赤道太平洋海域上层海洋热含量及其变化机制的诊断分析
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摘要
基于1992—2015年国际共享的ECCO v4 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4)同化产品,利用热含量控制方程定量地诊断赤道太平洋(118°E—75°W, 5°S—5°N, 0～300m)和Ni?o 3.4区(170°W—120°W, 5°S—5°N,0～80m)这两块区域热含量变化机制。对于去掉季节平均后的年际变化,在赤道太平洋地区,时间趋势项主要由经向输送和海表热通量项共同驱动。通过5°N断面的输送决定了时间趋势项的幅值和正负符号。在Ni?o3.4区,时间趋势项主要由海表热通量项和热量输送项共同驱动,其中垂向输送对总输送贡献最大。赤道太平洋地区经向热量输送异常领先于Ni?o3.4区垂向热量输送异常,这解释了在年际尺度上赤道太平洋热含量异常领先Ni?o3.4指数变化的原因。尽管EP(Eastern Pattern)型El Ni?o和CP(Central Pattern)型El Ni?o有许多不同之处,合成分析表明,两类El Ni?o的共同点为:在赤道太平洋地区,两类El Ni?o事件的热量输送异常在发展期和衰退期由经向输送主导;在Ni?o 3.4区, EP型El Ni?o和CP型El Ni?o的热量输送在发展期和衰退期由垂向输送主导。
The ECCO v4 outputs from 1992 to 2015 is used to diagnose the heat content change in the equatorial Pacific box(118°E-75°W, 5°S-5°N, 0-300 m) and the Ni?o 3.4 box(170°-120°W, 5°S-5°N, 0-80 m). In the interannual time scale after removing the seasonal cycle, the temperature tendency term is driven by meridional heat transport and balanced by the surface heat flux term in the equatorial Pacific box. The transport across 5°N plays a dominant role in determining the magnitude and sign of temperature tendency term. For the Ni?o 3.4 box, the temperature tendency term of heat content is driven by the heat transport term and balanced by the surface heat flux term, with vertical transport playing an important role. The meridional heat transport of the equatorial Pacific box leads the vertical heat transport of the Ni?o 3.4 box on the interannual time scale, which explains why the heat content change of the equatorial Pacific leads the Ni?o 3.4 SST change by several months during the ENSO(El Nino-Southern Oscillation). Though there are subtle differences between the eastern Pacific and central Pacific ENSO events, two types of ENSO bear similarities in terms of heat content change mechanism. For the equatorial Pacific box, meridional heat transport plays a major role in determining its heat content change. For the Ni?o 3.4 box, vertical transport is the dominant term driving the heat content change in both developing and decaying stages of ENSO events.
The ECCO v4 outputs from 1992 to 2015 is used to diagnose the heat content change in the equatorial Pacific box(118°E-75°W, 5°S-5°N, 0-300 m) and the Ni?o 3.4 box(170°-120°W, 5°S-5°N, 0-80 m). In the interannual time scale after removing the seasonal cycle, the temperature tendency term is driven by meridional heat transport and balanced by the surface heat flux term in the equatorial Pacific box. The transport across 5°N plays a dominant role in determining the magnitude and sign of temperature tendency term. For the Ni?o 3.4 box, the temperature tendency term of heat content is driven by the heat transport term and balanced by the surface heat flux term, with vertical transport playing an important role. The meridional heat transport of the equatorial Pacific box leads the vertical heat transport of the Ni?o 3.4 box on the interannual time scale, which explains why the heat content change of the equatorial Pacific leads the Ni?o 3.4 SST change by several months during the ENSO(El Nino-Southern Oscillation). Though there are subtle differences between the eastern Pacific and central Pacific ENSO events, two types of ENSO bear similarities in terms of heat content change mechanism. For the equatorial Pacific box, meridional heat transport plays a major role in determining its heat content change. For the Ni?o 3.4 box, vertical transport is the dominant term driving the heat content change in both developing and decaying stages of ENSO events.
引文
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吴晓芬,许建平,张启龙,等,2011.基于Argo资料的热带西太平洋上层热含量初步研究[J].海洋预报,28(4):76-86.WUXIAOFEN,XU JIANPING,ZHANG QILONG,et al,2011 Apreliminary study on upper ocean heat content of tropical Western Pacific[J].Marine Forecasts,28(4):76-86(in Chinese with English abstract).
