棉籽壳饲用现状研究
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摘要
棉籽壳是一种产量多、来源广的粗饲料资源,其重量约占全棉籽总重的40%～50%。一般棉籽壳粗蛋白含量为4%～6%,粗纤维含量较高为48%左右,对于反刍动物来说是一种很好的纤维来源,适量添加能改善粗饲料适口性增加采食量,在牛羊体内消化率一般为40%左右。但由于其含有较多的棉酚(100～2 500mg/kg),长期或大量饲喂会降低公畜精液质量、造成母畜流产、产生尿结石等,危害家畜健康、降低经济效益。因此饲喂单胃动物时一般通过化学法、物理法或生物发酵法脱除棉酚,反刍动物由于其瘤胃微生物的作用可直接适量饲喂。文章对棉籽壳的营养成分、脱毒以及动物饲喂效果进行综述,以期为发挥棉籽壳更大的应用潜力提供参考。
Cottonseed hull is a kind of roughage resource with high yield and wide source.Its weight accounts about 40%～50% of the total weight of cottonseed.Generally,the crude protein content of cottonseed hull is 4%～6%,and the content of crude fiber is about 48%,which is a good fiber source for ruminants.Cattle and sheep like to eat cottonseed hull,adding appropriate amount of it to diet can improve the palatability of forage and increase dry matter intake,the digestion rate of cottonseed hull is about 40%in cattle and sheep.However,cottonseed hull contains lots of gossypol(100～2500 mg/kg),long-term or large-scale feeding will reduce the quality of male semen,resulting in female abortion,cause urinary calculi,harm livestock health and reduce economic efficiency.Therefore,gossypol is usually removed by chemical,physical or biological fermentation for feeding monogastric animals,ruminant animals can be fed directly for the role of rumen microorganisms.In this paper,the nutritional components,detoxification and feeding effects of the cottonseed hulls were reviewed in order to provide a reference for the potential application of cottonseed hulls.
Cottonseed hull is a kind of roughage resource with high yield and wide source.Its weight accounts about 40%～50% of the total weight of cottonseed.Generally,the crude protein content of cottonseed hull is 4%～6%,and the content of crude fiber is about 48%,which is a good fiber source for ruminants.Cattle and sheep like to eat cottonseed hull,adding appropriate amount of it to diet can improve the palatability of forage and increase dry matter intake,the digestion rate of cottonseed hull is about 40%in cattle and sheep.However,cottonseed hull contains lots of gossypol(100～2500 mg/kg),long-term or large-scale feeding will reduce the quality of male semen,resulting in female abortion,cause urinary calculi,harm livestock health and reduce economic efficiency.Therefore,gossypol is usually removed by chemical,physical or biological fermentation for feeding monogastric animals,ruminant animals can be fed directly for the role of rumen microorganisms.In this paper,the nutritional components,detoxification and feeding effects of the cottonseed hulls were reviewed in order to provide a reference for the potential application of cottonseed hulls.
引文
[1]吕慧.棉籽皮壳的综合利用[J].中国棉花加工,1996(3):44-45.
[2]国家统计局.2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2018-08-14].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.
[3]刘天兵,张卫平.棉副产品的营养特点及利用[J].海畜牧兽医通讯,2007(4):53.
[4]熊本海,罗清尧,赵峰,等.中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2017年第28版)制订说明[J].中国饲料,2017(21):31-41.
[5] National Research Council.Nutrient Requirments of Dairy Cattle:[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C:National Academy Press,2001.
[6]中国饲料数据库.FeedStuff(2017)常规饲料成分表[A/OL].[2018-08-14].http://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn/picture/pdf/CFICout2017_1.pdf.
[7] OLTJEN R R,DINIUS D A,GEORING H K.Performance of steers fed crop residues supplemented with nonprotein nitrogen,minerals,protein and monensin[J].Journal of Animal Science,1977,45(6):1 442-1 452.
[8] ADENIKE M.Cottonseed hulls:woking with a novel fiber source[J].11th Ann Florida Ruminant Nutr Symp,2000(1):179-186.
[9]杨凤.动物营养学[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:65-75.
[10] MBAYE N D,SALL C H.Prediction of nutritive value of some crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts from their chemical analysis[Z].Towards optimal feeding of agricultural byproducts to livestock in Africa:Proceedings of a workshop.University of Alexandria,Egypt,1986.
