晶质岩石的地震波性质及其地质、地球物理意义
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摘要
人类有关地球内部物质成份、结构和物理状态的认识绝大多数来自于地震波的资料,而地震波资料的正确解释又离不开岩石地震波性质的高温高压实验研究。地壳和地幔岩石的地震波性质和各向异性是当今世界地学前沿研究的一项重要内容,该领域横跨了地震学、岩石物理学和构造地质学,在过去一段时间里非常活跃并取得许多重要的成果。本文仅将作者近年来研究岩石地震波性质(例如,岩石波速滞后性,地震波速随围压的变化规律,纵、横波速之间的关系,泊松比等)的部分进展做一简扼的综述,并谨以此纪念已故中国科学院院士张文佑先生诞辰100周年。
Our knowledge of the chemical composition, physical state and structure of the Earth's interior mainly comes from seismic data. Interpretation of seismic data, in turn, is largely constrained by the extrapolation of laboratory-measured seismic properties of relevant rocks thought to exist in a given geological and physical (i. e., pressure and temperature) environment. Thus, laboratory studies of rock seismic properties as functions of pressure and temperature are particularly important for correct interpretation of in-situ seismic data. Breakthroughs in the understanding of rock seismic properties and in the development of innovative technologies for multi-scale observations and quantitative measurements of seismic velocities and anisotropy in the Earth's interior have taken seismology as one of the most active new frontiers of solid Earth sciences during the last decades. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview on several important aspects of rock seismic properties:seismic velocity hysteresis, velocity-pressure relationship, correlations between P- and S-wave velocities,and Poisson's ratio and its implications for the composition and tectonic evolution of the continental crust. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wenyou Zhang,a former member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,on the occasion of his 100~(th) birthday.
Our knowledge of the chemical composition, physical state and structure of the Earth's interior mainly comes from seismic data. Interpretation of seismic data, in turn, is largely constrained by the extrapolation of laboratory-measured seismic properties of relevant rocks thought to exist in a given geological and physical (i. e., pressure and temperature) environment. Thus, laboratory studies of rock seismic properties as functions of pressure and temperature are particularly important for correct interpretation of in-situ seismic data. Breakthroughs in the understanding of rock seismic properties and in the development of innovative technologies for multi-scale observations and quantitative measurements of seismic velocities and anisotropy in the Earth's interior have taken seismology as one of the most active new frontiers of solid Earth sciences during the last decades. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview on several important aspects of rock seismic properties:seismic velocity hysteresis, velocity-pressure relationship, correlations between P- and S-wave velocities,and Poisson's ratio and its implications for the composition and tectonic evolution of the continental crust. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wenyou Zhang,a former member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,on the occasion of his 100~(th) birthday.
引文
嵇少丞,王茜,Marcotte D,许志琴,夏斌,Martignole J,Salisbury M 2006． 苏鲁超高压变质岩巾地震波速随国压的变化规律地质学报,80(12) :1807-1812． Ji Shaocheng, Wang Qian, Marcotte D, Xu Zhiqin, Xia Bin, Martignole J and Salisbury M. 2006． Pressure-dependence of Pwave velocities in Sulu UHP metamorphic rocks. Acta Geologic Sinica ,80 (12) : 1807-1812．
嵇少丞,王茜,杨文采.2009． 华北克拉通泊松比与地壳厚度的关系及其大地构造意义.地质学报,83(3) :324 330． Ji Shaocheng, Wang Qian and Y aug Wencai. 2009． Correlation between crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio and implications for lithospheric thinning in the North China Craton. Acta Geologic Sinica,83 (3) :324-330．
