新疆荒漠类型特征及其保护利用
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摘要
新疆荒漠具有分布广泛、成因复杂、类型多样等特点。利用新疆数字地貌图结合Landsat卫星TM数据与GIS制图技术,通过长期野外调查结合有关资料编制荒漠类型图,获得荒漠类型面积数据,据此探讨荒漠分布规律、结构特征、形成演变,并提出利用和保护荒漠的建议。结果显示:(1)新疆荒漠具有水平地带性分布与垂直地带性分布的规律及非地带性分布特点,荒漠多分布于干旱程度较高的南疆和东部吐鲁番及哈密地区,东部荒漠占新疆面积的45. 86%,占东部区域面积的91. 77%。(2)荒漠分布广,面积大,总面积达1. 31×106km2,占新疆面积的80. 55%。荒漠类型面积最大的是沙漠为42. 7×104km2,占荒漠面积32. 49%,泥漠面积仅1. 06×104km2,占0. 81%。(3)荒漠类型复杂多样,成因各异,有沙漠、砾漠、盐漠等11种类型,分别主要由气候、地貌、地表物质组成、人为作用等因素单独或共同作用所形成。(4)受自然环境变化与人为作用,荒漠类型之间、荒漠类型与其他地物之间可发生演变。(5)各种荒漠类型的要素特征不同,宜合理利用荒漠资源,划分荒漠环境退化敏感区,保护荒漠环境,针对不同荒漠类型采取适应保护措施,以保障区域可持续发展。
The widely distributed deserts in Xinjiang,China are of complex origin and rich types. In order to come up with the desert classification map and obtain the area of each desert type,Xinjiang digital geomorphologic map,Landsat satellite TM data and GIS graphics as well as the long-term field investigation data and other related information,were used. According to the map,the law of distribution,structural characteristics and development of the deserts were expounded. Meanwhile,the problem of desert utilization and protection were discussed. Results and conclusions are as follows:( 1) The Xinjiang deserts are characterized by horizontal zonality and vertical zonality,and are mainly distributed in the south of Xinjiang and the east of Turpan and Hami Prefecture where a high degree of drought exists. The east desert area accounts for 45. 86% and 91. 77% of Xinjiang area and east Xinjiang,respectively.( 2) The deserts are widely distributed in Xinjiang,with a total area of 1. 31 × 106km2 which account for80. 55% of Xinjiang area. From the view of the area of all classified deserts,the sandy desert with an area of 4. 27 ×104km2is the largest one accounting for 32. 49% of the desert areas,while the area of argillaceous desert is only1. 06 × 104km2 occupying 0. 81% of the desert areas.( 3) The desert types are various and their causes of formation are different from each other. In total,there are 11 types of deserts such as sandy desert,gravelly desert,saline desert,etc.,which are mainly formed by a single factor or multiple factors including the climate,terrain,surficial substance,human impact and so on.( 4) It happened during the evolution of a desert that the desert has been changed to a different desert type or having other surface features,due to the effect of natural environment changes and human impact.( 5) The characteristics of desert types are different,so the rational utilization of desert resources,the protection of desert environment based on sensitivity zonality of desert degradation,and the adoption of specific protective measures to different desert types are necessary to safeguard the regional sustainable development.
