汶川8级地震地质灾害的类型及实例
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摘要
龙门山地区活动断裂右旋斜冲运动与汶川8级强烈地震存在成因联系。汶川8级地震造成了惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失,地震地质灾害主要类型有地震灾害、地震触发地质灾害和地震引发地质灾害隐患。严重地震灾害包括房屋倒塌与部分坍塌、房屋平移、房屋倾斜变形、墙体破裂与结构破坏、桥梁垮塌等。地震触发严重地质灾害包括山体滑坡、山体滑塌、岩块崩塌,局部产生泥石流与沙土液化。地震引发地质灾害隐患包括潜在滑坡、不稳定边坡与滑塌隐患、危岩体与崩塌隐患及泥石流灾害隐患。地震地质灾害分布与活动断层存在密切关系,沿北川-映秀断裂地震地质灾害最为严重,沿汉旺-漩口断裂、茂县-汶川断裂、青川断裂地震地质灾害也比较严重。在活动断裂之间相对稳定地块远离活动断裂超过3～5km,地震灾害和地震触发地质灾害显著减轻。
Dextral-slip thrusting of major active faults in Longmen Mts. caused the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, which resulted in huge hazards to local people. Typical examples presented here are seismic hazards of the MS 8.0 earthquake, geological hazards triggered by the earthquake and potential geological hazards induced by the earthquake in Longmen Mts. The heavy seismic disasters in Wenchuan includes building collaping, moving and tilting of houses, wall fracturing, and breaking or even collapse of bridges. Geological hazards triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake include landslide, rockfalls, local debris flow and liquefaction. Potential geological hazards include latent landslides and debris flows, rockslides and rockfalls along unstable slopes. Distribution of seismic and geological hazards are closely related to active faults, with the worst hazards occurring along and near the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault in central Longmen Mts., and along the minor seismic faults such as the Hanwang-Xuankou fault in eastern Longmen Mts. and the Maoxian-Wenchuan fault and the Qingchuan fault in western Longmen Mts. Seismic and geological hazards greatly decreased in the areas 3~5 km away from the seismic faults.
Dextral-slip thrusting of major active faults in Longmen Mts. caused the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, which resulted in huge hazards to local people. Typical examples presented here are seismic hazards of the MS 8.0 earthquake, geological hazards triggered by the earthquake and potential geological hazards induced by the earthquake in Longmen Mts. The heavy seismic disasters in Wenchuan includes building collaping, moving and tilting of houses, wall fracturing, and breaking or even collapse of bridges. Geological hazards triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake include landslide, rockfalls, local debris flow and liquefaction. Potential geological hazards include latent landslides and debris flows, rockslides and rockfalls along unstable slopes. Distribution of seismic and geological hazards are closely related to active faults, with the worst hazards occurring along and near the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault in central Longmen Mts., and along the minor seismic faults such as the Hanwang-Xuankou fault in eastern Longmen Mts. and the Maoxian-Wenchuan fault and the Qingchuan fault in western Longmen Mts. Seismic and geological hazards greatly decreased in the areas 3~5 km away from the seismic faults.
引文
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Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,King R W,Royden L H,Tang WWang E,Zhao J,Zhang X.2000.Global Positioning Systemeasurement fromeastern Tibet and its i mplications for IndiaEurasia intercontinental deformation.Journal of GeophysicaResearch,105:16215~16227.
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Lin A,Fu B,Guo J,Zeng Q,Dang G,He W,Zhao Y.2002.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001MS8.1Central Kunlun Earthquake.Science,296:2015~2017.
Parsons T,Chen J,Eric K.2008.Stress changes from the2008Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuanbasin.Nature,454:509~510,doi:10.1038/nature07177.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics ofChina.Journal of Geophysical Research,82:2905~2930.
