基于乡镇尺度的土地生态安全时空格局评价研究——以博尔塔拉蒙古自治州为例
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摘要
近年来,国内外学者已做了大量区域土地生态安全评价的研究,但大多针对流域或县级以上行政单元,乡镇尺度的土地生态安全评价研究甚少。因此,选择地处我国西北干旱生态脆弱区的博尔塔拉蒙古自治州为研究区,以"3S"技术和数学统计方法为支撑,结合研究区自然地理特征和社会经济状况,构建博尔塔拉蒙古自治州乡镇级压力-状态-响应(Pressure-StateResponses,P-S-R)土地生态安全评价模型,并对其土地生态安全空间格局特征及成因进行诊断性分析。结果表明:(1)2014年博州土地生态安全较2011年有所恶化,Ⅲ级向Ⅳ级转化的面积最大,高达2555.33 km~2,主要在温泉县境内,其次是Ⅴ级区域向Ⅳ级转化1356.53 km~2,主要发生在精河县的茫丁乡和托托乡;(2)博州大部分乡镇的土地生态安全状况处于Ⅲ级水平,区域生态结构不稳定,亟待调整;(3)博州土地生态安全状况具有明显地域性分布的特征,低值区多集中于博州东部荒漠地区,高值区多集中在博州中部绿洲区域和湖区。研究结果可为乡镇级土地生态安全评价提供参考,为区域生态保护协调推进与乡镇可持续发展提供理论指导。
Regional land ecosystem is facing deterioration from the rapid growth of urbanization. In order to promote sustainable development of the land ecosystem,it is necessary that we evaluate regional land ecological security. Many researchers have studied and evaluated for regional land ecological security; however,most of the evaluation was based on watershed and county scale,and few researches focused on the township scale. In this study,Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture( i. e. Bortala) in Xinjiang Uygur Automous region was taken as study area,and Remote Sensing( RS),Geographical Information System( GIS),and Global Position System( GPS) technologies were adopted to analyze temporaland spatial perspectives of land ecological security in Bortala. On the basis of the natural geographic features and socio-economic situation of Bortala,we constructed the pressure-state-response( P-S-R) land ecological security evaluation model(township scale) in Bortala. Based on the two period's data of statistic yearbook and remote sensing in 2011 and 2014,we first constructed the index system,using 25 indices reflecting regional P-S-R. The entropy weight and analytic hierarchy process methods were used to determine the indices weight of Bortala P-S-R model. Finally,the land ecological security index of Bortala was calculated with the data obtained from the P-S-R model by GIS Grid. The results show that:( 1) The land ecological security index had deteriorated from 2011 to 2014 in Bortala. Between 2011 and 2014,2555.33 km~2 of level III( grade of security) transferred to level IV,which deteriorated areas mainly concentrated in Wenquan County; 1356.53 km~2 of level V transferred to level IV,which improved areas concentrated in the Mangding town and Tuotuo town of Jinghe County.( 2) The land ecological security index of most towns was at level III in Bortala,which respected the ecological structure of these towns were not stable.( 3) The spatial difference of land ecological security index was obvious in Bortala,the worst places were located in the eastern desert,and the best places were concentrated in the central oasis and lake. The evaluation results and major environment problems may help the local government finding inappropriate and inadequate for Bortala development. Bortala Prefecture is a drought-prone and ecologically vulnerable region in the Northwest region.Temporary land use regulation cannot guarantee long-term regional ecological balance and security. In this study,we recommend increased attention on regional ecological protection and sustainable development for villages and towns.
