汶川地震中道路边坡工程震害分析
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摘要
发生在山区的地震对边坡工程所造成的危害,在致灾机制和破坏形式方面具有鲜明的特征。结合汶川地震灾区道路边坡工程震害实例,分析路堑、路堤以及与桥隧相连的各类边坡及相应支挡结构的震害机制和破坏形式。锚索(杆)地梁或预应力锚索抗滑桩加固的边坡具有较好的抗震性能,其原因是这些结构已与坡体联接在一起而形成一个整体,在地震波作用下结构与坡体的位移和变形能够很好地协调一致。铺设土工格栅或施加加筋材料的路堤边坡工程具有较好的抗震性能,一般填筑路堤特别是高路堤,其抗震性能较差。根据沙土液化和软弱黏性土层震陷造成的震害实例,提出含水沙质地层路堤边坡应注意坡脚沙土液化造成的震害,应采取措施防止软弱黏性土层地基震陷造成路面破坏以及坡脚震陷造成的边坡失稳。山区隧道洞口边、仰坡的抗震设计应重视支挡结构的耐震性。建于坡体上的桥台、桥基和桥路过渡段的安全性与坡体稳定性直接相关,应切实加强这些结构所在边坡的抗震设计。对于依山傍水而建的顺河桥,相关边坡的失稳危害桥梁时,应对其采取抗震措施。目前公路、铁路工程抗震规范涉及边坡工程及支挡结构的内容极少,研究成果可为规范的修改和补充提供有益的参考。
Seismic damages of road slopes in mountainous areas have different characteristics in mechanism and types from those in flain. Based on cases of damaged road slopes in the Wenchuan earthquake,failure mechanisms and types of the road slopes for cutting and embankment slope and slopes around bridge and tunnel,as well as retaining structures,are analyzed. Slopes stabilized by using anchored foundation beams or lateral loaded piles with prestressed anchors have better performance in the earthquake. The reason is that these structures make both structures and soils become integral,and so deformation between structures and soil is consistent. Geogrid or other reinforced embankment slopes have better performance in the earthquake;but the aseismic performance of embankments without reinforcement,particularly high embankments,is poor. Based on the cases of liquefaction or soft soil layer-induced settlement,it is suggested that engineers in aseismic design should pay attention to liquefaction-induced settlement at the toe of the slopes constructed on sandy soil layers and take measures to prevent from pavement failure caused by the settlement on soft soil layers and slope instability caused by the settlement at the toe of the slope. At tunnel portals and portal slopes,engineers should strengthen aseismic design of retaining structures. Safety and stabilization of bridge abutment,foundation and transition between abutment and embankment constructed on slopes are dependent of the slope stability;and so aseismic design of the slope, on which those structures are constructed,should be strengthened. For bridges constructed along the bank of river,unstable slope can damage the bridges,some measures in aseismic design should,therefore,be taken into consideration. At present,codes for aseismic design of roads and railway have few contents for how to design slope and retaining structures;and so the achievements obtained will be helpful to revision and supplementary of the codes.
Seismic damages of road slopes in mountainous areas have different characteristics in mechanism and types from those in flain. Based on cases of damaged road slopes in the Wenchuan earthquake,failure mechanisms and types of the road slopes for cutting and embankment slope and slopes around bridge and tunnel,as well as retaining structures,are analyzed. Slopes stabilized by using anchored foundation beams or lateral loaded piles with prestressed anchors have better performance in the earthquake. The reason is that these structures make both structures and soils become integral,and so deformation between structures and soil is consistent. Geogrid or other reinforced embankment slopes have better performance in the earthquake;but the aseismic performance of embankments without reinforcement,particularly high embankments,is poor. Based on the cases of liquefaction or soft soil layer-induced settlement,it is suggested that engineers in aseismic design should pay attention to liquefaction-induced settlement at the toe of the slopes constructed on sandy soil layers and take measures to prevent from pavement failure caused by the settlement on soft soil layers and slope instability caused by the settlement at the toe of the slope. At tunnel portals and portal slopes,engineers should strengthen aseismic design of retaining structures. Safety and stabilization of bridge abutment,foundation and transition between abutment and embankment constructed on slopes are dependent of the slope stability;and so aseismic design of the slope, on which those structures are constructed,should be strengthened. For bridges constructed along the bank of river,unstable slope can damage the bridges,some measures in aseismic design should,therefore,be taken into consideration. At present,codes for aseismic design of roads and railway have few contents for how to design slope and retaining structures;and so the achievements obtained will be helpful to revision and supplementary of the codes.