Wu Z,Patrick J.B,Hu D,Wu Z,Zhao X,Ye P,Jiang W.2004.Hazards posed by active major faults along the Gol mud-Lhasarail way route,Tibetan Plateau,China.Engineering Geology,74(3~4):163~182.
Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the Hi malayan-Tibetan orogen.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,28:211~280.
Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang M,Gan W,Burgmann R,Molnar P,Wang Q,Niu Z,Sun J,Wu J,Sun H,You X.2004.Continous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from globalpositioning systemdata.Geology,32(9):809~812.
Zhao W,Nelson K D,Project I NDEPTHTeam.1993.Deep seismicreflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneathsouthern Tibet.Nature,366:557~559.
吴珍汉,张作辰.2008.汶川8级地震的地表变形与同震位移.地质通报,27(12):2068~2077.
吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功,王薇,张作辰,雷伟志.2005a.青藏铁路沿线活动断裂与地质灾害图集.北京:地震出版社,1~150.
吴珍汉,胡道功,吴中海,赵希涛,王薇,刘琦胜,叶培盛,王连捷,彭华,周春景.2005b.青藏高原中段活动断层及诱发地质灾害.北京:地质出版社,1~385.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉勇康.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,51(4):1066~1073.
赵竹青.2008.全方位解读地质灾害——堰塞湖.人民网(科技),5月27日,www.scitech.people.com.cn.
中国地震局.2003.中国昆仑山口西8.1级地震图集.北京:地震出版社,1~105.
Alexander L D,Michael A E,Li Y,Zhou R,Gregory S H,Nicholas R.2007.Active tectonics of Beichuan and Pengguanfaults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,26:TC4005,doi:10.1029/2006TC001987.
Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,Royden L H.1995.Tectonics of theLongmen Shan and the adjacent regions,central China.International Geology Review,37:661~735.
Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst RD,Chen Z,King R W,Li C,Lu J,Yao H,Kirby E.2008.A geological andgeophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,18(7):4~11,doi.10.1130/GSATG18A1.
Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,King R W,Royden L H,Tang WWang E,Zhao J,Zhang X.2000.Global Positioning Systemeasurement fromeastern Tibet and its i mplications for IndiaEurasia intercontinental deformation.Journal of GeophysicaResearch,105:16215~16227.
Dai F C,Lee C F,Ngai Y Y.2002.Landslide risk assessment andmanagement:a overview.Engineering Geology,64(1):65~87.
Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,Whipple K X,Hodges K V,Farley K A,Tang W,Chen Z.2002.Late Cenozoic evolutionof eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:inferences from39Ar/40Ar and(U-Th)/He thermochronology.Tectonics,21(1):1001,doi:10.1029/2000TC001246.
Lee C,Huang C,Lee J,Pan K,Lin M,Dong J.2008.Statisticalapproach to earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility.Engineering Geology,100(1~2):43~58,doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.004.
Lin A,Fu B,Guo J,Zeng Q,Dang G,He W,Zhao Y.2002.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001MS8.1Central Kunlun Earthquake.Science,296:2015~2017.
Parsons T,Chen J,Eric K.2008.Stress changes from the2008Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuanbasin.Nature,454:509~510,doi:10.1038/nature07177.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics ofChina.Journal of Geophysical Research,82:2905~2930.
Wu Z,Patrick J.B,Hu D,Wu Z,Zhao X,Ye P,Jiang W.2004.Hazards posed by active major faults along the Gol mud-Lhasarail way route,Tibetan Plateau,China.Engineering Geology,74(3~4):163~182.
Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the Hi malayan-Tibetan orogen.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,28:211~280.
Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang M,Gan W,Burgmann R,Molnar P,Wang Q,Niu Z,Sun J,Wu J,Sun H,You X.2004.Continous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from globalpositioning systemdata.Geology,32(9):809~812.
Zhao W,Nelson K D,Project I NDEPTHTeam.1993.Deep seismicreflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneathsouthern Tibet.Nature,366:557~559.
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