中国环境风险治理转型:动力机制与推进策略
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摘要
从管理走向治理,是应对中国转型时期环境高风险的必然选择,也是提升环境综合治理能力,进而推动国家治理能力与治理体系现代化的重要保障。基于风险治理的研究视角,以中国环境风险治理转型的缘由为研究出发点,重点关注转型背后的动力机制,并据此提出四个具体的推进策略。通过研究发现,环境风险治理转型的动力机制只有依赖于外部动力与内部动力的有效对接与耦合,才能实现合法性与有效性的统一。其中,外部动力包括环境风险诉求的拉力、国家价值认知变迁的引导力、传统风险管理体制的压力以及风险治理理论的支撑力;内部动力包括利益需求的驱动力、参与激励的推动力与治理能力的保障力。
The change from management to governance is the inevitable choice to deal with the high risk of the environment in China's transition period,and also an important guarantee for enhancing the ability of comprehensive environmental governance and for promoting the modernization of the national governance capacity and system.Based on the research perspective of risk governance,this paper takes the causes of the transformation of China's environmental risk governance as the starting point,focuses on the dynamic mechanism behind the transformation,and puts forward four specific strategies.The study found that for the dynamic mechanism of the transformation of environmental risk governance,only the effective docking and coupling of external power and internal power can realize the unity of legitimacy and effectiveness.The external power includes the pull of environmental risk demand,the guidance of the change of national value cognition,the pressure of the traditional risk management system and the support of the theory of risk governance;the internal power includes the driving force of the interest demand and the incentive participation and the guarantee of the governance ability.
The change from management to governance is the inevitable choice to deal with the high risk of the environment in China's transition period,and also an important guarantee for enhancing the ability of comprehensive environmental governance and for promoting the modernization of the national governance capacity and system.Based on the research perspective of risk governance,this paper takes the causes of the transformation of China's environmental risk governance as the starting point,focuses on the dynamic mechanism behind the transformation,and puts forward four specific strategies.The study found that for the dynamic mechanism of the transformation of environmental risk governance,only the effective docking and coupling of external power and internal power can realize the unity of legitimacy and effectiveness.The external power includes the pull of environmental risk demand,the guidance of the change of national value cognition,the pressure of the traditional risk management system and the support of the theory of risk governance;the internal power includes the driving force of the interest demand and the incentive participation and the guarantee of the governance ability.
引文
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[39]朱正威,刘泽照,张小明.国际风险治理:理论、模态与趋势[J].中国行政管理,2014(4).
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[41]吴结兵,沈台凤.社会组织促进居民主动参与社会治理研究[J].管理世界,2015(8).
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[44]Jardine,C.,S.Hrudey,J.Shortreed,et al.Risk management frameworks for human health and environmental risks[J].Journal of Toxicology&Environmental Health Part B,2003(6).
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[46]Failing,L.,R.Gregory,M.Harstone.Integrating science and local knowledge in environmental risk management:A decision-focused approach[J].Ecological Economics,2007(1).
[2]严燕,刘祖云.风险社会理论范式下中国“环境冲突”问题及其协同治理[J].南京师大学报(社会科学版),2014(3).
[3]何增科.政府治理现代化与政府治理改革[J].行政科学论坛,2014(2).
[4][德]乌尔里希·贝克.自由与资本主义[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001.
[5]郭永龙,刘红涛,蔡志杰.论工业建设项目的环境风险及其评价[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2002(2).
[6]Benn,S.,D.Dunphy,A.Martin.Governance of environmental risk:New approaches to managing stakeholder involvement[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009(4).
[7]Renn,O.,P.J.Schweizer.Inclusive risk governance:Concepts and application to environmental policy making[J].Environmental Policy&Governance,2009(3).
[8]J9nsson,A.M.,M.Bostr9m,M.Dreyer,et al.Risk communication and the role of the public:Towards inclusive environmental governance of the Baltic Sea[J].Netherlands Journal of Zoology,2016(1).
[9]许伟宁,宋永会,袁鹏.“四位一体”环境风险管理体系构建路径[J].环境保护,2014(14).
[10]王金南,曹国志,曹东,等.国家环境风险防控与管理体系框架构建[J].中国环境科学,2013(1).
[11]史培军.环境风险管理及其应用[J].管理世界,1993(4).
