马尔康巴拉水电站近场区主要断裂活动性及对工程的影响
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摘要
马尔康巴拉电站近场区内断层的活动性对工程的设计和坝址的选择极为重要。根据野外调查、ESR测年、断层泥石英形貌、地震活动性等综合分析,认为近场区除松岗断裂以外的其他断层在地表浅部晚更新世以来不具活动性,对工程建设基本不产生影响。松岗断裂中段深部小震频繁,地表未见活动证据,南段错断Ⅱ级阶地,因此中南段属于晚更新世活动断层,北段晚更新世以来不具活动性;日部断裂与松岗断裂中段一样属于深部黏滑浅部闭锁型断层,这种断层可能会在未来地震中产生较大的地表变形,工程建设应避开此类断裂。活动的松岗断裂中南段的潜在地震危险性评估表明,其可能诱发的地震震级约Ms=6.95。拟选的上坝址由于距松岗断裂的安全距离不够,岩石物理条件较差,下坝址的利用落差较小等综合因素考虑,建议选择中坝址更为合理。
The activity of a main fault in the near field of Bala hydropower station in Maerkang is very important to engineering design and dam site selection.With the integrative analysis of investigation,ESR dating,quartz shape scanning in the fault gouge and seismic activity,we find that all faults in the near field region of Bala power station except Songgang fault has no perceptible activities in the earth surface since the Late Pleistocene.So they have no side influence to the engineering construction.In the middle section of Songgang fault,small earthquakes occurred frequently in the past several decades.But hardly any evidence can be found to indicate the fault is a active fault.The south section was still active in Late Pleistocene,because the second level river terrace was cut by 0.3m.The north section has been inactive since the Late Pleistocene.The Ribu fault is not active.It has been as same as the middle section of Songgang fault since the Late Pleistocene.But the seismic activity is distinct in the deep part of subsurface.Engineering must keep away from the faults such as Ribu fault and the middle and sourth sections of Songgang fault.It may induce large surface deformation and fracture.The seismic risk evaluation of the Songgang fault has indicated that the maximal magnitude of earthquake possibly induced by Songgang fault might be Ms=6.95.Considering the factors of inadequate safe distance between Songgang fault and upper site,poor petro-physical properties in upper site and small height of water in lower site,it's better to choose the middle site for the hyderpower dam.
The activity of a main fault in the near field of Bala hydropower station in Maerkang is very important to engineering design and dam site selection.With the integrative analysis of investigation,ESR dating,quartz shape scanning in the fault gouge and seismic activity,we find that all faults in the near field region of Bala power station except Songgang fault has no perceptible activities in the earth surface since the Late Pleistocene.So they have no side influence to the engineering construction.In the middle section of Songgang fault,small earthquakes occurred frequently in the past several decades.But hardly any evidence can be found to indicate the fault is a active fault.The south section was still active in Late Pleistocene,because the second level river terrace was cut by 0.3m.The north section has been inactive since the Late Pleistocene.The Ribu fault is not active.It has been as same as the middle section of Songgang fault since the Late Pleistocene.But the seismic activity is distinct in the deep part of subsurface.Engineering must keep away from the faults such as Ribu fault and the middle and sourth sections of Songgang fault.It may induce large surface deformation and fracture.The seismic risk evaluation of the Songgang fault has indicated that the maximal magnitude of earthquake possibly induced by Songgang fault might be Ms=6.95.Considering the factors of inadequate safe distance between Songgang fault and upper site,poor petro-physical properties in upper site and small height of water in lower site,it's better to choose the middle site for the hyderpower dam.
引文
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[13]Kanaori Y.Further studies on the use of Quartz grain from faultgouges establish the age of faulting[J].Engineering Geology,1985a,2(122):175~194.
[14]Kanaori Y.Surface textures of int rafault quartz grains as an indi-cator of fault movement[J].Atena,1985b,12(4):271~279.
[15]申俊峰,申旭辉,曹忠全,郭士金.断层泥石英微形貌特征在断层活动性研究中的意义[J].矿物岩石,2007,27(1):90~96.Shen Junfeng,Shen Xuhui,Chao Zhongquan,Guo Shijin.Thecharacteristics and significances of quartz mico-appearance in thefault gouges on evaluation of the fault activity.Journal of Mineral-ogy and Petrology,2007,27(1):90~96.
[16]杨振法,李日运.断层泥中石英碎砾溶蚀形貌的测年研究[J].地震研究,2006,29(2):188~192.Yang Zhenfa,Li Riyun.Fault dating by the surface textures of thequartz grains in fault gouge.Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(2):188~192.
[17]邓起东.中国活动构造研究的进展与展望[J].地质论评,2002,18(2):168~177.Deng Qidong.Advances and overviewon researches of active tecton-ics in China.Geological Review,2002,18(2):168~177.
[18]周本刚,冉洪流.工程活动断裂鉴定的时限标准讨论[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(3):274~278.Zhou Bengang,Ran Hongliu.Discussion on the time criterion foridentifying engineering active faults.Journal of Engineering Geol-ogy,2002,10(3):274~278.
