荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)冠层穿透雨的发生与分布特征
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摘要
为进一步认识荒漠草原带状人工中间锦鸡儿林(Caragana intermedia)植被稳定性维持的生态水文过程机制,通过对行生和散生中间锦鸡儿冠层穿透雨的对比研究,结果表明:(1)两者对降水变化响应显著,但是差异不显著。散生和行生中间锦鸡儿穿透雨百分比变化范围分别为25. 6%～96. 5%(Cv=23%)和25. 4%～96. 1%(Cv=19%),穿透雨量均值分别为7. 55 mm和7. 40 mm。穿透雨量与降雨量、降雨历时、降雨强度都具有极显著的线性回归关系,但是穿透雨百分比与降水特征参数以幂函数关系为主。(2)冠层下穿透雨分布存在明显的空间异质性。穿透雨百分比普遍随距灌丛基部距离的增大而线性增大。"旱区"集中出现在散生中间锦鸡儿灌木的基部,向外百分比逐步提高;行生中间锦鸡儿则出现了多个旱区和雨极镶嵌分布的情况。
The rainfall redistribution through canopy is of important eco-hydrological significance for the survival of shrubs. The Caragana intermedia plantation in large area in desert steppe is mostly zonal,and the growth mode and morphological characteristics of natural sporadic C. intermedia plants are quite different. Whether this difference affecting the distribution of precipitation through canopy is necessary to be further verified. The eco-hydrological mechanism of vegetation stability of adult C. intermedia plantation in desert steppe should be further understood. The occurrence and distribution of throughfall under C. intermedia canopy in two different growth patterns( scattered and row distribution) were compared and analyzed by monitoring precipitation redistribution in 18 different rainfall events in 2016. The results showed that the throughfall percentage of scattered C. intermedia plants was25. 6%-96. 5%,that of row ones was 25. 4%-96. 1%,and the coefficients of variation was 23% and 19% respectively. The mean values of throughfall were similar and for 7. 55 mm and 7. 40 mm respectively. Rainfall,rainfall duration,and rainfall intensity had a very significant linear relationship with thoughfall depth,but the relationship between throughfall percentage and characteristic parameters of precipitation was complex,which was dominated by power function,and the fitting significance of scattered C. intermedia plants was better than that of row ones.The distribution of throughfall under canopy was spatial heterogeneity. Generally,throughfall percentage was increased linearly with the increase of distance from shrub base. The "dry area"of throughfall was concentrated at the base of scattered C. intermedia plants,however,the distribution of row ones was more complex. Mosaic distribution of dry areas and rain pole was found for row C. intermedia plants. The different growth patterns of C. intermedia plants did not significantly affect the throughfall depth,but the spatial distribution pattern of throughfall under canopy was significantly changed,which might further affect the process of the conversion from precipitation to soil water.
The rainfall redistribution through canopy is of important eco-hydrological significance for the survival of shrubs. The Caragana intermedia plantation in large area in desert steppe is mostly zonal,and the growth mode and morphological characteristics of natural sporadic C. intermedia plants are quite different. Whether this difference affecting the distribution of precipitation through canopy is necessary to be further verified. The eco-hydrological mechanism of vegetation stability of adult C. intermedia plantation in desert steppe should be further understood. The occurrence and distribution of throughfall under C. intermedia canopy in two different growth patterns( scattered and row distribution) were compared and analyzed by monitoring precipitation redistribution in 18 different rainfall events in 2016. The results showed that the throughfall percentage of scattered C. intermedia plants was25. 6%-96. 5%,that of row ones was 25. 4%-96. 1%,and the coefficients of variation was 23% and 19% respectively. The mean values of throughfall were similar and for 7. 55 mm and 7. 40 mm respectively. Rainfall,rainfall duration,and rainfall intensity had a very significant linear relationship with thoughfall depth,but the relationship between throughfall percentage and characteristic parameters of precipitation was complex,which was dominated by power function,and the fitting significance of scattered C. intermedia plants was better than that of row ones.The distribution of throughfall under canopy was spatial heterogeneity. Generally,throughfall percentage was increased linearly with the increase of distance from shrub base. The "dry area"of throughfall was concentrated at the base of scattered C. intermedia plants,however,the distribution of row ones was more complex. Mosaic distribution of dry areas and rain pole was found for row C. intermedia plants. The different growth patterns of C. intermedia plants did not significantly affect the throughfall depth,but the spatial distribution pattern of throughfall under canopy was significantly changed,which might further affect the process of the conversion from precipitation to soil water.
引文
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[15]Van Stan J T,Gay T E,Lewis E S.Use of multiple correspondence analysis(MCA)to identify interactive meteorological conditions affecting relative throughfall[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,533:452-460.
[16]Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Throughfall and its spatial variability beneath xerophytic shrub canopies within water-limited arid desert ecosystems[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,539:406-416.
[17]Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Meteorological influences on process-based spatial-temporal pattern of throughfall of a xerophytic shrub in arid lands of Northern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:1 003-1 013.
[18]Levia D F,Frost E E.Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2006,30(5):605-632.
[19]Rosier C L,Van Stan J T,Moore L D,et al.Forest canopy structural controls over throughfall affect soil microbial community structure in an epiphyte-laden maritime oak stand[J].Ecohydrology,2016,8(8):1 459-1 470.
[20]Fan J L,Oestergaard K T,Guyot A,et al.Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical coastal Australia[J].Hydrology Process,2015,29(5):793-804.
[21]Llorens P,Domingo F.Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean conditions:A review of studies in Europe[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(1-2):37-54.
[22]Martinez-Meza E,Whitford W G.Stem flow,throughfall and channelization of stem flow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs[J].Journal of Arid Environment,1996,32(3):271-287.
