Enabling Congestion Pricing: Analysis and Design of Implementation Strategies.

详细信息   

• 作者：Liu ; Yang.
• 学历：Doctor
• 年：2013
• 毕业院校：Northwestern University
• Department：Civil and Environmental Engineering.
• ISBN：9781303624698
• CBH：3605738
• Country：USA
• 语种：English
• FileSize：2282327
• Pages：200

文摘

Congestion pricing has been widely recognized as an efficient policy instrument to manage urban traffic congestion. The equity and practicability debates have largely confined the adoption of congestion pricing to a rather small part of the world. This dissertation aims to design congestion management schemes that are more effective,more practical and fairer. To fulfill this goal,it analyzes both static and dynamic equilibrium models and develops solution approaches that facilitate the numerical analysis. The dissertation first analyzes the distributional welfare effect patterns of congestion pricing on travelers across social-economic classes with different value of time VOT) using a general two-mode automobile and transit) network model. It identifies the cases that the richest,the poorest or a middle class could suffer the greatest loss from pricing. The numerical experiments reveal the impacts of transit service coverage and the spatial distribution of travel demand on the equity issue,and highlight how the pricing schemes would affect the trade-off between efficiency and equity. Grounded on the study of welfare effects,the dissertation further addresses the following question: under what condition,if any,a congestion management scheme exists that guarantees Pareto-improving outcome,i.e.,reducing the total congestion at nobodys cost. When it does exist,the pareto-improving strategies through revenue recycle and transit subsidy,which overcome the equity issue and promote sustainable transit usage,were proposed. To consider travelers departure time choices and understand the temporal evolution of urban congestion,the dissertation examines a dynamic user equilibrium model of two parallel bottlenecks,which enables simultaneous route and departure time choices of heterogeneous users,distinguished by their VOT and schedule flexibility. The model is used to analyze pricing scheme associated with two distinct system optima,as well as their implications on welfare effects and implementation feasibility. Finally,some necessary assumptions of user heterogeneity in analytical studies of bottleneck models are further relaxed and a semi-analytical solution approach is developed to facilitate numerical analysis. Specifically,the dynamic user equilibrium problem is transformed into a static asymmetric traffic assignment problem,which is subsequently formulated as a variational inequality problem and is quickly solved by Gaussian-Seidel decomposition algorithm to high precisions.