金振民,欧新功,徐海军,Kern H,金淑燕,侯光久.2004． 中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000 m岩石弹性波速度:对地震深反射的约束.岩石学报,20(1) :8l-96． Jin Zhenmin, Ou Xingong,Xu Haijun, Kern H, Jin Shuyan and Hou Guangjiu. 2004． Elastic wave velocities of the 2000 m depth at Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling: Constraints on deep seismic reflection. Acta Petrologica Sinica ,20(1) :81-96．
许卫卫,郑天愉.2005． 渤海湾盆地北西盆山边界地区泊松比分布.地球物理学报,48(5) :1077-1084． Xu Weiwei and Zheng Tianyu. 2005． Distribution of P.oisson's ratios in the northwestern basin-mountain boundary of the Bohai Bay Basin. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,48(5) :1077-1084．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论.北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑.1986． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造.北京:科学出版社.1-575． Zhang Wenyou. 1986． Geotectonics in China and Its Neighboring Area in Sea and Land. Beijing:Science Press. 1-575．
Aggarwal Y P, Sykes L R, Armbruster J and Sbar M L. 1973． Premonitory changes in seismic velocities and prediction of earthquakes. Nature,241 : 101-104．
Birch F. 1960． The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobar, Part 1． Journal of Geophysical Research, 65 (4) :1083-1102．
Brocher T M. 2005． Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95 (6) : 2081-2092．
Chevrot S and Van der Hilst R D. 2000． The Poisson ratio of the Australian crust: Geological and geophysical implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 183 (1-2) :121-132．
Christensen N I . 1996． Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology. Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B2) :3139-3156．
Crampin S and Peacock S. 2005． A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth. Wave Motion ,41 ( 1 ) : 59-77．
Crampin S and Peacock S. 2008． A review of the current understanding of seismic shear-wave splitting in the Earth's crust and common fallacies in interpretation. Wave Motion,45 (6) : 675-722．
Dunn M L and Ledbetter H. 1995． Poisson's ratio of porous and mierocracked solids: Theory and application to oxide superconductors. Journal of Materials Research ,10( 11 ) : 2715-2722．
Eberhart-Phillips D,Han D H and Zoback M D. 1989． Empirical relationships among seismic velocity, effective pressure, porosity, and clay content in sandstone. Geophysics,54(1) :82-89．
Freund D. 1992． Ultrasonic compressional and shear velocities in dry clastic rocks as a function of porosity, clay content, and confining pressure. Geophysical Journal International,108(1) :125-135．
Gao S,Zhang B R, Jin Z M, Kern H, Luo T C and Zhao Z D. 1998． How mafic is the lower continental crust? Earth and Planetary Science Letters,161 (1-4) :101-117．
Gercek H. 2007． Poisson's ratio values for rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,44(1) :1-13．
Griggs D T, Jackson D D, Knopoff L and Shreve R L. 1975． Earthquake prediction: Modeling the anomalous V_p/V_s source region. Science, 187 (4176 ) : 537-539．
Guyer R A and Johnson P A. 1999． Nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity:Evidence for a new class of materials. Physics Today,52(4) : 30-36．
Holbrook W S,Gajewski P, Krammer A and Prodehl C. 1988． An interpretation of wide-angle compressional and shear wave data in southwest Germany:Poisson's ratio and pelrological implications. Journal of Geophysical Research,93 ( B10 ) :12081-12106．
Ji S C and Salisbury M H. 1993． Shear-wave velocities, anisotropy and splitting in the high grade myloniles. Tectonophysics,221(3-4) :453-473．
Ji S C, Salisbury M and Hanmer S. 1993． Petrofabric, P-wave anisotropy and seismic reflectivity of high-grade tectonites. Tectonophysics ,222(2) :195-226．
Ji S C ,Saruwatari K, M ainprice D, Wirch R, Xu Z Q and Xia B. 2003． Microstructures, petrofabrics and seismic properties of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from Sulu region,China:Implications for rheology of subducted continental crust and origin of mantle reflections. Tectonophysics ,370 (1-4) : 49-76．
