高烈度地震区细粒尾矿上游法筑坝动力反应与稳定性分析
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摘要
核桃箐尾矿库位于中甸—大理地震带,其抗震设防烈度为8度,且入库尾矿为细粒尾矿。为论证其采用上游式工艺进行筑坝的可行性,综合运用堆坝模型试验、土工测试、理论分析和数值模拟等多种方法,对其动力反应与静、动力稳定性进行了系统研究。结果表明,通过高筑初期坝、合理设置排渗设施并增设块石贴坡,可以使核桃箐尾矿库尾矿坝的静、动力稳定性达到规范要求,从理论上证明了通过采取合适的抗震措施,在8度地震区的细粒尾矿库采用上游法筑坝是可行的。研究中还发现,由于动孔隙水压力的产生和增长,尾矿坝的动力安全系数在地震过程中呈波动下降的趋势。较大的永久变形是细粒尾矿堆坝的主要震害形式之一,当干滩面长度和安全超高不足时,震后容易发生漫坝事故。并从细观角度,对细粒尾矿堆坝颗粒分级不明显、浸润线埋深浅、滩面坡度缓等特点的成因进行了分析。
The present paper focuses on the study of a project called as Hetaojing tailings pond to store fine grained tailings,which is located in the active seismic area of Zhongdian—Dali. The intensity of 8 degree is specified in the design. The feasibility of upstream embankment method for tailings pond with the similar characteristics was investigated. In order to analyze the seismic response and the static and dynamic stability of the tailings dam,an integrated approach was applied,consisting of the embankment model test,geotechnical engineering test,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that the static and dynamic stability of tailings dam in Hetaojing tailings pond can be improved to meet the requirements of national codes by means of constructions of a high starter dam,appropriate drainage and fitting the slope with rocks,which confirms the feasibility of upstream embankment method with the appropriate earthquake resistant construction for fine grained tailings pond in seismic area theoretically. It was also found that due to the generation and growth of dynamic pore water pressure,the dynamic safety factors of tailings dams fluctuated and decreased gradually during the earthquake. The excessive permanent deformation is one of the major seismic disaster forms for the fine grained tailings dam. The insufficient length and height clearance of the safety beach makes the overtopping more likely to occur after earthquake. Furthermore,the causes of the characteristics of fine grained tailings dam including the particle size grading,the shallow phreatic line and the gentle beach face were analyzed in mesoscopic view.
The present paper focuses on the study of a project called as Hetaojing tailings pond to store fine grained tailings,which is located in the active seismic area of Zhongdian—Dali. The intensity of 8 degree is specified in the design. The feasibility of upstream embankment method for tailings pond with the similar characteristics was investigated. In order to analyze the seismic response and the static and dynamic stability of the tailings dam,an integrated approach was applied,consisting of the embankment model test,geotechnical engineering test,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that the static and dynamic stability of tailings dam in Hetaojing tailings pond can be improved to meet the requirements of national codes by means of constructions of a high starter dam,appropriate drainage and fitting the slope with rocks,which confirms the feasibility of upstream embankment method with the appropriate earthquake resistant construction for fine grained tailings pond in seismic area theoretically. It was also found that due to the generation and growth of dynamic pore water pressure,the dynamic safety factors of tailings dams fluctuated and decreased gradually during the earthquake. The excessive permanent deformation is one of the major seismic disaster forms for the fine grained tailings dam. The insufficient length and height clearance of the safety beach makes the overtopping more likely to occur after earthquake. Furthermore,the causes of the characteristics of fine grained tailings dam including the particle size grading,the shallow phreatic line and the gentle beach face were analyzed in mesoscopic view.
引文
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[22]FERDOSI B,JAMES M,AUBERTIN M.Numerical simulations of seismic and post-seismic behavior of tailings[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2016,53(1):85–92.
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[24]OZCAN N T,ULUSAY R,ISIK N S.A study on geotechnical characterization and stability of downstream slope of a tailings dam to improve its storage capacity(Turkey)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,69(6):1 871–1 890.
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[2]VICK S G.Risk-based approach to seismic stability and inundation hazard for upstream tailings dams[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on Safety and Rehabilitation of Tailings Dams.Sydney,Australia:ICOLD,1990:52–62.
[3]PRISCU C.Behavior of mine tailings dams under high tailings deposition rates[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Montreal,Canada:McG ill University,1999:4–6.
[4]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50863—2013尾矿设施设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2013.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China.GB50863—2013Code for design of tailings facilities[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2013.(in Chinese))
[5]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50191—2012构筑物抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2012.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China.GB50863—2012Code for design of tailings facilities[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2012.(in Chinese))
[6]尹光志,杨作亚,魏作安,等.羊拉铜矿尾矿料的物理力学性质[J].重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2007,30(9):117–122.(YIN Guangzhi,YANG Zuoya,WEI Zuoan,et al.Physical and mechanical properties of Yangla copper's tailings[J].Journal of Chongqing University:Natural Science,2007,30(9):117–122.(in Chinese))
[7]魏作安,陈宇龙,李广治.中线法尾矿坝地下渗流场的数值模拟[J].重庆大学学报,2012,35(7):89–92.(WEI Zuoan,CHEN Yulong,LI Guangzhi.Numerical simulation on the seepage of talings dam bt centerline method construction[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2012,35(7):89–92.(in Chinese))
[8]尹光志,魏作安,许江.细粒尾矿及其堆坝稳定性分析[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2004:7.(YIN Guangzhi,WEI Zuoan,XU Jiang.Analysis of the characteristics and dam stability of fine grained tailings[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2004:7.(in Chinese))
[9]蔡清,程江涛,于沉香.细粒尾矿的定义及分类方法探讨[J].土工基础,2014,28(1):97–99.(CAI Qing,CHENG Jiangtao,YU Chenxiang.Definition and classification of fine grain materials from mine tailings[J].Soil Engineering and Foundation,2014,28(1):97–99.(in Chinese))
[10]尹光志,李广治,魏作安,等.细粒尾矿动力特性的试验研究[C]//金属矿采矿科学技术前沿论坛论文集.长沙:中国有色金属学会,2006:63–65.(YIN Guangzhi,LI Guangzhi,WEI Zuoan,et al.Experimental research on dynamic characteristics of fine grained tailings[C]//Proceedings of Forum on New Advances in Mining Science and Technology of Metal Mine.Changsha:The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2006:63–65.(in Chinese))
[11]SUAZO G,FOURIE A,DOHERTY J,et al.Effects of confining stress,density and initial static shear stress on the cyclic shear response of fine-grained unclassified tailings[J].Geotechnique,2016,66(5):401–412.
