altitude). Land surface temperature(LST) and land use types of Guangzhou were retrieved by using Landsat-8 images, and altitude was extracted by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM). Landscape indicators of different towns and streets were calculated based on the landscape ecological methodologies, as population-related data collated from statistical yearbook. This paper focused on the impacting mechanism of UHI from the three aspects including population, altitude, and changes of land use types and their landscape patterns exemplified by Guangzhou. We founded that LST was significantly correlated with population density, altitude and proportions of different land use types. Moreover, LST was critically affected by three key factors such as ecological-land cover, constructedland cover and altitude as stepwise regression analysis used. It indicated that altitude should be taken into consideration when affecting factors of UHI discussed. Also, increasing proportion of constructed-land cover would strengthen the intensity of UHI, while increasing proportion of ecological-land cover would decrease the intensity of UHI. Except for some landscape indicators, most of landscape indicators of different landscape indicators were significantly correlated with LST. Stepwise regression analysis showed that LST was mainly controlled by aggregation index(AI), edge density(ED) and landscape division index(DIVISION) of constructedland use type and also obviously affected by DIVISION of forest. As urban planning in the future, a better proportion and spatial pattern of different land use types(especially forest and constructed land use types) should be comprehensively and systematically taken into consideration in order to mitigate the UHI effect, as topological factors such as altitude should betaken into consideration.
Urban heat island(UHI) has been mostly observed as urbanization accelerated. UHI are closely affected by land use types and their landscape pattern, population, and geological conditions(altitude). Land surface temperature(LST) and land use types of Guangzhou were retrieved by using Landsat-8 images, and altitude was extracted by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM). Landscape indicators of different towns and streets were calculated based on the landscape ecological methodologies, as population-related data collated from statistical yearbook. This paper focused on the impacting mechanism of UHI from the three aspects including population, altitude, and changes of land use types and their landscape patterns exemplified by Guangzhou. We founded that LST was significantly correlated with population density, altitude and proportions of different land use types. Moreover, LST was critically affected by three key factors such as ecological-land cover, constructedland cover and altitude as stepwise regression analysis used. It indicated that altitude should be taken into consideration when affecting factors of UHI discussed. Also, increasing proportion of constructed-land cover would strengthen the intensity of UHI, while increasing proportion of ecological-land cover would decrease the intensity of UHI. Except for some landscape indicators, most of landscape indicators of different landscape indicators were significantly correlated with LST. Stepwise regression analysis showed that LST was mainly controlled by aggregation index(AI), edge density(ED) and landscape division index(DIVISION) of constructedland use type and also obviously affected by DIVISION of forest. As urban planning in the future, a better proportion and spatial pattern of different land use types(especially forest and constructed land use types) should be comprehensively and systematically taken into consideration in order to mitigate the UHI effect, as topological factors such as altitude should betaken into consideration.
引文
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[15]陈松林,王天星.等间距法和均值-标准差法界定城市热岛的对比研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(2):145-150.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1560-8999.2009.02.002.Chen S L,Wang T X.Comparison Analyses of equal interval method and mean-standard deviation method used to delimitate urban heat island[J].Journal of GeoInformation Science,2009,11(2):145-150.
[16]Tran H,Uchihama D,Ochi S,et al.Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2006,8(1):34-48.
[17]Kalnay E,Cai M.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate[J].Nature,2003,423(6939):528-531.DOI:10.1038/nature01675.
[18]Turkoglu N.Analysis of urban effects on soil temperature in Ankara[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2010,169(1/2/3/4):439-450.
[19]Wu C D,Lung S C,Jan J F.Development of a 3-D urbanization index using digital terrain models for surface urban heat island effects[J].ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing,2013,81:1-11.DOI:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.03.009.
[20]Hu W M,Zhou W J,He H S.The effect of land-use intensity on surface temperature in the Dongting Lake Area,China[J].Advances in Meteorology,2015(2):1-11.
[21]Brom J,Nedbal V,Procházka J,et al.Changes in vegetation cover,moisture properties and surface temperature of a brown coal dump from 1984 to 2009 using satellite data analysis[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,43(7):45-52.
[22]张苗,甘臣林,陈银蓉,等.中国城市建设用地开发强度的碳排放效率分析与低碳优化[J].资源科学,2016,38(2):52-63.Zhang M,Gan C L,Chen Y R,et al.Carbon emission efficiency and optimization of low carbon for construction land development intensity in China according to provincial panel data[J].Resources Science,2016,38(2):52-63.
[23]赵志敏.城市化进程对城市热岛效应因子的对比分析[J].中国环境监测,2008,24(6):77-79.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2008.06.018.Zhao Z M.The analyse on urban heat-island effect factors and the countermeasures on the issue[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2008,24(6):77-79.