[23]Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stem flow contribution to the fertile island effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environment,1997,35(3):451-457.
[24]Navar J,Charles F,Jurado E.Spatial variations of interception loss components by Tamaulipan thornscrub in northeastern Mexico[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,124(2-3):231-239.
[25]Carlyle-Moses D E,Laureano J S F,Price A G.Throughfall and throughfall spatial variability in Madrean oak forest communities of northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,297(1-4):124-135.
[26]Rutter A,Kershaw K,Robins P,et al.A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,1.Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine[J].Agricultural Meteorology,1972,9:367-384.
[27]Keim R F,Skaugse A E,Weiler M.Temporal persistence of spatial patterns in throughfall[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,314(1-4):263-274.
[2]杨新国,赵伟,陈林,等.荒漠草原人工中间锦鸡儿林土壤与植被的演变特征[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):590-594.[Yang Xinguo,Zhao Wei,Chen Lin,et al.Evolution characteristics of soil and vegetation in artificial Caragana forest in desert steppe[J].E-cology and Environment Sciences,2015,24(4):590-594.]
[3]宋乃平,杨明秀,王磊,等.荒漠草原区人工中间锦鸡儿林土壤水分周年动态变化[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2 618-2 624.[Song Naiping,Yang Mingxiu,Wang Lei,et al.Annual dynamic change of soil moisture in artificial Caragana forest in desert steppe region[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(10):2 618-2 624.]
[4]翟德苹,陈林,杨明秀,等.荒漠草原不同生长年限中间锦鸡儿灌丛枝系构型特征[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2015,41(3):340-348.[Zhai Deping,Chen Lin,Yang Mingxiu,et al.Conformation characteristics of Caragana intermedia in different growth years of desert steppe[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture and Life Sciences),2015,41(3):340-348.]
[5]Li X Y,Hu X,Zhang Z H,et al.Shrub hydropedology:Preferential water availability to deep soil layer[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2013,12(4):1 742-1 751.
[6]戴岳,郑新军,李彦,等.古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭和白梭梭树干茎流特征[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(5):867-872.[Dai Yue,Zheng Xinjun,Li Yan,et al.Stem flow of Haloxylon ammodendron and H.persicum in the gurbantonggut desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(5):867-872.]
[7]田丽,王孝安,李晓炜.毛乌素沙地东南缘植被恢复中优势灌木的保育作用分析[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(6):1 202-1 208.[Tian Li,Wang Xiao’an,Li Xiaowei.Nurse effect of dominant shrubs in vegetation regeneration in the southeastern marginal zone of the Mu Us sandland[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(6):1 202-1 208.]
[8]Johnson M S,Lehmann J.Double-funneling of trees:Stem flow and root-induced preferential flow[J].Ecoscience,2006,13(3):324-333.
[9]Navar J,Gonzalez J M,Gonzalez H.Gross precipitation and through fall chemistry in legume species planted in Northeastern Mexico[J].Plant and Soil,2009,318(1-2):15-26.
[10]Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Stem flow in two xerophytic shrubs and its significance to soil water and nutrient enrichment[J].Ecological Research,2013,28(4):567-579.
[11]Vega J A,Fernandez C,Fonturbel T.Throughfall,runoff and soil erosion after prescribed burning in gorse shrubland in Galicia(NWSpain)[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(1):37-51.
[12]Van Stan J T,Pypker T G.A review and evaluation of forest canopy epiphyte roles in the partitioning and chemical alteration of precipitation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,536:813-824.
[13]Dohnal M,Cerny T,Votrubova J,et al.Rainfall interception and spatial variability of throughfall in spruce stand[J].Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics,2014,62(4):277-284.
[14]Tanaka N,Levia D,Igarashi Y,et al.Throughfall under a teak plantation in Thailand:A multifactorial analysis on the effects of canopy phenology and meteorological conditions[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(9):1 145-1 156.
[15]Van Stan J T,Gay T E,Lewis E S.Use of multiple correspondence analysis(MCA)to identify interactive meteorological conditions affecting relative throughfall[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,533:452-460.
[16]Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Throughfall and its spatial variability beneath xerophytic shrub canopies within water-limited arid desert ecosystems[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,539:406-416.
[17]Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Meteorological influences on process-based spatial-temporal pattern of throughfall of a xerophytic shrub in arid lands of Northern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:1 003-1 013.
[18]Levia D F,Frost E E.Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2006,30(5):605-632.
[19]Rosier C L,Van Stan J T,Moore L D,et al.Forest canopy structural controls over throughfall affect soil microbial community structure in an epiphyte-laden maritime oak stand[J].Ecohydrology,2016,8(8):1 459-1 470.
[20]Fan J L,Oestergaard K T,Guyot A,et al.Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical coastal Australia[J].Hydrology Process,2015,29(5):793-804.
[21]Llorens P,Domingo F.Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean conditions:A review of studies in Europe[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,335(1-2):37-54.
[22]Martinez-Meza E,Whitford W G.Stem flow,throughfall and channelization of stem flow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs[J].Journal of Arid Environment,1996,32(3):271-287.
[23]Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stem flow contribution to the fertile island effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environment,1997,35(3):451-457.
[24]Navar J,Charles F,Jurado E.Spatial variations of interception loss components by Tamaulipan thornscrub in northeastern Mexico[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,124(2-3):231-239.
[25]Carlyle-Moses D E,Laureano J S F,Price A G.Throughfall and throughfall spatial variability in Madrean oak forest communities of northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,297(1-4):124-135.
[26]Rutter A,Kershaw K,Robins P,et al.A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,1.Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine[J].Agricultural Meteorology,1972,9:367-384.
[27]Keim R F,Skaugse A E,Weiler M.Temporal persistence of spatial patterns in throughfall[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,314(1-4):263-274.
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