[12]王芳.合作与制衡:环境风险的复合型治理初论[J].学习与实践,2016(5).
[13]刘超.海底可燃冰开发环境风险多元共治之论证与路径展开[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017(8).
[14]沈一兵.从环境风险到社会危机的演化机理及其治理对策——以我国十起典型环境群体性事件为例[J].华东理工大学学报(社会科学版),2015(6).
[15]黄中显.环境风险治理碎片化与社会合作治理机制的生成[J].学术论坛,2016(4).
[16]刘超.环境风险行政规制的断裂与统合[J].法学评论,2013(3).
[17]薛桂波.从“后常规科学”看环境风险治理的技治主义误区[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2014(1).
[18]肖巍,钱箭星.环境风险中的科技缺陷[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2008(1).
[19]白卫国.环境风险治理中三方不完全信息动态博弈研究[J].城市与环境研究,2016(2).
[20]朱德米,平辉艳.环境风险转变社会风险的演化机制及其应对[J].南京社会科学,2013(7).
[21]张海柱.科技论争与公众参与:环境风险研究中的公民身份议题[J].公共行政评论,2017(5).
[22]蔡文灿.论环境风险治理中公众与专家的分歧与弥合[J].华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017(6).
[23]华智亚.风险沟通与风险型环境群体性事件的应对[J].人文杂志,2014(5).
[24]陈海嵩,陶晨.我国风险环境治理中的府际关系:问题及改进[J].南京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2012(3).
[25]程杞国.从管理到治理:观念、逻辑、方法[J].南京社会科学,2001(9).
[26]詹承豫.转型期中国的风险特征及其有效治理——以环境风险治理为例[J].马克思主义与现实,2014(6).
[27]戚建刚.风险规制过程合法性之证成——以公众和专家的风险知识运用为视角[J].法商研究,2009(5).
[28]朱亚鹏,丁淑娟.政策属性与中国社会政策创新的扩散研究[J].社会学研究,2016(5).
[29]曾繁旭,戴佳,王宇琦.技术风险VS感知风险:传播过程与风险社会放大[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2015(3).
[30]Irwin,A.Citizen science,a study of people,expertise and sustainable development[J].Choice,1998(1).
[31]UNDP Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery.Reducing Disaster Risk:A Challenge for Development.A Global Report[M].New York:John S.Swift Co.,2004.
[32]Gunningham,N.,P.Grabosky,D.Sinclair.Smart regulation:An institutional perspective[J].Law and Policy,1998(4).
[33]詹承豫.风险治理的阶段划分及关键要素——基于综合应急、食品安全和学校安全的分析[J].中国行政管理,2016(6).
[34]陶希东.跨界治理:中国社会公共治理的战略选择[J].学术月刊,2011(8).
[35]张海柱.科技论争与公众参与:环境风险研究中的公民身份议题[J].公共行政评论,2017(5).
[36]Leach,M,I.Scoones,B.Wynne.Science and Citizens:Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement[M].London/New York:Zed Books,2005.
[37]张英菊.环境风险治理主体、原因及对策[J].人民论坛,2014(26).
[38]郝辽钢,刘健西.激励理论研究的新趋势[J].北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),2003(5).
[39]朱正威,刘泽照,张小明.国际风险治理:理论、模态与趋势[J].中国行政管理,2014(4).
[40]张成福,谢一帆.风险社会及其有效治理的战略[J].中国人民大学学报,2009(5).
[41]吴结兵,沈台凤.社会组织促进居民主动参与社会治理研究[J].管理世界,2015(8).
[42]Chaker,A.,K.El-Fadl,L.Chamas,et al.A review of strategic environmental assessment in 12selected countries[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2006(1).
[43]张成福,陈占锋,谢一帆.风险社会与风险治理[J].教学与研究,2009(5).
[44]Jardine,C.,S.Hrudey,J.Shortreed,et al.Risk management frameworks for human health and environmental risks[J].Journal of Toxicology&Environmental Health Part B,2003(6).
[45]毕军,马宗伟,刘苗苗,等.我国环境风险管理的现状与重点[J].环境保护,2017(5).
[46]Failing,L.,R.Gregory,M.Harstone.Integrating science and local knowledge in environmental risk management:A decision-focused approach[J].Ecological Economics,2007(1).
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