中美淡水生物对氨氮的物种敏感度对比分析
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摘要
参照美国水生生物基准制定技术指南,搜集、筛选了氨氮对我国和美国淡水水生生物(包括鱼类、溞类和贝类等)的急性和慢性毒性数据,并补充开展了氨氮对我国本土贝类——河蚬和中华圆田螺的急性毒性试验,统一将氨氮毒性数据调整至标准水质条件下(T=20℃,pH=7.0),对中美淡水生物对氨氮的物种敏感性进行了比较,计算了中美氨氮水质急性基准阈值。结果表明:我国物种相比美国物种对氨氮的敏感性整体较弱,但标准水质条件下中美两国的氨氮基准阈值接近(中国为0.84 mg·L-1,美国为0.79 mg·L-1)。贝类在各淡水生物类群中对氨氮的物种敏感性最高,大致排序为贝类>鱼类>溞类,我国鱼类和贝类的敏感性比美国相对较弱,溞类差异不明显。贝类幼体对氨氮的敏感性远高于成体,建议氨氮基准研究中使用贝类幼体进行测试。
Species sensitivity analysis is important for the establishment of water quality criteria(WQC). According to the United States technical guidelines for the development of aquatic life, acute and chronic toxicity data of ammonia to freshwater species(including fish,daphnia, and shellfish)in China and the USA were collected. Ammonia toxicity tests for local mollusks, Corbicula fluminea and Cipangopaludina cahayensis were performed. The ammonia toxicity data were all normalized to the baseline condition(T=20 ℃, pH=7.0)and the species sensitivity distribution was compared between China and the USA. The acute ammonia criteria of China and the USA were calculated. The results showed that:The overall Chinese species sensitivity to ammonia was weaker than those from the USA. However, the difference of ammonia WQC under baseline conditions between China and the USA was small(China:0.84 mg·L-1; USA:0.79 mg·L-1). Mollusks have the highest species sensitivity to ammonia of all freshwater species, in the order of mollusks > fishes > daphnia. The species sensitivity of fishes and shellfishes of China was weaker than that of the USA, whereas the differences in daphnia were not significant. In addition, shellfish larvae were more sensitive to ammonia than adults. Thus, toxicity data of mollusk larvae should be prioritized for the development of ammonia criteria.
Species sensitivity analysis is important for the establishment of water quality criteria(WQC). According to the United States technical guidelines for the development of aquatic life, acute and chronic toxicity data of ammonia to freshwater species(including fish,daphnia, and shellfish)in China and the USA were collected. Ammonia toxicity tests for local mollusks, Corbicula fluminea and Cipangopaludina cahayensis were performed. The ammonia toxicity data were all normalized to the baseline condition(T=20 ℃, pH=7.0)and the species sensitivity distribution was compared between China and the USA. The acute ammonia criteria of China and the USA were calculated. The results showed that:The overall Chinese species sensitivity to ammonia was weaker than those from the USA. However, the difference of ammonia WQC under baseline conditions between China and the USA was small(China:0.84 mg·L-1; USA:0.79 mg·L-1). Mollusks have the highest species sensitivity to ammonia of all freshwater species, in the order of mollusks > fishes > daphnia. The species sensitivity of fishes and shellfishes of China was weaker than that of the USA, whereas the differences in daphnia were not significant. In addition, shellfish larvae were more sensitive to ammonia than adults. Thus, toxicity data of mollusk larvae should be prioritized for the development of ammonia criteria.
引文
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[2] Fan X, Wang C, Wang P, et al. TiO2 nanoparticles in sediments:Effecton the bioavailability of heavy metals in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 342:41-50.
[3] USEPA. Draft 1999 update aquatic life ambient water quality criteriafor ammonia-freshwater[S]. Washington DC:Office of Water, 1999.
[4] Ankley G T. Influence of pH and hardness on toxicity of ammonia tothe amphipod Hyalella azteca[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1995, 52(10):2078-2083.
[5]章琼,蒋高中,李冰.水产动物对氨氮胁迫响应的转录组分析研究进展[J].江苏农业科学, 2015, 43(3):227-230.ZHANG Qiong, JIANG Gao-zhong, LI Bing. Transcriptome analysis ofresponses of aquatic animals to ammonia stress[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(3):227-230.
[6]陈艳卿,孟伟,武雪芳,等.美国水环境质量基准体系[J].环境科学研究, 2011, 24(4):467-474.CHEN Yan-qing, MENG Wei, WU Xue-fang, et al. Ambient waterquality criteria system in the United States[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(4):467-474.
[7] Powers E B. The goldfish(Carassius carassius)as a test animal in thestudy of toxicity[J]. Urbana,Ⅲ. University of Illinois, 1918, 4(2):69-73.
[8] Shelford V E. An experimental study of the effects of gas waste uponfishes with especial reference to stream pollution[J]. Champaign Illinois Natural History Survey, 1917, 11(4):381-412.
[9] Leeuwen C J V, Vermeire T G. Risk assessment of chemicals:An intro-duction[M]. 2th Edition. The Netherlands, 2007:338-341.
[10] USEPA. Draft 2009 update aquatic life ambient water quality criteriafor ammonia-freshwater[S]. Washington DC:Office of Water, 2009.
[11]赵雪琳,郑小东,孙同秋,等.黄河三角洲河蚬的繁殖生物学研究[J].海洋与湖沼, 2012, 43(5):1008-1015.ZHAO Xue-lin, ZHENG Xiao-dong, SUN Tong-qiu, et al. The repro-ductive biology of Corbicula fluminea from the Yellow River delta[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2012, 43(5):1008-1015.
