Characteristics of volatile organic compounds,NO_2,and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu
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摘要
Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone(O_3) mixing ratio.Observation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), NO_2 and O_3 with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O_3 levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO2, and O_3 were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions,Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O_3 formation.Part of the O_3 in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O_3 episodes,the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 20.20 ppbv and 47.95 ppbv, respectively. In non-O_3 episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 16.38 ppbv and 35.15 ppbv,respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs(TVOCs) was 40.29 ppbv in non-O_3 episodes, which was lower than that in O_3 episodes(53.19 ppbv). Alkenes comprised51.7% of the total O_3 formation potential(OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX(benzene, ethylbenzene,toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O_3 episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone(MEK), and Methylvinylketone(MVK)were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein(MACR) during O_3 episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.
Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone(O_3) mixing ratio.Observation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), NO_2 and O_3 with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O_3 levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO2, and O_3 were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions,Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O_3 formation.Part of the O_3 in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O_3 episodes,the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 20.20 ppbv and 47.95 ppbv, respectively. In non-O_3 episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 16.38 ppbv and 35.15 ppbv,respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs(TVOCs) was 40.29 ppbv in non-O_3 episodes, which was lower than that in O_3 episodes(53.19 ppbv). Alkenes comprised51.7% of the total O_3 formation potential(OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX(benzene, ethylbenzene,toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O_3 episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone(MEK), and Methylvinylketone(MVK)were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein(MACR) during O_3 episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.
Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone(O_3) mixing ratio.Observation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), NO_2 and O_3 with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O_3 levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO2, and O_3 were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions,Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O_3 formation.Part of the O_3 in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O_3 episodes,the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 20.20 ppbv and 47.95 ppbv, respectively. In non-O_3 episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO_2 and O_3 were 16.38 ppbv and 35.15 ppbv,respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs(TVOCs) was 40.29 ppbv in non-O_3 episodes, which was lower than that in O_3 episodes(53.19 ppbv). Alkenes comprised51.7% of the total O_3 formation potential(OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX(benzene, ethylbenzene,toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O_3 episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone(MEK), and Methylvinylketone(MVK)were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein(MACR) during O_3 episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.
引文
An,J.L.,Zhu,B.,Wang,H.,Li,Y.,Lin,X.,Yang,H.,2014.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in an industrial area of Nanjing,Yangtze River Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.97,206-214.
Atkinson,R.,2000.Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx.Rev.Atmos.Environ.34(12-14),2063-2101.
Baertschritter,N.,Keller,J.,Dommen,J.,Prevot,A.S.H.,2003.Effects of various meteorological conditions and spatial emission resolutions on the ozone concentration and ROG/NOx limitation in the Milan area(I).Atmos.Chem.Phys.4(2),733-768.
Barletta,B.,Meinardi,S.,Simpson,I.J.,Zou,S.,Sherwood Rowland,F.,Blake,D.R.,2008.Ambient mixing ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)in two major urban centers of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region:Guangzhou and Dongguan.Atmos.Environ.42(18),4393-4408.
Cai,C.,Geng,F.H.,Tie,X.X.,Yu,Q.,Peng,L.,Zhou,G.Q.,2010.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China.Atmos.Environ.44(38),5005-5014.
Carslaw,D.C.,2015.The Openair Manual-Open-source Tools for Analyzing Air Pollution Data.Manual for Version 1.1-4.King's College London.
Carslaw,D.C.,Ropkins,K.,2012.Openair-an R package for air quality data analysis.J.Environ.Modell.Softw.27-28,52-61.
Carter,W.P.L.,1994.Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds.Air Waste Manag.Assoc.44(7),881-899.
Carter,W.P.L.,2013.Development of an improved chemical speciation database for processing emissions of volatile organic compounds for air quality models.Available:http://www.engr.ucr.edu/~carter/emitdb/,Accessed date:29 July 2016.
Chen,Y.,Xie,S.D.,2012.Temporal and spatial visibility trends in the Sichuan Basin,China,1973 to 2010.J.Atmos.Res.112(112),25-34.
Cheung,K.,Guo,H.,Ou,J.M.,Simpson,I.J.,Barletta,B.,Meinardi,S.,et al.,2014.Diurnal profiles of isoprene,methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone at an urban site in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.84,323-331.
Da Silva,D.B.,Martins,E.M.,Correa,S.M.,2016.Role of carbonyls and aromatics in the formation of tropospheric ozone in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil.Environ.Monit.Assess.188(5),1-13.