The widely distributed deserts in Xinjiang,China are of complex origin and rich types. In order to come up with the desert classification map and obtain the area of each desert type,Xinjiang digital geomorphologic map,Landsat satellite TM data and GIS graphics as well as the long-term field investigation data and other related information,were used. According to the map,the law of distribution,structural characteristics and development of the deserts were expounded. Meanwhile,the problem of desert utilization and protection were discussed. Results and conclusions are as follows:( 1) The Xinjiang deserts are characterized by horizontal zonality and vertical zonality,and are mainly distributed in the south of Xinjiang and the east of Turpan and Hami Prefecture where a high degree of drought exists. The east desert area accounts for 45. 86% and 91. 77% of Xinjiang area and east Xinjiang,respectively.( 2) The deserts are widely distributed in Xinjiang,with a total area of 1. 31 × 106km2 which account for80. 55% of Xinjiang area. From the view of the area of all classified deserts,the sandy desert with an area of 4. 27 ×104km2is the largest one accounting for 32. 49% of the desert areas,while the area of argillaceous desert is only1. 06 × 104km2 occupying 0. 81% of the desert areas.( 3) The desert types are various and their causes of formation are different from each other. In total,there are 11 types of deserts such as sandy desert,gravelly desert,saline desert,etc.,which are mainly formed by a single factor or multiple factors including the climate,terrain,surficial substance,human impact and so on.( 4) It happened during the evolution of a desert that the desert has been changed to a different desert type or having other surface features,due to the effect of natural environment changes and human impact.( 5) The characteristics of desert types are different,so the rational utilization of desert resources,the protection of desert environment based on sensitivity zonality of desert degradation,and the adoption of specific protective measures to different desert types are necessary to safeguard the regional sustainable development.
引文
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[3]张煜星.论荒漠与荒漠化程度评价[J].干旱区研究,1996,13(2):77-80.[ZHANG Yuxing. A discussion on desert and evaluation of desertification[J]. Arid Zone Research,1996,13(2):77-80.]
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[6]杨发相,穆桂金,岳健,等.干旱区绿洲的成因类型及演变[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):70-75.[YANG Faxiang,MU Guijin,YUE Jian,et al. Formation causes and evolution of oases in arid areas[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006,29(1):70-75.]
[7]季方.塔里木盆地荒漠类型及抗风蚀特征初探[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):16-19.[JI Fang. Preliminary study on desert types and their anti-wind erosion characteristics in Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):16-19.]
[8]吴吉龙,杨发相,周杰,等.策勒河流域荒漠类型特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(5):803-811.[WU Jilong,YANG Faxiang,ZHOU Jie,et al. Desert types and characteristics in the Qira River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(5):803-811.]
[9]张志伟,杨发相,吴吉龙,等.新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构[J].干旱区研究,2014,37(4):763-770.[ZHANG Zhiwei,YANG Faxiang,WU Jilong,et al. Spatial distribution patterns and types structure of the deserts in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research,2014,37(4):763-770.]
[10]杨发相,桂东伟,岳健,等.干旱区荒漠分类系统探讨——以新疆为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(11):145-151.[YANG Faxiang,GUI Dongwei,YUE Jian,et al. A discussion on classification system of desert in arid land[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(11):145-151.]
[11]杨发相.新疆地貌及其环境效应[M].北京:地质出版社,2011:164-170.[YANG Faxiang. The geomorphology and environmental effects in Xinjiang[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2011:164-170.]
[12]冯益明,智长贵,姚爱冬.基于决策树的戈壁信息提取研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(1):125-130.[FENG Yiming,ZHI Changgui,YAO Aidong. Gobi information extraction based on decision tree classification method[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(1):125-130.]
[13]唐进年,苏志珠,丁峰.库姆塔格沙漠的形成时代与演化[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(3):325-333.[TANG Jinnian,SU Zhizhu,DING Feng. Formative age and evolution of Kumtagh Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(3):325-333.]
[14]董光荣,申建友,金炯.试论全球气候变化与沙漠化的关系[J].第四纪研究,1990,10(1):91-98.[DONG Guangrong,SHEN Jianyou,JIN Jiong. On the relationship between the global climate change and desertification[J]. Quaternary Research,1990,10(1):91-98.]
[15]徐贵青,魏文寿.新疆气候变化及其对生态环境的影响[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):14-18.[XU Guiqing,WEI Wenshou.Climate change of Xinjiang and its impact on eco-enviroment[J].Arid Land Geography,2004,27(1):14-18.]
[16]陈隆亨.荒漠绿洲的形成条件和过程[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):49-57.[CHEN Longheng. Formation conditions and processes of desert oases[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1995,9(3):49-57.]