[12] Clearwater S J, Thompson K J, Hickey C W. Acute toxicity of copper,zinc, and ammonia to larvae of a native freshwater mussel Echyridella menziesii in New Zealand[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2014, 66(2):213-226.
[13]王伟莉,闫振广,何丽,等.五种底栖动物对优控污染物的敏感性评价[J].中国环境科学, 2013, 33(10):1856-1862.WANG Wei-li, YAN Zhen-guang, HE Li, et al. Sensitivity evaluationof five zoobenthos to priority pollutants[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(10):1856-1862.
[14] USEPA. Draft 2013 update aquatic life ambient water quality criteriafor ammonia-freshwater[S]. Washington DC:Office of Water, 2013.
[15]闫振广,孟伟,刘征涛,等.辽河流域氨氮水质基准与应急标准探讨[J].中国环境科学, 2011, 31(11):1829-1835.YAN Zhen-guang, MENG Wei, LIU Zheng-tao, et al. Development ofaquatic life criteria and lash up standard for ammonia in Liao Riverbasin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011, 31(11):1829-1835.
[16]石小荣,李梅,崔益斌,等.以太湖流域为例探讨我国淡水生物氨氮基准[J].环境科学学报, 2012, 32(6):1406-1414.SHI Xiao-rong, LI Mei, CUI Yi-bin, et al. Development of aquatic wa-ter quality criteria for ammonia in freshwater ecosystem of Chinabased on Lake Tai basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(6):1406-1414.
[17] Ingersoll C, Augspurger T, Barnhart C, et al. Standard guide for con-ducting laboratory toxicity tests with freshwater[S]. ASTM, 2006.
[18] Liu Z, Li X, Tai P, et al. Toxicity of ammonia, cadmium, and nitroben-zene to four local fishes in the Liao River, China and the derivation ofsite-specific water quality criteria[J]. Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety, 2017, 147:656-663.
[19]国家环保局.水生生物监测手册[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 1993.National Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic biological moni-toring manual[M]. Nanjing:Southeast University Press, 1993.
[20]环境保护部.淡水水生生物水质基准制定技术指南[S]. 2017.Ministry of Environmental Protection. Technical guideline for deriv-ing water quality criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic organisms[S]. 2017.
[21] Emerson K, Russo R C, Lund R E, et al. Aqueous ammonia equilibri-um calculations:Effect of pH and temperature[J]. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 1975, 32(12):2379-2383.
[22] Hao D U, Wei Q W, Liu J Y, et al. Acute toxicity of phenol, copper,nitrite and total ammonia to juvenile Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis[J]. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 2007, 22(2):118-122.
[23]武玉强,陈学豪,张孝杰,等.非离子氨对文昌鱼的急性毒性影响[J].水产科学, 2012, 31(12):745-748.WU Yu-qiang, CHEN Xue-hao, ZHANG Xiao-jie, et al. Acute toxici-ty of non-ionized ammonia to amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri Gray[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2012, 31(12):745-748.
[24]李昭林,黄云,田芊芊,等.氨氮对青鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究[J].科学养鱼, 2013, 31(5):52-53.LI Zhao-lin, HUANG-Yun, TIAN Qian-qian, et al. Study on acutetoxicity of ammonia to juvenile Mylopharyngodon piceus[J]. Scientific Fish Farming, 2013, 31(5):52-53.
[25]梁健.α-酮戊二酸对草鱼氨氮胁迫的缓解作用研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学, 2014.LIANG Jian. Studies ofα-Ketoglutarate on alleviating ammonia nitro-gen stress of Ctenopharyngodon idellus[D]. Changsha:Hunan Agricul-tural University, 2014.
[26] Zhao J H, Lam T J, Guo J Y. Acute toxicity of ammonia to the earlystage-larvae and juveniles of Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards,1853(Decapoda:Grapsidae)reared in the laboratory[J]. Aquaculture Research, 1997, 27(7):517-525.
[27]杨晶晶,孟祥科,王鑫,等.非离子氨对红鳍东方鲀的急性毒性研究[J].现代农业科技, 2013(6):253-254.YANG Jing-jing, MENG Xiang-ke, WANG Xin, et al. Study on acutetoxicity of non-ionic ammonia on Takifugu rubripes[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013(6):253-254.
[28]闫振广,孟伟,刘征涛,等.我国淡水生物氨氮基准研究[J].环境科学, 2011, 32(6):1564-1570.YAN Zhen-guang, MENG Wei, LIU Zheng-tao, et al. Development offreshwater aquatic life criteria for ammonia in China[J]. Environmental Science, 2011, 32(6):1564-1570.
[29]赵志刚.硝基苯等污染物对4种中国土著水生生物的毒性研究[D].南京:南京大学, 2011.ZHAO Zhi-gang. Toxicity studies of several pollutants on four indige-nous aquatic organisms of China[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011.
[30]张武肖,孙盛明,戈贤平,等.急性氨氮胁迫及毒后恢复对团头鲂幼鱼鳃、肝和肾组织结构的影响[J].水产学报, 2015, 39(2):233-244.ZHANG Wu-xiao, SUN Sheng-ming, GE Xian-ping, et al. Acute ef-fects of ammonia exposure on histopathology of gill liver and kidneyin juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala and the post-exposure recov-ery[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2015, 39(2):233-244.
[31]郝小凤,刘洋,凌去非.氨氮对泥鳅的急性毒性及对其肝、鳃组织超微结构的影响[J].水生态学杂志, 2012, 33(5):101-107.HAO Xiao-feng, LIU Yang, LING Qu-fei. Acute toxicity test of am-monia nitrogen and effects of ammonia-N stress on the ultrastructureof gill and liver of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus[J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2012, 33(5):101-107.
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