[12]WIJEWICKREME D,SANIN M V,GREENAWAY G R.Cyclic shear response of fine-grained mine tailings[J].Canadian Geotechnique Journal,2005,42(5):1 408–1 421.
[13]乔兰,屈春来,崔明.细粒含量对尾矿工程性质影响分析[J].岩土力学,2015,36(4):923–928.(QIAO Lan,QU Chunlai,CUI Ming.Effect of fines content on engineering characteristics of tailings[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(4):923–928.(in Chinese))
[14]张超,杨春和.细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性的影响[J].岩土力学,2006,27(7):1 133–1 142.(ZHANG Chao,YANG Chunhe.Effect of fines content on liquefaction properties of tailings material[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(7):1 133–1 142.(in Chinese))
[15]PROSKIN S,SEGO D,ALOSTAZ M.Freeze-thaw and consolidation tests on Suncor mature fine tailings(MFT)[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010,63(3):110–120.
[16]尹光志,余果,张东明.细粒尾矿库地下渗流场的数值模拟分析[J].重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2005,28(6):81–83.(YIN Guangzhi,YU Guo,ZHANG Dongming.Numerical calculation analysis about seepage field of fine grained tailings pool[J].Journal of Chongqing University:Natural Science,2005,28(6):81–83.(in Chinese))
[17]尹光志,敬小非,魏作安,等.粗、细尾砂筑坝渗流特性模型试验及现场实测研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(增2):3 710–3 718.(YIN Guangzhi,JING Xiaofei,WEI Zuoan,et al.Study of model test of seepage characteristics and field measurement of coarse and fine tailings dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(Supp.2):3 710–3 718.(in Chinese))
[18]李巧燕,王惠栋,马国伟,等.尾矿坝筑坝模袋力学性能试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(4):957–964.(LI Qiaoyan,WANG Huidong,MA Guowei,et al.An experimental study of the mechanical performance of tailings dam geofabriform[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(4):957–964.(in Chinese))
[19]YIN G Z,WEI Z A,WANG J G,et al.Interaction characteristics of geosynthetics with fine tailings in pullout test[J].Geosynthetics International,2008,15(6):428–436.
[20]WEI Z A,YIN G Z,LI G Z,et al.Reinforced terraced fields method for fine tailings disposal[J].Minerals Engineering,2009,22(12):1 053–1 059.
[21]余新洲.一种三维立体排渗方式在细粒级尾砂筑坝中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(增1):74–78.(YU Xinzhou.Application of 3D solid water seepage method in construction of fine fraction tailings dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(Supp.1):74–78.(in Chinese))
[22]FERDOSI B,JAMES M,AUBERTIN M.Numerical simulations of seismic and post-seismic behavior of tailings[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2016,53(1):85–92.
[23]PSARROPOULOS P N,TSOMPANAKIS Y.Stability of tailings dams under static and seismic loading[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2008,45(5):663–675.
[24]OZCAN N T,ULUSAY R,ISIK N S.A study on geotechnical characterization and stability of downstream slope of a tailings dam to improve its storage capacity(Turkey)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,69(6):1 871–1 890.
[25]FERDOSI B,JAMES M,AUBERTIN M.Investigation of the effect of waste rock inclusions configuration on the seismic performance of a tailings impoundment[J].Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,2015,33(6):1 519–1 537.
[26]何淼,刘恩龙,刘友能.地震动荷载作用下尾矿坝动力分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2016,48(增1):33–38.(HE Miao,LIU Enlong,LIU Youneng.Dynamic analysis of one tailing dam under seismic dynamic loading[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science,2016,48(Supp.1):33–38.(in Chinese))
[27]YIN G Z,LI G Z,WEI Z A,et al.Stability analysis of a copper tailings dam via laboratory model tests:a Chinese case study[J].Minerals Engineering,2011,24(2):122–130.
[28]魏作安,杨永浩,赵怀军,等.小打鹅尾矿库尾矿堆积坝稳定性研究[J].东北大学学报:自然科学版,2016,37(4):589–593.(WEI Zuoan,YANG Yonghao,ZHAO Huaijun,et al.Stability of tailings dam of Xiaodae tailings pond[J].Journal of Northeastern University:Natural Science,2016,37(4):589–593.(in Chinese))
[29]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.DL5073—2000水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2013.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China.DL5073—2000 Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures[S].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2013.(in Chinese))
[30]张超,杨春和,徐卫亚.尾矿坝稳定性的可靠度分析[J].岩土力学,2004,25(11):1 706–1 711.(ZHANG Chao,YANG Chunhe,XU Weiya.Reliability analysis of tailings dam stability[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(11):1 706–1 711.(in Chinese))
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