徐淑雯,智协飞,王晓春,2016.两类El Ni?o发生前期大气海洋状况的对比分析[J].热带气象学报,32(5):668-677.XUSHUWEN,ZHI XIEFEI,WANG XIAOCHUN,2016.Comparative analysis of atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the occurrence of two types of El Ni?o events[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,32(5):668-677(in Chinese with English abstract).
徐腾飞,周慧,2016.海洋再分析资料中IOD-ENSO遥相关的海洋通道机制分析[J].海洋学报,38(12):23-35.XUTENGFEI,ZHOU HUI,2016.Oceanic channel dynamics of the IOD-ENSO teleconnection in oceanic reanalysis datasets[J].Haiyang Xuebao,38(12):23-35(in Chinese with English abstract).
BJERKNES J,1969.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific[J].Monthly Weather Review,97(3):163-172.
BOWEN M,JORDAN M,SUTTON P,et al,2016.Interannual variability of sea surface temperature in the Southwest Pacific and the Role of ocean dynamics[J].Journal of Climate,30(18):7481-7492.
FORGET G,CAMPIN J M,HEIMBACH P,et al,2015.ECCOversion 4:an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation[J].Geoscientific Model Development Discussion,8(5):3653-3743.
HALPERN D,MENEMENLIS D,WANG XIAOCHUN,2015.Impact of data assimilation on ECCO2 equatorial undercurrent and North Equatorial Countercurrent in the Pacific Ocean[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,32(1):131-143.
HU DUNXIN,WU LIXIN,CAI WENJU,et al,2015.Pacific western boundary currents and their roles in climate[J].Nature,552(7556):299-308.
JIN FEIFEI,1997.An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO.Part I:conceptual model[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,54(7):811-829.
KIM S B,FUKUMORI I,LEE T,2006.The closure of the ocean mixed layer temperature budget using level-coordinate model fields[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,23(6):840-853.
KIM S B,LEE T,FUKUMORI I,2007.Mechanisms controlling the interannual variation of mixed Layer temperature averaged over the Nio?-3 region[J].Journal of Climate,20(15):3822-3843.
KUG J S,JIN FEIFEI,AN S I,2009.Two types of El Ni?o events:cold tongue El Ni?o and warm pool El Ni?o[J].Journal of Climate,22(6):1499-1515.
LEE T,FUKUMORI I,TANG BENYANG,2004.Temperature advection:internal versus external processes[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(8):1936-1944.
LEE T,MICHAEL J M,2010.Increasing intensity of El Nino in the central-equatorial Pacific[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(14):L14603,doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
MEINEN C S,MCPHADEN M J,2000.Observations of warm water volume changes in the equatorial pacific and their relationship to El Ni?o and La Ni?a[J].Journal of Climate,13(20):3551-3559.
REN HONGLI,JIN FEIFEI,2011.Ni?o indices for two types of ENSO[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(4):L04704,doi:10.1029/2010GL046031.
TAKAHASHI K,MONTECINOS A,GOUBANOVA K,et al,2011.ENSO regimes:reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Ni?o[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(10):L10707,doi:10.1029/2011GL047364.
THOMPSON P R,PIECUCH C G,MERRIFIELD M A,et al,2016.Forcing of recent decadal variability in the Equatorial and North Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,121(9):6762-6778.
WANG XIAOCHUN,JIN FEIFEI,WANG YUQING,2003.Atropical ocean recharge mechanism for climate variability.Part II:a unified theory for decadal and ENSO modes[J].Journal of Climate,16(22):3599-3616.
WYRTKI K,1975.El Ni?o-the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,5(4):572-584.
XIANG BAOQIANG,WANG BIN,LI T,2013.A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s[J].Climate Dynamics,41(2):327-340.
YU JINYI,KAO H Y,LEE T,et al,2011.Subsurface ocean temperature indices for central-pacific and eastern-pacific types of El Ni?o and La Ni?a events[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,103(3-4):337-344.
ZEBIAK S,CANE M A,1987.A model El Ni?o-southern oscillation[J].Monthly Weather Review,115(10):2262-2278.
ZHANG YING,DU YAN,ZHANG YUHONG,et al,2016.Asymmetry of upper ocean salinity response to the Indian Ocean dipole events as seen from ECCO simulation[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(7):42-49.
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