Regional land ecosystem is facing deterioration from the rapid growth of urbanization. In order to promote sustainable development of the land ecosystem,it is necessary that we evaluate regional land ecological security. Many researchers have studied and evaluated for regional land ecological security; however,most of the evaluation was based on watershed and county scale,and few researches focused on the township scale. In this study,Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture( i. e. Bortala) in Xinjiang Uygur Automous region was taken as study area,and Remote Sensing( RS),Geographical Information System( GIS),and Global Position System( GPS) technologies were adopted to analyze temporaland spatial perspectives of land ecological security in Bortala. On the basis of the natural geographic features and socio-economic situation of Bortala,we constructed the pressure-state-response( P-S-R) land ecological security evaluation model(township scale) in Bortala. Based on the two period's data of statistic yearbook and remote sensing in 2011 and 2014,we first constructed the index system,using 25 indices reflecting regional P-S-R. The entropy weight and analytic hierarchy process methods were used to determine the indices weight of Bortala P-S-R model. Finally,the land ecological security index of Bortala was calculated with the data obtained from the P-S-R model by GIS Grid. The results show that:( 1) The land ecological security index had deteriorated from 2011 to 2014 in Bortala. Between 2011 and 2014,2555.33 km~2 of level III( grade of security) transferred to level IV,which deteriorated areas mainly concentrated in Wenquan County; 1356.53 km~2 of level V transferred to level IV,which improved areas concentrated in the Mangding town and Tuotuo town of Jinghe County.( 2) The land ecological security index of most towns was at level III in Bortala,which respected the ecological structure of these towns were not stable.( 3) The spatial difference of land ecological security index was obvious in Bortala,the worst places were located in the eastern desert,and the best places were concentrated in the central oasis and lake. The evaluation results and major environment problems may help the local government finding inappropriate and inadequate for Bortala development. Bortala Prefecture is a drought-prone and ecologically vulnerable region in the Northwest region.Temporary land use regulation cannot guarantee long-term regional ecological balance and security. In this study,we recommend increased attention on regional ecological protection and sustainable development for villages and towns.
引文
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[3]张振明,刘俊国.生态系统服务价值研究进展.环境科学学报,2011,31(9):1835-1842.
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[7]Ezeonu I C,Ezeonu F C.The environment and global security.Environmentalist,2000,20(1):41-48.
[8]Huang J F,Wang R H,Zhang H Z.Analysis of patterns and ecological security trend of modern oasis landscapes in Xinjiang,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134(1/3):411-419.
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[11]Christiansen F.Food security,urbanization and social stability in China.Journal of Agrarian Change,2009,9(4):548-575.
[12]Sun L Y,Liu Z J,Zheng M G,Cai Q G,Fang H Y.Temporal variations of ecological security with soil and water loss stress in black soil region of northeast China:a case study on Baiquan County.Springer Plus,2013,2(S1):S6.
[13]Liu D,Chang Q.Ecological security research progress in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):111-121.
[14]Xu X B,Yang G S,Tan Y,Zhuang Q L,Li H P,Wan R R,Su W Z,Zhang J.Ecological risk assessment of ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2020.Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:7-16.
[15]Zhang J S,Gao J Q.Lake ecological security assessment based on SSWSSC framework from 2005 to 2013 in an interior lake basin,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:888.
[16]余健,房莉,仓定帮,朱琳,卞正富.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用.农业工程学报,2012,28(5):260-266.
[17]赵宏波,马延吉.基于变权-物元分析模型的老工业基地区域生态安全动态预警研究——以吉林省为例.生态学报,2014,34(16):4720-4733.
[18]Li X B,Tian M R,Wang H,Wang H,Yu J J.Development of an ecological security evaluation method based on the ecological footprint and application to a typical steppe region in China.Ecological Indicators,2014,39:153-159.
[19]Zhou K H,Liu Y L,Tan R H,Song Y.Urban dynamics,landscape ecological security,and policy implications:A case study from the Wuhan area of central China.Cities,2014,41:141-153.
[20]何玲,贾启建,李超,许皞.基于生态系统服务价值与粮食安全的生态安全底线核算.应用生态学报,2016,27(1):215-224.
[21]王宏卫,安秀峰,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,索菲娅,谢霞,刘勤.基于乡镇尺度的克里雅河绿洲生态承载力分析——以于田县13个乡镇生态承载力为例.干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(10):48-55.
[22]蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578-590.
[23]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,曹鑫,丁建丽,张严俊,姜红涛.干旱区内陆艾比湖流域景观格局时空变化及生态安全评价.水土保持通报,2015,35(1):249-255.
[24]于潇,吴克宁,郧文聚,魏洪斌,刘玲,宋英赫,高星.三江平原现代农业区景观生态安全时空分异分析.农业工程学报,2016,32(8):253-259.
[25]王耕,苏柏灵,王嘉丽,朱正如.基于GIS的沿海地区生态安全时空测度与演变——以大连市瓦房店为例.生态学报,2015,35(3):670-677.
[26]裴欢,魏勇,王晓妍,覃志豪,侯春良.耕地景观生态安全评价方法及其应用.农业工程学报,2014,30(9):212-219.
[27]朱卫红,苗承玉,郑小军,曹光兰,王凡凡.基于3S技术的图们江流域湿地生态安全评价与预警研究.生态学报,2014,34(6):1379-1390.
[28]吕建树,吴泉源,张祖陆,刘洋.基于RS和GIS的济宁市土地利用变化及生态安全研究.地理科学,2012,32(8):928-935.