[11]阿依古力·阿不都克力木,雒秋江,木萨·沙吾提,等.棉籽壳作为绵羊饲料营养特性的研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2015,42(6):1 436-1 442.
[12]吐尔逊帕夏,闻正顺,潘晓亮,等.棉籽壳对雄性细毛羊生长性能及组织中棉酚残留的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2010,36(3):306-310.
[13]刘芳,潘晓亮,蒋新环,等.棉籽壳对育肥羔羊生产性能的影响[J].中国草食动物,2008(6):20-23.
[14]WHITNEY R T,LUPTON J C.Evaluating percentage of roughage in lamb finishing diets containing 40%dried distillers grains:growth,serum urea nitrogen,nonesterified fatty acids,and insulin growth factor-1concentrations and wool,carcass,and fatty acid characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(9):3 030-3 040.
[15]马建忠,蒲明.棉壳和棉杆作为肉羊育肥饲料安全性的研究[J].草食家畜,2016(4):14-19.
[16]李树伟,许宗运,夏爽,等.棉籽壳对卡拉库尔羊血液生化指标的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006(8):39-40.
[17] DEFOOR P J,GALYEAN M L,SALYER G B.Effect of roughage source and concentration on intake and performance by finishing heifers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(6):1 395-1 404.
[18] THEURER C B,SWINGLE R S,WANDERLEY R C.Sorghum grain flake density and source of roughage in feedlot cattle diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1999,77(5):1 066-1 073.
[19]HALE W H,LAMBETH C,THEURER B.Digestibility and utilization of cottonseed hulls by cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,1969,29(5):773-776.
[20]李恒志,陈国禄,朱云芝,等.棉籽壳饲喂泌乳母牛生产效果的观察[J].中国畜牧杂志,1987(5):20-21.
[21] YILDIRIM M,LIM C,WAN P J,et al.Growth performance and immune response of channel catfish(I ctalurus puctatus)fed diets containing graded levels of gossypol acetic acid[J].Aquaculture,2003,219(1):751-768.
[22] HASSAN M E,SMITH G W,OTT R S,et al.Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls[J].Theriogenology,2004,61(6):1 171-1 179.
[23] ZIRKLE S M,LIN Y C,GWAZDAUSKAS F C,et al.Effect of gossypol on bovine embryo development during the preimplantation period[J].Theriogenol,1988,30(3):575-582.
[24]院江.棉籽壳发酵脱毒及其奶牛应用效果研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2006.
[25] ROEHM J N,LEE D.J,SINNHUBER R O.Accumulation and elimination of dietary gossypol in the organs of rainbow trout[J].J Nutr,1967,92(4):425-428.
[26]胡雪梅,于芳,仉明军.不同类型棉产品中游离棉酚的测定[J].新疆畜牧业,2014(2):36-37.
[27]周恩库.棉粕和棉籽壳对雄性细毛羊尿石症影响的研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2009.
[28]全国饲料工业标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC 76).饲料卫生标准:GB 13078-2017[J].饲料与畜牧,2018(1):16-24.
[29] REISER R,FU H C.The mechanism of gossypol detoxification by ruminant animals[J].J Nutr,1962,76:215-218.
[30]吴高风,吐尔逊帕夏,潘晓亮,等.饲喂棉籽壳对新疆细毛羊精液品质的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2010(1):220-222.
[31]吐尔逊帕夏.棉籽壳对雄性新疆细毛羊繁殖机能的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[32]刘军,徐志宏,魏振承,等.棉酚的综合利用研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008(8):6-10.
[33]孙延鸣,张高轩,周林.反刍家畜棉酚中毒的诊治[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004(4):40.
[34]潘晓亮.棉粕和棉籽壳诱发雄性新疆细毛羊尿石症的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[35]王小龙,黄克和,郁者华,等.水牛尿石症人工诱发和预防试验初报[J].南京农业大学学报,1991(2):99-101.
[36]成凤岐.公羊尿结石的诊断和预防[J].石河子科技,1991(5):50-53.
[37]李宏全,殷国荣,王小龙,等.棉酚和VA在水牛尿石症发生中的作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,1995(5):402-407.
[38]郭璇.饲喂棉籽壳对绵羊饮水量、排尿量及水代谢的影响研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010.
