生活方式型旅游企业主移民社会交往研究
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摘要
生活方式型旅游企业主移民是为了追求某种特定的生活方式,在目的地长时间居住,与周围群体发生交往。文章以大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民为研究对象,综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察等方法,分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民的日常生活与社会交往。研究发现:生活方式型旅游企业主移民的日常活动主要分为三类:购物消费、朋友交往、休闲活动。生活方式型旅游企业主移民的社会交往"圈子"具有三大特征:(1)自发性和同质性;(2)随意性和非功利性;(3)交往空间的开放性与私密性。社会交往"圈子"对生活方式型旅游企业主移民的作用主要体现为:"圈子"是生活方式型旅游企业主移民的信息来源和资源支持,圈子交往为生活方式移民提供了情感支撑和归属感。该研究丰富了旅游移民的研究内容,并为旅游目的地移民政策的制定、社区管理与目的地可持续发展提供参考。
Various mobility patterns can be observed in recent China. In particular, tourism-led migration based on vocation, retirement and leisure has increased rapidly. In this context, lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants can be defined as those who migrate to tourist destinations in the search for a particular type of lifestyle. Their migration motivations are similar to tourism consumption-oriented migrants. However, with fewer financial resources, they have to create incomes to sustain their new lives at the tourism destinations. Hence, running small tourism related businesses becomes a key choice for such migrants. These lifestyle entrepreneurs often have multiple roles, as tourists and locals. Although host-guest relationships have been the focus of extensive research, little work has been done on examining how this particular group of tourists manages to interact with others in the local environment.Thus, this research attempts to address this issue by examining the tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Dali,one of the earliest touristic towns in Yunnan Province, China. A qualitative method was adopted to inquiring into the phenomenon under consideration. The field work was carried out between July 2011 and Aug. 2012. Data were collected through the observation and in depth interviews. Fifty-four lifestyle entrepreneurs were interviewed. The study found that the daily activities of lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants can be categorized into shopping, socializing with friends and participating in leisure activities. In particular, formulating a social friend circle is crucial for their continuing stay in Dali.There are three features of their social circles. Firstly, these are formed with spontaneity and homogeneity,and the circle comprises the outside entrepreneurs without any representation of the local residents. Yet,anyone can join the circle if he or she feels that shared beliefs and values with the others in the group exist. This social circle is described as"quanzi"in Chinese. Secondly, the interaction amongst those who are participants within the circles is very limited as to the leisure activities, which include dining together,playing cards, talking, performing and organizing parties. As such, the study did not find any formal business cooperation amongst these entrepreneurs. Thirdly, the traditional spatial layout of Dali comprises small lanes and the yards of households. These spaces are easily accessible, but the yards also enable some privacy. Thus the spaces of Dali enable these social circles to participate in their activities. Overall for lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants, the main function of social circles is to circulate information and provide members with the emotional support as well as a sense of belonging. This research contributes to tourism literature by identifying"quanzi"as a major social interaction group for these tourism entrepreneurs. This circle provides a buffer for them to enact the roles of local residents and outsider tourists. The study also contributes insights of value to small businesses research. Finally, the study highlights the need for the local governments to provide more support to the tourism entrepreneurs by improving their social interactions in addition to offering them financial support.
Various mobility patterns can be observed in recent China. In particular, tourism-led migration based on vocation, retirement and leisure has increased rapidly. In this context, lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants can be defined as those who migrate to tourist destinations in the search for a particular type of lifestyle. Their migration motivations are similar to tourism consumption-oriented migrants. However, with fewer financial resources, they have to create incomes to sustain their new lives at the tourism destinations. Hence, running small tourism related businesses becomes a key choice for such migrants. These lifestyle entrepreneurs often have multiple roles, as tourists and locals. Although host-guest relationships have been the focus of extensive research, little work has been done on examining how this particular group of tourists manages to interact with others in the local environment.Thus, this research attempts to address this issue by examining the tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Dali,one of the earliest touristic towns in Yunnan Province, China. A qualitative method was adopted to inquiring into the phenomenon under consideration. The field work was carried out between July 2011 and Aug. 2012. Data were collected through the observation and in depth interviews. Fifty-four lifestyle entrepreneurs were interviewed. The study found that the daily activities of lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants can be categorized into shopping, socializing with friends and participating in leisure activities. In particular, formulating a social friend circle is crucial for their continuing stay in Dali.There are three features of their social circles. Firstly, these are formed with spontaneity and homogeneity,and the circle comprises the outside entrepreneurs without any representation of the local residents. Yet,anyone can join the circle if he or she feels that shared beliefs and values with the others in the group exist. This social circle is described as"quanzi"in Chinese. Secondly, the interaction amongst those who are participants within the circles is very limited as to the leisure activities, which include dining together,playing cards, talking, performing and organizing parties. As such, the study did not find any formal business cooperation amongst these entrepreneurs. Thirdly, the traditional spatial layout of Dali comprises small lanes and the yards of households. These spaces are easily accessible, but the yards also enable some privacy. Thus the spaces of Dali enable these social circles to participate in their activities. Overall for lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants, the main function of social circles is to circulate information and provide members with the emotional support as well as a sense of belonging. This research contributes to tourism literature by identifying"quanzi"as a major social interaction group for these tourism entrepreneurs. This circle provides a buffer for them to enact the roles of local residents and outsider tourists. The study also contributes insights of value to small businesses research. Finally, the study highlights the need for the local governments to provide more support to the tourism entrepreneurs by improving their social interactions in addition to offering them financial support.