[29]赵海霞,崔建鑫,董雅文,高俊峰,王淑芬.基于生态——经济协调发展的乡镇空间功能分区.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(3):375-386.
[30]赵顺阳,王文科,乔冈,王文明.艾比湖流域生态环境质量评价.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(5):63-67.
[31]陈趁新,胡昌苗,霍连志,唐娉.Landsat TM数据不同辐射校正方法对土地覆盖遥感分类的影响.遥感学报,2014,18(2):320-334.
[32]刘勇洪,牛铮,王长耀.基于MODIS数据的决策树分类方法研究与应用.遥感学报,2005,9(4):405-412.
[33]Wang H,Long H L,Li X B,Yu F.Evaluation of changes in ecological security in China's Qinghai Lake Basin from 2000 to 2013 and the relationship to land use and climate change.Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(2):341-354.
[34]甘彩红,李阳兵,邵景安,王永艳.三峡库区腹地县域耕地压力研究——以奉节县27个乡镇为例.资源科学,2014,36(7):1365-1373.
[35]任亮平,刘海,严圣华.基于GIS的乡镇土地生态适宜性评价研究——以马口镇为例.国土与自然资源研究,2013,(4):60-62.
[36]凡宸,夏北成,秦建桥.基于RS和GIS的县域生态环境质量综合评价模型——以惠东县为例.生态学杂志,2013,32(3):719-725.
[37]解雪峰,吴涛,肖翠,蒋国俊,边华菁,马勇,陈建华.基于PSR模型的东阳江流域生态安全评价.资源科学,2014,36(8):1702-1711.
[38]王耕,王嘉丽,龚丽妍,苏柏灵,刘秋波.基于GIS-Markov区域生态安全时空演变研究——大连市甘井子区为例.地理科学,2013,33(8):957-964.
[39]Han B L,Liu H X,Wang R S.Urban ecological security assessment for cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region based on fuzzy and entropy methods.Ecological Modelling,2015,318:217-225.
[40]谢余初,巩杰,张玲玲.基于PSR模型的白龙江流域景观生态安全时空变化.地理科学,2015,35(6):790-797.
[41]潘竟虎,刘晓.疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建.生态学杂志,2016,35(3):791-799.
[42]张玉泽,任建兰,刘凯,程钰.山东省生态安全预警测度及时空格局.经济地理,2015,35(11):166-171.
[2]刘彦随,刘玉,陈玉福.中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制.地理学报,2011,66(10):1379-1389.
[3]张振明,刘俊国.生态系统服务价值研究进展.环境科学学报,2011,31(9):1835-1842.
[4]IIASA.Modeling land/cover change in Europe and Northern Asia.1999 Research Plan,1999.
[5]Huang L,Yan L J,Wu J G.Assessing urban sustainability of Chinese megacities:35 years after the economic reform and open-door policy.Landscape and Urban Planning,2016,145:57-70.
[6]谢高地,封志明,沈镭,黄河清,李丽娟,成升魁.自然资源与环境安全研究进展.自然资源学报,2010,25(9):1424-1431.
[7]Ezeonu I C,Ezeonu F C.The environment and global security.Environmentalist,2000,20(1):41-48.
[8]Huang J F,Wang R H,Zhang H Z.Analysis of patterns and ecological security trend of modern oasis landscapes in Xinjiang,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,134(1/3):411-419.
[9]Turner B L.Local faces,global flows:the role of land use and land cover in global environmental change.Land Degradation&Rehabilitation,1994,5(2):71-78.
[10]Hughey K F,Cullen R,Kerr G N,Cook A J.Application of the pressure-state-response framework to perceptions reporting of the state of the New Zealand environment.Journal of Environmental Management,2004,70(1):85-93.
[11]Christiansen F.Food security,urbanization and social stability in China.Journal of Agrarian Change,2009,9(4):548-575.
[12]Sun L Y,Liu Z J,Zheng M G,Cai Q G,Fang H Y.Temporal variations of ecological security with soil and water loss stress in black soil region of northeast China:a case study on Baiquan County.Springer Plus,2013,2(S1):S6.
[13]Liu D,Chang Q.Ecological security research progress in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(5):111-121.
[14]Xu X B,Yang G S,Tan Y,Zhuang Q L,Li H P,Wan R R,Su W Z,Zhang J.Ecological risk assessment of ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2020.Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:7-16.
[15]Zhang J S,Gao J Q.Lake ecological security assessment based on SSWSSC framework from 2005 to 2013 in an interior lake basin,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:888.
[16]余健,房莉,仓定帮,朱琳,卞正富.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用.农业工程学报,2012,28(5):260-266.