Dai,W.T.,Ho,S.S.H.,Ho,K.F.,Liu,W.D.,Cao,J.J.,Lee,S.C.,2012.Seasonal and diurnal variations of mono-and di-carbonyls in Xi'an,China.Atmos.Res.113,102-112.
Feng,T.,Bei,N.F.,Huang,R.J.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,Q.,Zhou,W.J.,et al.,2016.Summertime ozone formation in Xi'an and surrounding areas,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16(7),4323-4342.
Field,R.A.,Soltis,J.,Mccarthy,M.C.,Murphy,S.,Montague,D.C.,2015.Influence of oil and gas field operations on spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons and their effect on ozone formation in winter.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(6),3527-3542.
Guo,H.,Wang,T.,Louie,P.K.K.,2004.Source apportionment of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Hong Kong:application of a principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores(PCA/APCS)receptor model.Environ.Pollut.129(3),489-498.
Guo,H.,Ling,Z.H.,Cheung,K.,Wang,D.W.,Simpson,I.J.,Blake,DR.,2013.Acetone in the atmosphere of Hong Kong:abundance,sources and photochemical precursors.Atmos.Environ.65(65),80-88.
ICF,2007.Greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the city of Toronto towards a harmonized strategy for reducing emissions.Available:http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/ghg-aq-inventory-June2007.pdf,Accessed date:13 August 2013.
Koss,A.R.,De Gouw,J.,Warneke,C.,Gilman,J.B.,Lerner,B.M.,Graus,M.,et al.,2015.Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds associated with oil and natural gas extraction in the Uintah basin,UT,during a wintertime ozone formation event.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(5),6403-6444.
Lau,A.K.H.,Yuan,Z.,Yu,J.Z.,Louie,P.K.K.,2010.Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Hong Kong.Sci.Total Environ.408(19),4138-4149.
Leuchner,M.,Gubo,S.,Schunk,C.,Wastl,C.,Kirchner,M.,Menzel,A.,et al.,2015.Can positive matrix factorization help to understand patterns of organic trace gases at the continental global atmosphere watch site Hohenpeissenberg?Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(3),1221-1236.
Li,L.Y.,Chen,Y.,Zeng,L.M.,Shao,M.,Xie,S.D.,Chen,W.T.,et al.,2014.Biomass burning contribution to ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the Chengdu-Chongqing region(CCR),China.Atmos.Environ.99,403-410.
Li,J.,Xie,S.D.,Zeng,L.M.,Li,L.Y.,Li,Y.Q.,Wu,R.R.,2015.Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Beijing,before,during,and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(8),12453-12490.
Li,K.W.,Chen,L.H.,Ying,F.,White,S.J.,Jang,C.,Wu,X.C.,et al.,2017.Meteorological and chemical impacts on ozone formation:a case study in Hangzhou,China.Atmos.Res.196,40-42.
Li,J.,Zhai,C.Z.,Yu,J.Y.,Liu,R.L.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,et al.,2018.Spatiotemporal variations of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Chongqing,a mountainous megacity in China.Sci.Total Environ.627,1442-1452.
Liu,Y.,Shao,M.,Fu,L.L.,Lu,S.H.,Zeng,L.M.,Tang,D.G.,2008.Source profiles of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)measured in China:part I.Atmos.Environ.42(25),6247-6260.
Lyu,X.P.,Chen,N.,Guo,H.,Zhang,W.H.,Wang,N.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2016.Ambient volatile organic compounds and their effect on ozone production in Wuhan,central China.Sci.Total Environ.541(60),200-209.
Mo,Z.W.,Shao,M.,Lu,S.H.,2016.Compilation of a source profile database for hydrocarbon and OVOC emissions in China.Atmos.Environ.143,209-217.
Ou,J.M.,Zheng,J.Y.,Li,R.R.,Huang,X.B.,Zhong,Z.M.,Zhong,L.J.,et al.,2015.Speciated OVOC and VOC emission inventories and their implications for reactivity-based ozone control strategy in the Pearl River Delta Region,China.Sci.Total Environ.530-531,393-402.
Pugliese,S.C.,Murphy,J.G.,Geddes,J.A.,Wang,J.M.,2014.The impacts of precursor reduction and meteorology on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(15),10209-10239.
Shao,M.,Tang,X.Y.,Zhang,Y.H.,Li,W.J.,2006.City clusters in China:air and surface water pollution.Front.Ecol.Environ.4(7),353-361.