[17]樊自立,马英杰,沈玉玲.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):10-16.[FAN Zili,MA Yingjie,SHEN Yuling. On formation,evolution and sustainable development of artificial oasis ecosystem in desert area in China[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(1):10-16.]
[2]陈昌笃,张立运.中国的极旱荒漠[J].干旱区研究,1986,3(2):6-8.[CHEN Changdu,ZHANG Liyun. Extremely arid desert in China[J]. Arid Zone Research,1986,3(2):6-8.]
[3]张煜星.论荒漠与荒漠化程度评价[J].干旱区研究,1996,13(2):77-80.[ZHANG Yuxing. A discussion on desert and evaluation of desertification[J]. Arid Zone Research,1996,13(2):77-80.]
[4]王涛,陈广庭.中国的沙漠、戈壁[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2008:3-6.[WANG Tao,CHEN Guangting. The desert and gobi in China[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing House,2008:3-6.]
[5]穆桂金,刘嘉麒.绿洲演变及其调控因素初析[J].第四纪地质,2000,20(6):539-547.[MU Guijin,LIU Jiaqi. An analysis of the Oasis evolution and its control factors[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(6):539-547.]
[6]杨发相,穆桂金,岳健,等.干旱区绿洲的成因类型及演变[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):70-75.[YANG Faxiang,MU Guijin,YUE Jian,et al. Formation causes and evolution of oases in arid areas[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006,29(1):70-75.]
[7]季方.塔里木盆地荒漠类型及抗风蚀特征初探[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):16-19.[JI Fang. Preliminary study on desert types and their anti-wind erosion characteristics in Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):16-19.]
[8]吴吉龙,杨发相,周杰,等.策勒河流域荒漠类型特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(5):803-811.[WU Jilong,YANG Faxiang,ZHOU Jie,et al. Desert types and characteristics in the Qira River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(5):803-811.]
[9]张志伟,杨发相,吴吉龙,等.新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构[J].干旱区研究,2014,37(4):763-770.[ZHANG Zhiwei,YANG Faxiang,WU Jilong,et al. Spatial distribution patterns and types structure of the deserts in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research,2014,37(4):763-770.]
[10]杨发相,桂东伟,岳健,等.干旱区荒漠分类系统探讨——以新疆为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(11):145-151.[YANG Faxiang,GUI Dongwei,YUE Jian,et al. A discussion on classification system of desert in arid land[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(11):145-151.]
[11]杨发相.新疆地貌及其环境效应[M].北京:地质出版社,2011:164-170.[YANG Faxiang. The geomorphology and environmental effects in Xinjiang[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2011:164-170.]
[12]冯益明,智长贵,姚爱冬.基于决策树的戈壁信息提取研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(1):125-130.[FENG Yiming,ZHI Changgui,YAO Aidong. Gobi information extraction based on decision tree classification method[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(1):125-130.]
[13]唐进年,苏志珠,丁峰.库姆塔格沙漠的形成时代与演化[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(3):325-333.[TANG Jinnian,SU Zhizhu,DING Feng. Formative age and evolution of Kumtagh Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(3):325-333.]
[14]董光荣,申建友,金炯.试论全球气候变化与沙漠化的关系[J].第四纪研究,1990,10(1):91-98.[DONG Guangrong,SHEN Jianyou,JIN Jiong. On the relationship between the global climate change and desertification[J]. Quaternary Research,1990,10(1):91-98.]
[15]徐贵青,魏文寿.新疆气候变化及其对生态环境的影响[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):14-18.[XU Guiqing,WEI Wenshou.Climate change of Xinjiang and its impact on eco-enviroment[J].Arid Land Geography,2004,27(1):14-18.]
[16]陈隆亨.荒漠绿洲的形成条件和过程[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):49-57.[CHEN Longheng. Formation conditions and processes of desert oases[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1995,9(3):49-57.]
[17]樊自立,马英杰,沈玉玲.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):10-16.[FAN Zili,MA Yingjie,SHEN Yuling. On formation,evolution and sustainable development of artificial oasis ecosystem in desert area in China[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(1):10-16.]
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