[39]王同仁,顾丙奎,胡银海,等.界首市母黄牛喂棉饼的调查[J].黄牛杂志,1998(3):48-49.
[40]杨景芝,孙衍华,牛钟相,等.棉酚脱毒微生物的筛选及其脱毒效果的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1999(1):28-32.
[41]施安辉,刘淑君,肖海杰,等.微生物脱毒强化棉籽饼的研究与应用[J].粮食与饲料工业,1997(7):22-23.
[42]马保林,肖玉柱,侯建忠,等.棉籽壳微贮脱毒在奶牛生产中的作用及制作[C]//第三届中国奶牛发展大会论文集,2008.
[43]蒋池君.用脱毒棉籽壳喂羔羊效果好[J].畜牧与兽医,1986(5):225.
[44]董志国,胡建伟,李莲瑞,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂卡拉库尔羊效果研究[J].草食家畜,2002(1):37-39.
[45]赵华,张玲.菌糠代替部分精料饲喂泌乳牛试验效果[J].饲料博览,2003(4):33-34.
[46]胡月超,辛英霞,闫振富,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂杜寒杂交羊育肥效果[J].中国草食动物,2009,29(3):43-44.
[47]桑吉惹,郭同军,蒋超祥,等.不同比例番茄渣与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响[J].饲料研究,2016(19):1-4.
[48]蒋慧,方雷,张玲,等.不同比例枯黄期骆驼刺与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4):1 107-1 112.
[2]国家统计局.2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2018-08-14].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.
[3]刘天兵,张卫平.棉副产品的营养特点及利用[J].海畜牧兽医通讯,2007(4):53.
[4]熊本海,罗清尧,赵峰,等.中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2017年第28版)制订说明[J].中国饲料,2017(21):31-41.
[5] National Research Council.Nutrient Requirments of Dairy Cattle:[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C:National Academy Press,2001.
[6]中国饲料数据库.FeedStuff(2017)常规饲料成分表[A/OL].[2018-08-14].http://www.chinafeeddata.org.cn/picture/pdf/CFICout2017_1.pdf.
[7] OLTJEN R R,DINIUS D A,GEORING H K.Performance of steers fed crop residues supplemented with nonprotein nitrogen,minerals,protein and monensin[J].Journal of Animal Science,1977,45(6):1 442-1 452.
[8] ADENIKE M.Cottonseed hulls:woking with a novel fiber source[J].11th Ann Florida Ruminant Nutr Symp,2000(1):179-186.
[9]杨凤.动物营养学[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2002:65-75.
[10] MBAYE N D,SALL C H.Prediction of nutritive value of some crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts from their chemical analysis[Z].Towards optimal feeding of agricultural byproducts to livestock in Africa:Proceedings of a workshop.University of Alexandria,Egypt,1986.
[11]阿依古力·阿不都克力木,雒秋江,木萨·沙吾提,等.棉籽壳作为绵羊饲料营养特性的研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2015,42(6):1 436-1 442.
[12]吐尔逊帕夏,闻正顺,潘晓亮,等.棉籽壳对雄性细毛羊生长性能及组织中棉酚残留的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2010,36(3):306-310.
[13]刘芳,潘晓亮,蒋新环,等.棉籽壳对育肥羔羊生产性能的影响[J].中国草食动物,2008(6):20-23.
[14]WHITNEY R T,LUPTON J C.Evaluating percentage of roughage in lamb finishing diets containing 40%dried distillers grains:growth,serum urea nitrogen,nonesterified fatty acids,and insulin growth factor-1concentrations and wool,carcass,and fatty acid characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(9):3 030-3 040.
[15]马建忠,蒲明.棉壳和棉杆作为肉羊育肥饲料安全性的研究[J].草食家畜,2016(4):14-19.
[16]李树伟,许宗运,夏爽,等.棉籽壳对卡拉库尔羊血液生化指标的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006(8):39-40.
[17] DEFOOR P J,GALYEAN M L,SALYER G B.Effect of roughage source and concentration on intake and performance by finishing heifers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80(6):1 395-1 404.
[18] THEURER C B,SWINGLE R S,WANDERLEY R C.Sorghum grain flake density and source of roughage in feedlot cattle diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1999,77(5):1 066-1 073.