引文
[1]吉随旺,唐永建,胡德贵,等.四川省汶川地震灾区干线公路典型震害特征分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1250–1260.(JI Suiwang,TANG Yongjian,HU Degui,et al.Analysis of typical seismic damages of highways in Wenchuan earthquake-induced hazard areas in Sichuan province[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1250–1260.(in Chinese))
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[4]何义宏.紫坪铺水库左岸重载公路挡土墙震害调查分析[J].路基工程,2009,(3):192–193.(HE Yihong.Analysis of seismic damages of retaining walls at the heavy load road on Zipingpu reservoir left bank[J].Subgrade Engineering,2009,(3):192–193.(in Chinese))
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[7]唐胜传,杨伟,张昌林.国道317线汶川–理县段边坡地震破坏模式研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2008,4(6):1036–1040.(TANG Shengchuan,YANG Wei,ZHANG Changlin.Research on slope failure mode of Wenchuan to Lixian section at national highway No.317after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2008,4(6):1036–1040.(in Chinese))
[8]何义宏.高烈度地震区公路路肩挡土墙震害调查与分析[J].道路工程,2009,(4):109–110.(HE Yihong.Analysis of seismic damages of highway shoulder retaining walls at the high earthquake intensity zone[J].Road Engineering,2009,(4):109–110.(in Chinese))
[9]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTJ004–89公路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1990.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.JTJ004–89Code for aseismic design of highway[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,1990.(in Chinese))
[10]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50111–2006铁路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2006.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.GB50111–2006Code for seismic design of railway engineering[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[11]高波,王峥峥,袁松,等.汶川地震公路隧道震害启示[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):336–341,374.(GAO Bo,WANG Zhengzheng,YUAN Song,et al.Lessons from damage of highway tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):336–341,374.(in Chinese))
[12]李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):742–750.(LI Tianbin.Failure characteristics and influence factor analysis of mountain tunnels at epicenter zones of great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):742–750.(in Chinese))
[13]陈贵红,李海清,钟勇,等.国道213线都江堰至汶川段隧道震害调查与分析[J].西南公路,2008,(4):114–119.(CHEN Guihong,LI Haiqing,ZHONG Yong,et al.Survey and analysis of seismic damages of the tunnels on Dujiangyan to Wenchuan section at national highway No.213[J].Southwest Highway,2008,(4):114–119.(in Chinese))
[14]陶双江,吉随旺.“5.12”汶川大地震后四川部分公路隧道震害初步分析[J].西南公路,2008,(4):120–124.(TAO Shuangjiang,JI Suiwang.Damage analysis of the tunnels on the several roads in Sichuan Province after“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Southwest Highway,2008,(4):120–124.(in Chinese))
[15]李鸿晶,陆鸣,温增平,等.汶川地震桥梁震害的特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,31(1):24–29.(LI Hongjing,LU Ming,WEN Zengping,et al.Characteristics of bridge damages in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology(Natural Science),2009,31(1):24–29.(in Chinese))
[16]王东升,郭迅,孙治国,等.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(3):84–94.(WANG Dongsheng,GUO Xun,SUN Zhiguo,et al.Damage to highway bridges during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,29(3):84–94.(in Chinese))
[17]李曙平,曾超,阳先全,等.“5.12”汶川地震桥梁震害浅析[J].公路,2009,(7):125–128.(LI Shuping,ZENG Chao,YANG Xianquan,et al.“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake highway bridge damage analysis[J].Highway,2009,(7):125–128.(in Chinese))
[18]庄卫林,刘振宇,蒋劲松.“5.12”汶川地震公路桥梁震害分析及对策研究[J].西南公路,2009,(1):2–11.(ZHUANG Weilin,LIU Zhenyu,JIANG Jinsong.“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake highway bridge damage analysis and countermeasures[J].Southwest Highway,2009,(1):2–11.(in Chinese))
[19]刘健新,赵国辉.“5.12”汶川地震典型桥梁震害分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2009,26(2):92–97.(LIU Jianxin,ZHAO Guohui.Typical bridge damage analysis in“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2009,26(2):92–97.(in Chinese))
[2]姚令侃,陈强.“5.12”汶川地震对线路工程抗震技术提出的新课题[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):43–50.(YAO Lingkan,CHEN Qiang.New research subjects on earthquake resistant techniques of line engineering extracted from“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science),2009,41(3):43–50.(in Chinese))