Shao,M.,Zhang,Y.H.,Zeng,L.M.,Tang,X.Y.,Zhang,J.,Zhong,L.J.,et al.,2009.Ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta and the roles of VOC and NOx in its production.J.Environ.Manag.90(1),512-518.
Sillman,S.,1999.The relation between ozone,NOx,and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments.Atmos.Environ.33(12),1821-1845.
Stockwell,W.R.,Goliff,W.S.,2004.Measurement of actinic flux and the calculation of photolysis rate parameters for the Central California Ozone Study.Atmos.Environ.38(30),5169-5177.
Stroud,C.A.,Roberts,J.M.,Goldan,P.D.,Kuster,W.C.,Murphy,P.C.,Williams,E.J.,et al.,2001.Isoprene and its oxidation products,methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone,at an urban forested site during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study.J.Geophys.Res.106(106),8035-8046.
Su,Y.C.,Chen,S.P.,Tong,Y.H.,Fan,C.L.,Chen,W.H.,Wang,J.L.,et al.,2016.Assessment of regional influence from a petrochemical complex by modeling and fingerprint analysis of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Atmos.Environ.141,394-407.
Tang,G.Q.,Wang,Y.S.,Li,X.Q.,Ji,D.S.,Hsu,S.,Gao,L.,2012.Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in northern China as observed during 2009-2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies.Proceedings of the 19th China Atmospheric Environmental Science and Technology.Beijing,China.Nov 7-10.
Wang,X.K.,Manning,W.,Feng,Z.W.,Zhu,Y.G.,2007.Ground-level ozone in China:distribution and effects on crop yields.Environ.Pollut.147(2),394-400.
Wang,H.L.,Chen,C.H.,Wang,Q.,Huang,C.,Su,L.Y.,Huang,H.,et al.,2013.Chemical loss of volatile organic compounds and its impact on the source analysis through a two-year continuous measurement.Atmos.Environ.80(6),488-498.
Wu,R.R.,Xie,S.D.,2017.Spatial distribution of ozone formation in China derived from emissions of speciated volatile organic compounds.Environ.Sci.Technol.51(5),2574-2583.
Wu,R.R.,Bo,Y.,Li,J.,Li,L.Y.,Li,Y.Q.,Xie,S.D.,2016a.Method to establish the emission inventory of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in China and its application in the period2008-2012.Atmos.Environ.127,244-254.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016b.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Xue,L.K.,Wang,T.,Gao,J.,Ding,A.J.,Zhou,X.H.,Blake,D.R.,et al.2014.Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities:precursors,regional transport and heterogeneous processes.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(23),13175-13188.
Yuan,B.,Chen,W.T.,Shao,M.,Wang,M.,Lu,S.H.,Wang,B.,et al.,2012.Measurements of ambient hydrocarbons and carbonyls in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China.Atmos.Res.116,93-104.
Zhu,X.W.,Tang,G.Q.,Hu,B.,Wang,L.L.,Xin,J.Y.,Zhang,J.K.,et al.,2016.Regional pollution and its formation mechanism over north China plain:a case study with ceilometer observations and model simulations.J.Geophys.Res.121(24),14574-14588.
Zou,Y.,Deng,X.J.,Zhu,D.,Gong,D.C.,Wang,H.,Li,F.,et al.,2015.Characteristics of 1 year of observational data of VOCs,NOx and O3at a suburban site in Guangzhou,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(12),6625-6636.
Atkinson,R.,2000.Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx.Rev.Atmos.Environ.34(12-14),2063-2101.
Baertschritter,N.,Keller,J.,Dommen,J.,Prevot,A.S.H.,2003.Effects of various meteorological conditions and spatial emission resolutions on the ozone concentration and ROG/NOx limitation in the Milan area(I).Atmos.Chem.Phys.4(2),733-768.
Barletta,B.,Meinardi,S.,Simpson,I.J.,Zou,S.,Sherwood Rowland,F.,Blake,D.R.,2008.Ambient mixing ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)in two major urban centers of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region:Guangzhou and Dongguan.Atmos.Environ.42(18),4393-4408.
Cai,C.,Geng,F.H.,Tie,X.X.,Yu,Q.,Peng,L.,Zhou,G.Q.,2010.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China.Atmos.Environ.44(38),5005-5014.
Carslaw,D.C.,2015.The Openair Manual-Open-source Tools for Analyzing Air Pollution Data.Manual for Version 1.1-4.King's College London.
Carslaw,D.C.,Ropkins,K.,2012.Openair-an R package for air quality data analysis.J.Environ.Modell.Softw.27-28,52-61.
Carter,W.P.L.,1994.Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds.Air Waste Manag.Assoc.44(7),881-899.