[19]HALE W H,LAMBETH C,THEURER B.Digestibility and utilization of cottonseed hulls by cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,1969,29(5):773-776.
[20]李恒志,陈国禄,朱云芝,等.棉籽壳饲喂泌乳母牛生产效果的观察[J].中国畜牧杂志,1987(5):20-21.
[21] YILDIRIM M,LIM C,WAN P J,et al.Growth performance and immune response of channel catfish(I ctalurus puctatus)fed diets containing graded levels of gossypol acetic acid[J].Aquaculture,2003,219(1):751-768.
[22] HASSAN M E,SMITH G W,OTT R S,et al.Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls[J].Theriogenology,2004,61(6):1 171-1 179.
[23] ZIRKLE S M,LIN Y C,GWAZDAUSKAS F C,et al.Effect of gossypol on bovine embryo development during the preimplantation period[J].Theriogenol,1988,30(3):575-582.
[24]院江.棉籽壳发酵脱毒及其奶牛应用效果研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2006.
[25] ROEHM J N,LEE D.J,SINNHUBER R O.Accumulation and elimination of dietary gossypol in the organs of rainbow trout[J].J Nutr,1967,92(4):425-428.
[26]胡雪梅,于芳,仉明军.不同类型棉产品中游离棉酚的测定[J].新疆畜牧业,2014(2):36-37.
[27]周恩库.棉粕和棉籽壳对雄性细毛羊尿石症影响的研究[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2009.
[28]全国饲料工业标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC 76).饲料卫生标准:GB 13078-2017[J].饲料与畜牧,2018(1):16-24.
[29] REISER R,FU H C.The mechanism of gossypol detoxification by ruminant animals[J].J Nutr,1962,76:215-218.
[30]吴高风,吐尔逊帕夏,潘晓亮,等.饲喂棉籽壳对新疆细毛羊精液品质的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2010(1):220-222.
[31]吐尔逊帕夏.棉籽壳对雄性新疆细毛羊繁殖机能的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[32]刘军,徐志宏,魏振承,等.棉酚的综合利用研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008(8):6-10.
[33]孙延鸣,张高轩,周林.反刍家畜棉酚中毒的诊治[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004(4):40.
[34]潘晓亮.棉粕和棉籽壳诱发雄性新疆细毛羊尿石症的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[35]王小龙,黄克和,郁者华,等.水牛尿石症人工诱发和预防试验初报[J].南京农业大学学报,1991(2):99-101.
[36]成凤岐.公羊尿结石的诊断和预防[J].石河子科技,1991(5):50-53.
[37]李宏全,殷国荣,王小龙,等.棉酚和VA在水牛尿石症发生中的作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,1995(5):402-407.
[38]郭璇.饲喂棉籽壳对绵羊饮水量、排尿量及水代谢的影响研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010.
[39]王同仁,顾丙奎,胡银海,等.界首市母黄牛喂棉饼的调查[J].黄牛杂志,1998(3):48-49.
[40]杨景芝,孙衍华,牛钟相,等.棉酚脱毒微生物的筛选及其脱毒效果的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1999(1):28-32.
[41]施安辉,刘淑君,肖海杰,等.微生物脱毒强化棉籽饼的研究与应用[J].粮食与饲料工业,1997(7):22-23.
[42]马保林,肖玉柱,侯建忠,等.棉籽壳微贮脱毒在奶牛生产中的作用及制作[C]//第三届中国奶牛发展大会论文集,2008.
[43]蒋池君.用脱毒棉籽壳喂羔羊效果好[J].畜牧与兽医,1986(5):225.
[44]董志国,胡建伟,李莲瑞,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂卡拉库尔羊效果研究[J].草食家畜,2002(1):37-39.
[45]赵华,张玲.菌糠代替部分精料饲喂泌乳牛试验效果[J].饲料博览,2003(4):33-34.
[46]胡月超,辛英霞,闫振富,等.棉籽壳菌糠饲喂杜寒杂交羊育肥效果[J].中国草食动物,2009,29(3):43-44.
[47]桑吉惹,郭同军,蒋超祥,等.不同比例番茄渣与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响[J].饲料研究,2016(19):1-4.
[48]蒋慧,方雷,张玲,等.不同比例枯黄期骆驼刺与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4):1 107-1 112.