[17]赵宏波,马延吉.基于变权-物元分析模型的老工业基地区域生态安全动态预警研究——以吉林省为例.生态学报,2014,34(16):4720-4733.
[18]Li X B,Tian M R,Wang H,Wang H,Yu J J.Development of an ecological security evaluation method based on the ecological footprint and application to a typical steppe region in China.Ecological Indicators,2014,39:153-159.
[19]Zhou K H,Liu Y L,Tan R H,Song Y.Urban dynamics,landscape ecological security,and policy implications:A case study from the Wuhan area of central China.Cities,2014,41:141-153.
[20]何玲,贾启建,李超,许皞.基于生态系统服务价值与粮食安全的生态安全底线核算.应用生态学报,2016,27(1):215-224.
[21]王宏卫,安秀峰,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,索菲娅,谢霞,刘勤.基于乡镇尺度的克里雅河绿洲生态承载力分析——以于田县13个乡镇生态承载力为例.干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(10):48-55.
[22]蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578-590.
[23]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,曹鑫,丁建丽,张严俊,姜红涛.干旱区内陆艾比湖流域景观格局时空变化及生态安全评价.水土保持通报,2015,35(1):249-255.
[24]于潇,吴克宁,郧文聚,魏洪斌,刘玲,宋英赫,高星.三江平原现代农业区景观生态安全时空分异分析.农业工程学报,2016,32(8):253-259.
[25]王耕,苏柏灵,王嘉丽,朱正如.基于GIS的沿海地区生态安全时空测度与演变——以大连市瓦房店为例.生态学报,2015,35(3):670-677.
[26]裴欢,魏勇,王晓妍,覃志豪,侯春良.耕地景观生态安全评价方法及其应用.农业工程学报,2014,30(9):212-219.
[27]朱卫红,苗承玉,郑小军,曹光兰,王凡凡.基于3S技术的图们江流域湿地生态安全评价与预警研究.生态学报,2014,34(6):1379-1390.
[28]吕建树,吴泉源,张祖陆,刘洋.基于RS和GIS的济宁市土地利用变化及生态安全研究.地理科学,2012,32(8):928-935.
[29]赵海霞,崔建鑫,董雅文,高俊峰,王淑芬.基于生态——经济协调发展的乡镇空间功能分区.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(3):375-386.
[30]赵顺阳,王文科,乔冈,王文明.艾比湖流域生态环境质量评价.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(5):63-67.
[31]陈趁新,胡昌苗,霍连志,唐娉.Landsat TM数据不同辐射校正方法对土地覆盖遥感分类的影响.遥感学报,2014,18(2):320-334.
[32]刘勇洪,牛铮,王长耀.基于MODIS数据的决策树分类方法研究与应用.遥感学报,2005,9(4):405-412.
[33]Wang H,Long H L,Li X B,Yu F.Evaluation of changes in ecological security in China's Qinghai Lake Basin from 2000 to 2013 and the relationship to land use and climate change.Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(2):341-354.
[34]甘彩红,李阳兵,邵景安,王永艳.三峡库区腹地县域耕地压力研究——以奉节县27个乡镇为例.资源科学,2014,36(7):1365-1373.
[35]任亮平,刘海,严圣华.基于GIS的乡镇土地生态适宜性评价研究——以马口镇为例.国土与自然资源研究,2013,(4):60-62.
[36]凡宸,夏北成,秦建桥.基于RS和GIS的县域生态环境质量综合评价模型——以惠东县为例.生态学杂志,2013,32(3):719-725.
[37]解雪峰,吴涛,肖翠,蒋国俊,边华菁,马勇,陈建华.基于PSR模型的东阳江流域生态安全评价.资源科学,2014,36(8):1702-1711.
[38]王耕,王嘉丽,龚丽妍,苏柏灵,刘秋波.基于GIS-Markov区域生态安全时空演变研究——大连市甘井子区为例.地理科学,2013,33(8):957-964.
[39]Han B L,Liu H X,Wang R S.Urban ecological security assessment for cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region based on fuzzy and entropy methods.Ecological Modelling,2015,318:217-225.
[40]谢余初,巩杰,张玲玲.基于PSR模型的白龙江流域景观生态安全时空变化.地理科学,2015,35(6):790-797.
[41]潘竟虎,刘晓.疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建.生态学杂志,2016,35(3):791-799.
[42]张玉泽,任建兰,刘凯,程钰.山东省生态安全预警测度及时空格局.经济地理,2015,35(11):166-171.
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