Carter,W.P.L.,2013.Development of an improved chemical speciation database for processing emissions of volatile organic compounds for air quality models.Available:http://www.engr.ucr.edu/~carter/emitdb/,Accessed date:29 July 2016.
Chen,Y.,Xie,S.D.,2012.Temporal and spatial visibility trends in the Sichuan Basin,China,1973 to 2010.J.Atmos.Res.112(112),25-34.
Cheung,K.,Guo,H.,Ou,J.M.,Simpson,I.J.,Barletta,B.,Meinardi,S.,et al.,2014.Diurnal profiles of isoprene,methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone at an urban site in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.84,323-331.
Da Silva,D.B.,Martins,E.M.,Correa,S.M.,2016.Role of carbonyls and aromatics in the formation of tropospheric ozone in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil.Environ.Monit.Assess.188(5),1-13.
Dai,W.T.,Ho,S.S.H.,Ho,K.F.,Liu,W.D.,Cao,J.J.,Lee,S.C.,2012.Seasonal and diurnal variations of mono-and di-carbonyls in Xi'an,China.Atmos.Res.113,102-112.
Feng,T.,Bei,N.F.,Huang,R.J.,Cao,J.J.,Zhang,Q.,Zhou,W.J.,et al.,2016.Summertime ozone formation in Xi'an and surrounding areas,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16(7),4323-4342.
Field,R.A.,Soltis,J.,Mccarthy,M.C.,Murphy,S.,Montague,D.C.,2015.Influence of oil and gas field operations on spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons and their effect on ozone formation in winter.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(6),3527-3542.
Guo,H.,Wang,T.,Louie,P.K.K.,2004.Source apportionment of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Hong Kong:application of a principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores(PCA/APCS)receptor model.Environ.Pollut.129(3),489-498.
Guo,H.,Ling,Z.H.,Cheung,K.,Wang,D.W.,Simpson,I.J.,Blake,DR.,2013.Acetone in the atmosphere of Hong Kong:abundance,sources and photochemical precursors.Atmos.Environ.65(65),80-88.
ICF,2007.Greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the city of Toronto towards a harmonized strategy for reducing emissions.Available:http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/ghg-aq-inventory-June2007.pdf,Accessed date:13 August 2013.
Koss,A.R.,De Gouw,J.,Warneke,C.,Gilman,J.B.,Lerner,B.M.,Graus,M.,et al.,2015.Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds associated with oil and natural gas extraction in the Uintah basin,UT,during a wintertime ozone formation event.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(5),6403-6444.
Lau,A.K.H.,Yuan,Z.,Yu,J.Z.,Louie,P.K.K.,2010.Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Hong Kong.Sci.Total Environ.408(19),4138-4149.
Leuchner,M.,Gubo,S.,Schunk,C.,Wastl,C.,Kirchner,M.,Menzel,A.,et al.,2015.Can positive matrix factorization help to understand patterns of organic trace gases at the continental global atmosphere watch site Hohenpeissenberg?Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(3),1221-1236.
Li,L.Y.,Chen,Y.,Zeng,L.M.,Shao,M.,Xie,S.D.,Chen,W.T.,et al.,2014.Biomass burning contribution to ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the Chengdu-Chongqing region(CCR),China.Atmos.Environ.99,403-410.
Li,J.,Xie,S.D.,Zeng,L.M.,Li,L.Y.,Li,Y.Q.,Wu,R.R.,2015.Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Beijing,before,during,and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(8),12453-12490.
Li,K.W.,Chen,L.H.,Ying,F.,White,S.J.,Jang,C.,Wu,X.C.,et al.,2017.Meteorological and chemical impacts on ozone formation:a case study in Hangzhou,China.Atmos.Res.196,40-42.
Li,J.,Zhai,C.Z.,Yu,J.Y.,Liu,R.L.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,et al.,2018.Spatiotemporal variations of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Chongqing,a mountainous megacity in China.Sci.Total Environ.627,1442-1452.
Liu,Y.,Shao,M.,Fu,L.L.,Lu,S.H.,Zeng,L.M.,Tang,D.G.,2008.Source profiles of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)measured in China:part I.Atmos.Environ.42(25),6247-6260.
Lyu,X.P.,Chen,N.,Guo,H.,Zhang,W.H.,Wang,N.,Wang,Y.,et al.,2016.Ambient volatile organic compounds and their effect on ozone production in Wuhan,central China.Sci.Total Environ.541(60),200-209.