[3]张建经,冯君,肖世国,等.支挡结构抗震设计的2个关键技术问题[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):321–326.(ZHANG Jianjing,FENG Jun,XIAO Shiguo,et al.Discussions on two key technical problems for seismic design of retaining structures[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):321–326.(in Chinese))
[4]何义宏.紫坪铺水库左岸重载公路挡土墙震害调查分析[J].路基工程,2009,(3):192–193.(HE Yihong.Analysis of seismic damages of retaining walls at the heavy load road on Zipingpu reservoir left bank[J].Subgrade Engineering,2009,(3):192–193.(in Chinese))
[5]谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(XIE Heping,DENG Jianhui,TAI Jiajia,et al.Wenchuan large earthquake and post-earthquake reconstruction-related geotechnical problems[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1781–1791.(in Chinese))
[6]姚令侃,冯俊德,杨明.汶川地震路基震害分析及对抗震规范改进的启示[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):301–311.(YAO Lingkan,FENG Junde,YANG Ming.Damage analysis of subgrade engineering in Wenchuan earthquake and recommendations for improving seismic design code[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):301–311.(in Chinese))
[7]唐胜传,杨伟,张昌林.国道317线汶川–理县段边坡地震破坏模式研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2008,4(6):1036–1040.(TANG Shengchuan,YANG Wei,ZHANG Changlin.Research on slope failure mode of Wenchuan to Lixian section at national highway No.317after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2008,4(6):1036–1040.(in Chinese))
[8]何义宏.高烈度地震区公路路肩挡土墙震害调查与分析[J].道路工程,2009,(4):109–110.(HE Yihong.Analysis of seismic damages of highway shoulder retaining walls at the high earthquake intensity zone[J].Road Engineering,2009,(4):109–110.(in Chinese))
[9]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTJ004–89公路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1990.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.JTJ004–89Code for aseismic design of highway[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,1990.(in Chinese))
[10]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50111–2006铁路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2006.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People′s Republic of China.GB50111–2006Code for seismic design of railway engineering[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[11]高波,王峥峥,袁松,等.汶川地震公路隧道震害启示[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):336–341,374.(GAO Bo,WANG Zhengzheng,YUAN Song,et al.Lessons from damage of highway tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):336–341,374.(in Chinese))
[12]李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):742–750.(LI Tianbin.Failure characteristics and influence factor analysis of mountain tunnels at epicenter zones of great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):742–750.(in Chinese))
[13]陈贵红,李海清,钟勇,等.国道213线都江堰至汶川段隧道震害调查与分析[J].西南公路,2008,(4):114–119.(CHEN Guihong,LI Haiqing,ZHONG Yong,et al.Survey and analysis of seismic damages of the tunnels on Dujiangyan to Wenchuan section at national highway No.213[J].Southwest Highway,2008,(4):114–119.(in Chinese))
[14]陶双江,吉随旺.“5.12”汶川大地震后四川部分公路隧道震害初步分析[J].西南公路,2008,(4):120–124.(TAO Shuangjiang,JI Suiwang.Damage analysis of the tunnels on the several roads in Sichuan Province after“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Southwest Highway,2008,(4):120–124.(in Chinese))
[15]李鸿晶,陆鸣,温增平,等.汶川地震桥梁震害的特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,31(1):24–29.(LI Hongjing,LU Ming,WEN Zengping,et al.Characteristics of bridge damages in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology(Natural Science),2009,31(1):24–29.(in Chinese))
[16]王东升,郭迅,孙治国,等.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(3):84–94.(WANG Dongsheng,GUO Xun,SUN Zhiguo,et al.Damage to highway bridges during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,29(3):84–94.(in Chinese))
[17]李曙平,曾超,阳先全,等.“5.12”汶川地震桥梁震害浅析[J].公路,2009,(7):125–128.(LI Shuping,ZENG Chao,YANG Xianquan,et al.“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake highway bridge damage analysis[J].Highway,2009,(7):125–128.(in Chinese))
[18]庄卫林,刘振宇,蒋劲松.“5.12”汶川地震公路桥梁震害分析及对策研究[J].西南公路,2009,(1):2–11.(ZHUANG Weilin,LIU Zhenyu,JIANG Jinsong.“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake highway bridge damage analysis and countermeasures[J].Southwest Highway,2009,(1):2–11.(in Chinese))
[19]刘健新,赵国辉.“5.12”汶川地震典型桥梁震害分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2009,26(2):92–97.(LIU Jianxin,ZHAO Guohui.Typical bridge damage analysis in“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2009,26(2):92–97.(in Chinese))
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