引文
[1]O’Reilly K.The British on the Costa del Sol[M].London:Routledge,2000:1.
[2]Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.A preliminary study on research system and methods of tourism migration[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(4):950-962.[杨钊,陆林.旅游移民研究体系及方法初探[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):950-962.]
[3]Benson M,O’Reilly K.Migration and the search for a better way of life:A critical exploration of lifestyle migration[J].The Sociological Review,2009,57(4):608-625.
[4]Stone I,Stubbs C.Enterprising expatriates:Lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2007,19(5):433-450.
[5]Russell R,Faulkner B.Entrepreneurship,chaos and the tourism area lifecycle[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2004,31(3):556-579.
[6]Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.Summarization of foreign literature about tourism migration[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2005,21(4):84-89.[杨钊,陆林.国外旅游移民研究综述[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(4):84-89.]
[7]O’Reilly K.A new trend in European migration:Contemporary British migration to Fuengirola,Costa del Sol[J].Geographical View Point,1995,23:25-36.
[8]Rodriguez V,Femandez-mayoralas G,Rojo F.European retirees on the Costa del Sol:A cross-national comparison[J].International Journal of Population Geography,1998,4(2):183-200.
[9]Benson M.There’s More to Life:British Lifestyle Migration to Rural France[M].Hull:University of Hull,2007:1.
[10]Williams M,Hall M.Tourism and migration:New relationship between consumption and production[J].Tourism Geographies,2000,2(1):5-27.
[11]Gustafson P.Tourism and seasonal retire migration[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(4):899-918.
[12]Yang Hui,Ling Wenfeng,Duan Pin.Residential guest:An intermediate between the host and the guest-A study of Dayan Shuhe of Lijiang and Shaxi of Dali in the perspective of tourism anthropology[J].Journal of Guangxi for Nationalities:Philosophy and Social Sciences,2012,34(5):44-50.[杨慧,凌文锋,段平.“驻客”:“游客”“东道主”之间的类中介人群--丽江大研、束河、大理沙溪旅游人类学考察[J].广西民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2012,34(5):44-50.]
[13]Williams M,King R,Warnes T.A place in the sun:International retirement migration from northern to southern Europe[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,1997,4(2):115-134.
[14]Lardies R.Migration and tourism entrepreneurship:NorthEuropean immigrants in Catalu?a and Languedoc[J].International Journal of Population Geography,1999,5:477-491.
[15]Wei Shumin.The Theory of Evolution of Human Interactions in Cyberspace[D].Xi’an:Xi’an Petroleum University,2011.[魏淑敏.论网络空间中人类交往方式的嬗变[D].西安:西安石油大学,2011.]
[16]Fei Xiaotong.Rural China[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Press,2007:29.[费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:上海出版社,2007:29.]
[17]Zhao Juanjuan.The analysis and think on society from acquaintance to strangers[J].Journal of the Graduates Sun Yatsen University:Social Sciences,2011,32(2):161-166.[赵娟娟.关于从熟人社会到陌生人社会的分析与思考[J].中山大学研究生学刊:社会科学版,2011,32(2):161-166.]
[18]Wang Chunguang.Social Mobility and Social Reconstruction[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang People’s Publishing House,1995:1.[王春光.社会流动和社会重构[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1995:1.]
[19]Zhou Min.Profound Social and Economic Potential of the Chinese Community[M].Shanghai:The Commercial Press,1995:1-3.[周敏.唐人街:深具社会经济潜质的华人社区[M].上海:商务印书馆,1995:1-3.]
[20]Zhang Qianfan.Social Interaction of Tourism Immigration[D].Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University,2011.[张倩帆.旅游移民的社会互动--以大理古城小企业主旅游移民为例[D].广州:中山大学,2011.]
[21]Strauss A,Corbin M.Basics of Qualitative Research:Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques[M].Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,1990:67.
[22]Fang Bo.Character and Protection Research of the Street Lane Space of the Mountain Historical Towns[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2005.[方波.山地历史城镇街巷空间特征及其保护研究--以重庆山地历史城镇为例[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.]
[23]Lin Zhi.A Comparative Study on the Outdoor Contact Space of Traditional Settlement and Modern Urban Residence[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2005.[林治.传统聚落与现代城市居住区户外交往空间比较研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.]
[24]Nahapiet J,Ghoshal S.Social capital,intellectual capital,and the organizational advantage[J].Academy of Management Review,1998,23:242-266.