Ji S C, Wang Q and Xia B. 2002． Handbook of Seismic Properties of Minerals, Rocks and Ores. Montreal: Polytechnic International Press. 1-630．
Ji S C,Wang Q, Marcotte D, Salisbury M H and Xu Z Q. 2007． P wave velocities, anisotropy aud hysteresis in ultrahigh-
Ji S C and Xia B. 2002． Rheology of Polyphase Earth Materials. Montreal:Polytechnic International Press. 1--260．
Ji S C. 2008． Deformatinn Mechanisms, Rheology,and Seismic Properities.of Rocks. Beijing:Geological Publishing House. 1-539．
Joyner W B. 2000． Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ,90(6B):S95-S112．
Karato S l and Karki B B. 2001． Origin of lateral variation of seismic wave velocities and density in the deep mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (B10) :21771-21783．
Kennett B L N ,Widiyantoro S and Van Der Hilst R D. 1998． Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound and shear wave speed in the Earth's mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research ,103 ( B6 ):12469-12493．
Kern H,Gao S,Jin Z M,Popp T and Jin S Y. 1999． Petrophysical studies on rocks from the Dable ultrahigh-pressure(UHP) metamorphic belt,central Chlna:Implications for the composition and delamination of the lower crust. Tectonophysics, 301(3) :191-215．
Kern H ,Jin Z M, Gao S, Popp T and Xu Z Q. 2002． Physical pruperties of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Sulu terrain, eastern central China: Implications for the seismic structure at the Donghai (CCSD) drilling site. Tectonophysics ,354 (3-4) :315-330．
Lakes R S. 1987． Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio. Science,235 (4792) : 1038-1040．
Mavko G, Mukerji T and Dyorkin J. 1998． The Rock Physics Handbook :Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media. New York: Cambridge Uuiversity Press. 1-339．
Meissner R, Rabbel W and Kern H. 2006． Seismic lamination and anisotropy of the lower continental crust. Tectonophysics,416(1-4) :81-99．
Mishra O P and Zhao D P. 2003． Crack density, saturation rate and porosity at the 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake hypocenter: A fluid-driven earthquake? Earth and Planetary Science Letters,212 (3-4) :393-405．
Moore D E, Loekner D A, Summers R, Ma S L and Byerlee J D. 1996． Strength of ehrysotile-serpentinite gouge under hydrothermal conditions:Can it explain a weak San Andreas fault? Geology,24(11) :1041-1044．
Nur A. 1972． Dilatancy, pore fluids, and premonitory variations of t_s/t_p traveltimes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,62(5) :1217-1222．
Omori S, Komabayashi T and Maruyama S. 2004． Dehydration and earthquakes in the subducting slab: Empirical link in intermediate and deep seismic zones. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,146 (1-2) :297-311．
Robertson G S and Woodhouse J H. 1996． Constrains on lower mantle physical properties from seismology and mineral physics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,143 (1) :197-205．
Scholz C H,Sykes L R and Aggarwal Y P. 1973． Earthquake prediction:A physical basis. Science,181 (4102) :803-810．
Semenov A M. 1969． Variations in the travel-time of transverse and longitudinal waves before violent earthquakes. Izvestia, Academy of Sciences of USSR-Physics of Solid Earth ( English Translation) ,4 : 245-248．
Shapiro S A. 2003． Elastic piezosensitivity of porous and fractured rocks. Geophysics,68(2) : 482-486．
Wang Z C and Ji S C. 1999． Deformation of silicate garnets; brittle-ductile transition and its geological implications. The Canadian Mineralogist ,37 (2) :525-541．
Wang Z C and Ji S C. 2001． Elasticity of six polycrystalline silicate garnets at pressure np to 3． 0 GPa. American Mineralogist, 86(10) : 1209-1218．
Wang Q and Jt S C. 2009． Poisson's ratio of crystalline rocks as a function of hydrostatic confining pressure. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research.