Mo,Z.W.,Shao,M.,Lu,S.H.,2016.Compilation of a source profile database for hydrocarbon and OVOC emissions in China.Atmos.Environ.143,209-217.
Ou,J.M.,Zheng,J.Y.,Li,R.R.,Huang,X.B.,Zhong,Z.M.,Zhong,L.J.,et al.,2015.Speciated OVOC and VOC emission inventories and their implications for reactivity-based ozone control strategy in the Pearl River Delta Region,China.Sci.Total Environ.530-531,393-402.
Pugliese,S.C.,Murphy,J.G.,Geddes,J.A.,Wang,J.M.,2014.The impacts of precursor reduction and meteorology on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(15),10209-10239.
Shao,M.,Tang,X.Y.,Zhang,Y.H.,Li,W.J.,2006.City clusters in China:air and surface water pollution.Front.Ecol.Environ.4(7),353-361.
Shao,M.,Zhang,Y.H.,Zeng,L.M.,Tang,X.Y.,Zhang,J.,Zhong,L.J.,et al.,2009.Ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta and the roles of VOC and NOx in its production.J.Environ.Manag.90(1),512-518.
Sillman,S.,1999.The relation between ozone,NOx,and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments.Atmos.Environ.33(12),1821-1845.
Stockwell,W.R.,Goliff,W.S.,2004.Measurement of actinic flux and the calculation of photolysis rate parameters for the Central California Ozone Study.Atmos.Environ.38(30),5169-5177.
Stroud,C.A.,Roberts,J.M.,Goldan,P.D.,Kuster,W.C.,Murphy,P.C.,Williams,E.J.,et al.,2001.Isoprene and its oxidation products,methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone,at an urban forested site during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study.J.Geophys.Res.106(106),8035-8046.
Su,Y.C.,Chen,S.P.,Tong,Y.H.,Fan,C.L.,Chen,W.H.,Wang,J.L.,et al.,2016.Assessment of regional influence from a petrochemical complex by modeling and fingerprint analysis of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Atmos.Environ.141,394-407.
Tang,G.Q.,Wang,Y.S.,Li,X.Q.,Ji,D.S.,Hsu,S.,Gao,L.,2012.Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in northern China as observed during 2009-2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies.Proceedings of the 19th China Atmospheric Environmental Science and Technology.Beijing,China.Nov 7-10.
Wang,X.K.,Manning,W.,Feng,Z.W.,Zhu,Y.G.,2007.Ground-level ozone in China:distribution and effects on crop yields.Environ.Pollut.147(2),394-400.
Wang,H.L.,Chen,C.H.,Wang,Q.,Huang,C.,Su,L.Y.,Huang,H.,et al.,2013.Chemical loss of volatile organic compounds and its impact on the source analysis through a two-year continuous measurement.Atmos.Environ.80(6),488-498.
Wu,R.R.,Xie,S.D.,2017.Spatial distribution of ozone formation in China derived from emissions of speciated volatile organic compounds.Environ.Sci.Technol.51(5),2574-2583.
Wu,R.R.,Bo,Y.,Li,J.,Li,L.Y.,Li,Y.Q.,Xie,S.D.,2016a.Method to establish the emission inventory of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in China and its application in the period2008-2012.Atmos.Environ.127,244-254.
Wu,R.R.,Li,J.,Hao,Y.F.,Li,Y.Q.,Zeng,L.M.,Xie,S.D.,2016b.Evolution process and sources of ambient volatile organic compounds during a severe haze event in Beijing,China.Sci.Total Environ.560-561,62-72.
Xue,L.K.,Wang,T.,Gao,J.,Ding,A.J.,Zhou,X.H.,Blake,D.R.,et al.2014.Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities:precursors,regional transport and heterogeneous processes.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(23),13175-13188.
Yuan,B.,Chen,W.T.,Shao,M.,Wang,M.,Lu,S.H.,Wang,B.,et al.,2012.Measurements of ambient hydrocarbons and carbonyls in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China.Atmos.Res.116,93-104.
Zhu,X.W.,Tang,G.Q.,Hu,B.,Wang,L.L.,Xin,J.Y.,Zhang,J.K.,et al.,2016.Regional pollution and its formation mechanism over north China plain:a case study with ceilometer observations and model simulations.J.Geophys.Res.121(24),14574-14588.
Zou,Y.,Deng,X.J.,Zhu,D.,Gong,D.C.,Wang,H.,Li,F.,et al.,2015.Characteristics of 1 year of observational data of VOCs,NOx and O3at a suburban site in Guangzhou,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(12),6625-6636.
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