[24]历华,曾永年,柳钦火.基于遥感的长沙市城市热岛与土地利用/覆盖变化研究[J].国土资源遥感,2008,28(4):47-52.Li H,Zeng Y N,Liu Q H.A remote sensing imagebased study of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes in Changsha city[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2008,28(4):47-52.
[25]徐涵秋.基于城市地表参数变化的城市热岛效应分析[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3 890-3 901.Xu H Q.Analysis on urban heat island effect based on the dynamics of urban surface biophysical descriptors[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(14):3 890-3 901.
[26]牟雪洁,赵昕奕.珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系[J].地理研究,2012,31(9):1 589-1 597.Mou X J,Zhao X Y.Study on the relationship between surface temperature and land use in Pearl River Delta[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(9):1 589-1 597.
[27]宋艳暾,余世孝,李楠,等.深圳特区表面温度空间分异特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(4):1 489-1 498.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.04.028.Song Y T,Yu S X,Li N,et al.Spatial structure of the surface temperature in Shenzhen,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(4):1 489-1 498.
[28]崔崟崟.武汉市城市森林空间布局与热岛效应关系研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.Cui Y Y.Study on relationships between the urban forest spatial location and heat island effect in Wuhan[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.
[29]Asgarian A,Amiri B J,Sakieh Y.Assessing the effect of green cover spatial patterns on urban land surface temperature using landscape metrics approach[J].Urban Ecosystems,2015(18):209-222.
[30]王敏,孟浩,白杨,等.上海市土地利用空间格局与地表温度关系研究[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(2):343-350.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2013.02.028.Wang M,Meng H,Bai Y,et al.Relationships between landscapes spatial pattern and land surface temperature in Shanghai[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(2):343-350.
[31]陈爱莲,孙然好,陈利顶.传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2 077-2 086.Chen A L,Sun R H,Chen L D.Applicability of traditional landscape metrics in evaluating urban heat island effect[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2 077-2 086.
[2]Zhou W Q,Qian Y G,Li X M,et al.Relationships between land cover and the surface urban heat island:seasonal variability and effects of spatial and thematic resolution of land cover data on predicting land surfacetemperatures[J].Landscape Ecology,2014(29):153-167.
[3]Song J,Du S H,Feng X,et al.The relationships between landscape compositions and land surface temperature:quantifying their resolution sensitivity with spatial regression models[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2014(123):145-157.
[4]Zhou W Q,Huang G L,Cadenasso M L.Does spatial configuration matter?Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,102(1):54-63.
[5]Maimaitiyiming M,Ghulam A,Tiyip T,et al.Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature:Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation[J].Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry&Remote Sensing,2014,89(3):59-66.
[6]Li X M,Zhou W Q,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Spatial pattern of greenspace affects land surface temperature:evidence from the heavily urbanized Beijing metropolitan area,China[J].Landscape Ecology,2012,27(6):887-898.DOI:10.1007/s10980-012-9731-6.
[7]刘宇峰,原志华,孔伟,等.1993-2012年西安城区城市热岛效应强度变化趋势及影响因素分析[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(6):974-985.Liu Y F,Yuan Z H,Kong W,et al.The Changing Trend of heat island intensity and main influencing factors during 1993-2012 in Xi'an City[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(6):974-985.
[8]杨英宝,苏伟忠,江南,等.南京市热岛效应变化时空特征及其与土地利用变化的关系[J].地理研究,2007,26(5):877-876.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2007.05.003.Yang Y B,Su W Z,Jiang N,et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics of urban heat island effect change of Nanjing city and its relation with land use change[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(5):877-876.
[9]黄嘉佑,刘小宁,李庆祥.中国南方沿海地区城市热岛效应与人口的关系研究[J].热带气象学报,2004,20(6):713-722.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2004.06.012.Huang J Y,Liu X N,Li Q X.The study of relationship between heat island effect and population in cities over south of China[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2004,20(6):713-722.
[10]孙常峰,孔繁花,尹海伟,等.山区夏季地表温度的影响因素--以泰山为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3 396-3 404.Sun C F,Kong F H,Yin H W,et al.Analysis of factors affecting mountainous land surface temperature in the summer:a case study over Mount Tai[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3 396-3 404.
[11]侯光雷,张洪岩,王野乔,等.基于MODIS数据的吉林省中部地表温度反演及空间分布研究[J].地理科学,2010,30(3):421-427.Hou G L,Zhang H Y,Wang Y Q,et al.Retrieval and spatial distribution of land surface temperature in the middle part of Jilin Province based on MODIS data[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(3):421-427.