Wang Q,Ji S C, Sun S S and Marcotte D. 2009． Correlations between compressional and shear wave velocities and corresponding Poisson's ratios for some common rocks and sulfide ores. Tectonophysics,469 (1-4) :61-72．
Wilkens R, Simmons G and Caruso L. 1984． The ratio V_p/V_s as a discriminant of composition for siliceous limestones.Geophysics,49(11) :1850-1860．
Zandt G and Ammon C J. 1995． Continental crust composition constrained by measurements of crustal Poisson's ratio. Nature,374:152-154．
嵇少丞,王茜,杨文采.2009． 华北克拉通泊松比与地壳厚度的关系及其大地构造意义.地质学报,83(3) :324 330． Ji Shaocheng, Wang Qian and Y aug Wencai. 2009． Correlation between crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio and implications for lithospheric thinning in the North China Craton. Acta Geologic Sinica,83 (3) :324-330．
金振民,欧新功,徐海军,Kern H,金淑燕,侯光久.2004． 中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000 m岩石弹性波速度:对地震深反射的约束.岩石学报,20(1) :8l-96． Jin Zhenmin, Ou Xingong,Xu Haijun, Kern H, Jin Shuyan and Hou Guangjiu. 2004． Elastic wave velocities of the 2000 m depth at Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling: Constraints on deep seismic reflection. Acta Petrologica Sinica ,20(1) :81-96．
许卫卫,郑天愉.2005． 渤海湾盆地北西盆山边界地区泊松比分布.地球物理学报,48(5) :1077-1084． Xu Weiwei and Zheng Tianyu. 2005． Distribution of P.oisson's ratios in the northwestern basin-mountain boundary of the Bohai Bay Basin. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,48(5) :1077-1084．
张文佑.1984． 断块构造导论.北京:石油工业出版社.1-361． Zhang Wenyou. 1984． An Introduction to Fault-Block Tectonics. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press. 1-361．
张文佑.1986． 中国及邻区海陆大地构造.北京:科学出版社.1-575． Zhang Wenyou. 1986． Geotectonics in China and Its Neighboring Area in Sea and Land. Beijing:Science Press. 1-575．
Aggarwal Y P, Sykes L R, Armbruster J and Sbar M L. 1973． Premonitory changes in seismic velocities and prediction of earthquakes. Nature,241 : 101-104．
Birch F. 1960． The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobar, Part 1． Journal of Geophysical Research, 65 (4) :1083-1102．
Brocher T M. 2005． Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95 (6) : 2081-2092．
Chevrot S and Van der Hilst R D. 2000． The Poisson ratio of the Australian crust: Geological and geophysical implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 183 (1-2) :121-132．
Christensen N I . 1996． Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology. Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B2) :3139-3156．
Crampin S and Peacock S. 2005． A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth. Wave Motion ,41 ( 1 ) : 59-77．
Crampin S and Peacock S. 2008． A review of the current understanding of seismic shear-wave splitting in the Earth's crust and common fallacies in interpretation. Wave Motion,45 (6) : 675-722．
Dunn M L and Ledbetter H. 1995． Poisson's ratio of porous and mierocracked solids: Theory and application to oxide superconductors. Journal of Materials Research ,10( 11 ) : 2715-2722．
Eberhart-Phillips D,Han D H and Zoback M D. 1989． Empirical relationships among seismic velocity, effective pressure, porosity, and clay content in sandstone. Geophysics,54(1) :82-89．
Freund D. 1992． Ultrasonic compressional and shear velocities in dry clastic rocks as a function of porosity, clay content, and confining pressure. Geophysical Journal International,108(1) :125-135．
Gao S,Zhang B R, Jin Z M, Kern H, Luo T C and Zhao Z D. 1998． How mafic is the lower continental crust? Earth and Planetary Science Letters,161 (1-4) :101-117．
Gercek H. 2007． Poisson's ratio values for rocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,44(1) :1-13．
Griggs D T, Jackson D D, Knopoff L and Shreve R L. 1975． Earthquake prediction: Modeling the anomalous V_p/V_s source region. Science, 187 (4176 ) : 537-539．
Guyer R A and Johnson P A. 1999． Nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity:Evidence for a new class of materials. Physics Today,52(4) : 30-36．
Holbrook W S,Gajewski P, Krammer A and Prodehl C. 1988． An interpretation of wide-angle compressional and shear wave data in southwest Germany:Poisson's ratio and pelrological implications. Journal of Geophysical Research,93 ( B10 ) :12081-12106．
Ji S C and Salisbury M H. 1993． Shear-wave velocities, anisotropy and splitting in the high grade myloniles. Tectonophysics,221(3-4) :453-473．
Ji S C, Salisbury M and Hanmer S. 1993． Petrofabric, P-wave anisotropy and seismic reflectivity of high-grade tectonites. Tectonophysics ,222(2) :195-226．
