he MathML source">S₄²⁻${{\text{S}}_4}^{2-}$ and he MathML source">S₅²⁻${{\text{S}}_5}^{2-}$ were the major species at the first reduction wave of elemental sulfur.

The polysulfides during the discharge of Li–S batteries were captured instantly.

The polysulfides were accurately in-situ determined.