[12]Bailey R G.Ecosystem Geography[M].New York:Springer,2009.
[13]方刚.基于Landsat 8卫星影像和地表参数的宿州市城市热岛效应分析[J].土壤通报,2014(5):1 241-1 246.Fang G.Analysis of the urban heat island effect in Suzhou based on the surface parameters and the landsat 8satellite image[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014(5):1 241-1 246.
[14]王刚,管东生.植被覆盖度和归一化湿度指数对热力景观格局的影响--以广州为例[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(9):2 429-2 436.Wang G,Guan D S.Effects of vegetation cover and normalized difference moisture index on thermal landscape pattern:a case study of Guangzhou,South China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(9):2 429-2 436.
[15]陈松林,王天星.等间距法和均值-标准差法界定城市热岛的对比研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(2):145-150.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1560-8999.2009.02.002.Chen S L,Wang T X.Comparison Analyses of equal interval method and mean-standard deviation method used to delimitate urban heat island[J].Journal of GeoInformation Science,2009,11(2):145-150.
[16]Tran H,Uchihama D,Ochi S,et al.Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2006,8(1):34-48.
[17]Kalnay E,Cai M.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate[J].Nature,2003,423(6939):528-531.DOI:10.1038/nature01675.
[18]Turkoglu N.Analysis of urban effects on soil temperature in Ankara[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2010,169(1/2/3/4):439-450.
[19]Wu C D,Lung S C,Jan J F.Development of a 3-D urbanization index using digital terrain models for surface urban heat island effects[J].ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing,2013,81:1-11.DOI:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.03.009.
[20]Hu W M,Zhou W J,He H S.The effect of land-use intensity on surface temperature in the Dongting Lake Area,China[J].Advances in Meteorology,2015(2):1-11.
[21]Brom J,Nedbal V,Procházka J,et al.Changes in vegetation cover,moisture properties and surface temperature of a brown coal dump from 1984 to 2009 using satellite data analysis[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,43(7):45-52.
[22]张苗,甘臣林,陈银蓉,等.中国城市建设用地开发强度的碳排放效率分析与低碳优化[J].资源科学,2016,38(2):52-63.Zhang M,Gan C L,Chen Y R,et al.Carbon emission efficiency and optimization of low carbon for construction land development intensity in China according to provincial panel data[J].Resources Science,2016,38(2):52-63.
[23]赵志敏.城市化进程对城市热岛效应因子的对比分析[J].中国环境监测,2008,24(6):77-79.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2008.06.018.Zhao Z M.The analyse on urban heat-island effect factors and the countermeasures on the issue[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2008,24(6):77-79.
[24]历华,曾永年,柳钦火.基于遥感的长沙市城市热岛与土地利用/覆盖变化研究[J].国土资源遥感,2008,28(4):47-52.Li H,Zeng Y N,Liu Q H.A remote sensing imagebased study of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes in Changsha city[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2008,28(4):47-52.
[25]徐涵秋.基于城市地表参数变化的城市热岛效应分析[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3 890-3 901.Xu H Q.Analysis on urban heat island effect based on the dynamics of urban surface biophysical descriptors[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(14):3 890-3 901.
[26]牟雪洁,赵昕奕.珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系[J].地理研究,2012,31(9):1 589-1 597.Mou X J,Zhao X Y.Study on the relationship between surface temperature and land use in Pearl River Delta[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(9):1 589-1 597.
[27]宋艳暾,余世孝,李楠,等.深圳特区表面温度空间分异特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(4):1 489-1 498.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.04.028.Song Y T,Yu S X,Li N,et al.Spatial structure of the surface temperature in Shenzhen,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(4):1 489-1 498.
[28]崔崟崟.武汉市城市森林空间布局与热岛效应关系研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.Cui Y Y.Study on relationships between the urban forest spatial location and heat island effect in Wuhan[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.
[29]Asgarian A,Amiri B J,Sakieh Y.Assessing the effect of green cover spatial patterns on urban land surface temperature using landscape metrics approach[J].Urban Ecosystems,2015(18):209-222.
[30]王敏,孟浩,白杨,等.上海市土地利用空间格局与地表温度关系研究[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(2):343-350.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2013.02.028.Wang M,Meng H,Bai Y,et al.Relationships between landscapes spatial pattern and land surface temperature in Shanghai[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(2):343-350.
[31]陈爱莲,孙然好,陈利顶.传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2 077-2 086.Chen A L,Sun R H,Chen L D.Applicability of traditional landscape metrics in evaluating urban heat island effect[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2 077-2 086.
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