(1)来源:尼玛多吉:大理Tibet Cafe 20年变迁,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/zgzx/2009-09/09/content_8672802.htm,2009-09-09.
(2)来源:北京小夫妻移居大理过想要的日子,http://news.focus.cn/sz/2013-02-28/2910360.html,2013-02-28.?
[2]Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.A preliminary study on research system and methods of tourism migration[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(4):950-962.[杨钊,陆林.旅游移民研究体系及方法初探[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):950-962.]
[3]Benson M,O’Reilly K.Migration and the search for a better way of life:A critical exploration of lifestyle migration[J].The Sociological Review,2009,57(4):608-625.
[4]Stone I,Stubbs C.Enterprising expatriates:Lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2007,19(5):433-450.
[5]Russell R,Faulkner B.Entrepreneurship,chaos and the tourism area lifecycle[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2004,31(3):556-579.
[6]Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.Summarization of foreign literature about tourism migration[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2005,21(4):84-89.[杨钊,陆林.国外旅游移民研究综述[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(4):84-89.]
[7]O’Reilly K.A new trend in European migration:Contemporary British migration to Fuengirola,Costa del Sol[J].Geographical View Point,1995,23:25-36.
[8]Rodriguez V,Femandez-mayoralas G,Rojo F.European retirees on the Costa del Sol:A cross-national comparison[J].International Journal of Population Geography,1998,4(2):183-200.
[9]Benson M.There’s More to Life:British Lifestyle Migration to Rural France[M].Hull:University of Hull,2007:1.
[10]Williams M,Hall M.Tourism and migration:New relationship between consumption and production[J].Tourism Geographies,2000,2(1):5-27.
[11]Gustafson P.Tourism and seasonal retire migration[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(4):899-918.
[12]Yang Hui,Ling Wenfeng,Duan Pin.Residential guest:An intermediate between the host and the guest-A study of Dayan Shuhe of Lijiang and Shaxi of Dali in the perspective of tourism anthropology[J].Journal of Guangxi for Nationalities:Philosophy and Social Sciences,2012,34(5):44-50.[杨慧,凌文锋,段平.“驻客”:“游客”“东道主”之间的类中介人群--丽江大研、束河、大理沙溪旅游人类学考察[J].广西民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2012,34(5):44-50.]
[13]Williams M,King R,Warnes T.A place in the sun:International retirement migration from northern to southern Europe[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,1997,4(2):115-134.
[14]Lardies R.Migration and tourism entrepreneurship:NorthEuropean immigrants in Catalu?a and Languedoc[J].International Journal of Population Geography,1999,5:477-491.
[15]Wei Shumin.The Theory of Evolution of Human Interactions in Cyberspace[D].Xi’an:Xi’an Petroleum University,2011.[魏淑敏.论网络空间中人类交往方式的嬗变[D].西安:西安石油大学,2011.]
[16]Fei Xiaotong.Rural China[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Press,2007:29.[费孝通.乡土中国[M].上海:上海出版社,2007:29.]
[17]Zhao Juanjuan.The analysis and think on society from acquaintance to strangers[J].Journal of the Graduates Sun Yatsen University:Social Sciences,2011,32(2):161-166.[赵娟娟.关于从熟人社会到陌生人社会的分析与思考[J].中山大学研究生学刊:社会科学版,2011,32(2):161-166.]
[18]Wang Chunguang.Social Mobility and Social Reconstruction[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang People’s Publishing House,1995:1.[王春光.社会流动和社会重构[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1995:1.]
[19]Zhou Min.Profound Social and Economic Potential of the Chinese Community[M].Shanghai:The Commercial Press,1995:1-3.[周敏.唐人街:深具社会经济潜质的华人社区[M].上海:商务印书馆,1995:1-3.]
[20]Zhang Qianfan.Social Interaction of Tourism Immigration[D].Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University,2011.[张倩帆.旅游移民的社会互动--以大理古城小企业主旅游移民为例[D].广州:中山大学,2011.]
[21]Strauss A,Corbin M.Basics of Qualitative Research:Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques[M].Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,1990:67.
[22]Fang Bo.Character and Protection Research of the Street Lane Space of the Mountain Historical Towns[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2005.[方波.山地历史城镇街巷空间特征及其保护研究--以重庆山地历史城镇为例[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.]
[23]Lin Zhi.A Comparative Study on the Outdoor Contact Space of Traditional Settlement and Modern Urban Residence[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2005.[林治.传统聚落与现代城市居住区户外交往空间比较研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.]
[24]Nahapiet J,Ghoshal S.Social capital,intellectual capital,and the organizational advantage[J].Academy of Management Review,1998,23:242-266.
(1)来源:尼玛多吉:大理Tibet Cafe 20年变迁,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/zgzx/2009-09/09/content_8672802.htm,2009-09-09.
(2)来源:北京小夫妻移居大理过想要的日子,http://news.focus.cn/sz/2013-02-28/2910360.html,2013-02-28.?