Ji S C ,Saruwatari K, M ainprice D, Wirch R, Xu Z Q and Xia B. 2003． Microstructures, petrofabrics and seismic properties of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from Sulu region,China:Implications for rheology of subducted continental crust and origin of mantle reflections. Tectonophysics ,370 (1-4) : 49-76．
Ji S C, Wang Q and Xia B. 2002． Handbook of Seismic Properties of Minerals, Rocks and Ores. Montreal: Polytechnic International Press. 1-630．
Ji S C,Wang Q, Marcotte D, Salisbury M H and Xu Z Q. 2007． P wave velocities, anisotropy aud hysteresis in ultrahigh-
Ji S C and Xia B. 2002． Rheology of Polyphase Earth Materials. Montreal:Polytechnic International Press. 1--260．
Ji S C. 2008． Deformatinn Mechanisms, Rheology,and Seismic Properities.of Rocks. Beijing:Geological Publishing House. 1-539．
Joyner W B. 2000． Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ,90(6B):S95-S112．
Karato S l and Karki B B. 2001． Origin of lateral variation of seismic wave velocities and density in the deep mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (B10) :21771-21783．
Kennett B L N ,Widiyantoro S and Van Der Hilst R D. 1998． Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound and shear wave speed in the Earth's mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research ,103 ( B6 ):12469-12493．
Kern H,Gao S,Jin Z M,Popp T and Jin S Y. 1999． Petrophysical studies on rocks from the Dable ultrahigh-pressure(UHP) metamorphic belt,central Chlna:Implications for the composition and delamination of the lower crust. Tectonophysics, 301(3) :191-215．
Kern H ,Jin Z M, Gao S, Popp T and Xu Z Q. 2002． Physical pruperties of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Sulu terrain, eastern central China: Implications for the seismic structure at the Donghai (CCSD) drilling site. Tectonophysics ,354 (3-4) :315-330．
Lakes R S. 1987． Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio. Science,235 (4792) : 1038-1040．
Mavko G, Mukerji T and Dyorkin J. 1998． The Rock Physics Handbook :Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media. New York: Cambridge Uuiversity Press. 1-339．
Meissner R, Rabbel W and Kern H. 2006． Seismic lamination and anisotropy of the lower continental crust. Tectonophysics,416(1-4) :81-99．
Mishra O P and Zhao D P. 2003． Crack density, saturation rate and porosity at the 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake hypocenter: A fluid-driven earthquake? Earth and Planetary Science Letters,212 (3-4) :393-405．
Moore D E, Loekner D A, Summers R, Ma S L and Byerlee J D. 1996． Strength of ehrysotile-serpentinite gouge under hydrothermal conditions:Can it explain a weak San Andreas fault? Geology,24(11) :1041-1044．
Nur A. 1972． Dilatancy, pore fluids, and premonitory variations of t_s/t_p traveltimes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,62(5) :1217-1222．
Omori S, Komabayashi T and Maruyama S. 2004． Dehydration and earthquakes in the subducting slab: Empirical link in intermediate and deep seismic zones. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,146 (1-2) :297-311．
Robertson G S and Woodhouse J H. 1996． Constrains on lower mantle physical properties from seismology and mineral physics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,143 (1) :197-205．
Scholz C H,Sykes L R and Aggarwal Y P. 1973． Earthquake prediction:A physical basis. Science,181 (4102) :803-810．
Semenov A M. 1969． Variations in the travel-time of transverse and longitudinal waves before violent earthquakes. Izvestia, Academy of Sciences of USSR-Physics of Solid Earth ( English Translation) ,4 : 245-248．
Shapiro S A. 2003． Elastic piezosensitivity of porous and fractured rocks. Geophysics,68(2) : 482-486．
Wang Z C and Ji S C. 1999． Deformation of silicate garnets; brittle-ductile transition and its geological implications. The Canadian Mineralogist ,37 (2) :525-541．
Wang Z C and Ji S C. 2001． Elasticity of six polycrystalline silicate garnets at pressure np to 3． 0 GPa. American Mineralogist, 86(10) : 1209-1218．
Wang Q and Jt S C. 2009． Poisson's ratio of crystalline rocks as a function of hydrostatic confining pressure. Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research.
Wang Q,Ji S C, Sun S S and Marcotte D. 2009． Correlations between compressional and shear wave velocities and corresponding Poisson's ratios for some common rocks and sulfide ores. Tectonophysics,469 (1-4) :61-72．
Wilkens R, Simmons G and Caruso L. 1984． The ratio V_p/V_s as a discriminant of composition for siliceous limestones.Geophysics,49(11) :1850-1860．
Zandt G and Ammon C J. 1995． Continental crust composition constrained by measurements of crustal Poisson's ratio. Nature,374:152-154．
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