[19]中华人民共和国水利建设部,中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.水利水电工程地质勘测规范(GB50487-2008)[S],2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Ministry of Con-struction of P.R.China.Code for Water Resources and Hydrop-power Engineering Geological Investigation,2008.
[20]Donald L.Wells and Kevin J.Coppersmith.Newempirical rela-tionships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupturearea,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1994,84(4):974~1002.
[21]邓起东、于贵华、叶文华,地震地表破裂参数与震级关系研究[J].活动断裂研究,1992,(2):247~264.Deng Qidong,Yu Guihua,Ye Wenhua.The relationship betweenEarthquake magnitude and faulting fracture parameters.Researchon active Tectonic,1992,(2):247~264.
[22]邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2004,11(4):383~392.Deng Qidong,Chen Lichun,Ran Yongkang.Quantitative studiesand applications of active tectonics.Earth Science Frontiers(Chi-na University of G eosciences,Beijing),2004,11(4):383~392.
[23]马润勇,彭建兵.震级与破裂尺度及位错量关系的讨论[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(5):799~802.Ma Runyong,Peng Jianbing.Discussion on relationship betweenearthquake magnitude,rupture scale and displacement.Journal ofNorthwest University(Natural Science Edition),2006,36(5):799~802.
[24]郭安宁.强震地表破裂宽度与震级的统计关系研究[J].西北地震学报,2000,22(3):301~305.Guo Anning.Statistical research on relation between surface faultwidth of strong earthquake and magnitude.Northwestern Seismo-logical Journal,2000,22(3):301~305.
[25]王爱国,马巍,石玉成.活动断裂地震变形与重大工程场地安全距离研究[J].地震研究,2005,28(4):359~364.Wang Aiguo,Ma Wei,Shi Yucheng.Study on the PotentialEarthquake Deformation of Active Fault and the Safe Distance ofImportant Project Site to Active Fault.Journal of SeismologicalResearch,2005,28(4):359~364.
[2]Willis B.A fault map of California[J].Seism Soc Am Bull,1923,13,1~12.
[3]Wood HO.The earthquake problem in the western United State[J].Seism Soc Am Bull,1916.6,181~217.
[4]邓起东,闻学泽.活动构造研究—历史、进展与建议[J].地震地质,2008,30(1):1~30.Deng Qidong,Wen Xue ze.Areviewon the research of active tec-tonics—history,progress and suggestions[J].Seismology And Ge-ology,2008,30(1):1~30.
[5]张永庆,谢富仁.活动断裂地震危险性的研究现状和展望[J].震灾防御技术.2007,2(1):64~67.Zhang Yongqing,Xie Furen.Progress and prospect on the seismichazard assessment of active faults.Technology for Earthquake Dis-aster Prevention.2007,2(1):64~67.
[6]李海兵,司家亮,潘家伟,邱祝礼,孙知明,裴军令.活动断裂的变形特征及其大地震复发周期的估算[J].地质通报.2008,27(12):1968~1991.Li Haibing,Si Jialiang,Pan Jiawei,Qiu Zhuli,Sun Zhiming,PeiJunling.Deformation features of active fault and recurrence inter-vals estimation of large earthquake.Geological Bulletin Of China,2008,27(12):1968~1991.
[7]孙东,王道永,吴德超,邓江红.美姑河断裂活动性研究及对水电工程影响评价[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,34(4):13~17.Sun Dong,Wang Daoyong,Wu Dechao,Deng Jianghong.Researchon activity of Meigu River fracture zone and effect evaluation onhydropower project.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007,34(4):13~17.
[8]龙霞,王道永,王运生,李奎,孙东.卡拉水电站工程区前波断层特征及活动性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2009,36(3):82~85.Long Xia,Wang Daoyong,WangYunsheng,Li Kui,Sun Dong.Study on the feature and activity of Qianbo fault in Kala hydropow-er station.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2009,36(3):82~85.
[9]汪明武,章杨松,李丽等,罗国煜.应用断层泥石英形貌测龄评价桥基断裂活动性[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(3):335~339.Wang Mingwu,Zhang Yangsong,Li Li,Luo Guoyu.Application offault dating by the surface textures of quartz grains from fault gou-ges to the assessment of fault activity in the foundation area of abridge.Journal of Hefei University of Techology,2002,25(3):335~339.
[10]中国地震局.大渡河双江口水电站工程场地地震安全性评价[R].北京:中国地震局,2004.The China Seismological Bureau.The Engineering Field SeismicSafety Evaluation Of Shuangjiangkou Hydropower In Dadu River.Beijing:The China seismological bureau.
[11]刘伟亮.大渡河金川水电站区域地壳稳定性评价[D].成都:成都理工大学,2006.Liu Weiliang.Regional crustal stability assessment in Dadu RiverJinchuan hydropower station.Chengdu:Chengdu University ofTechnology,2006.
[12]Kanaori Y,Miyakosbi K,Kakuta T.Dating fault activity by sur-face textures of quartz grains from fault gouges[J].EngineeringGeology,1980,16(3):243~262.
[13]Kanaori Y.Further studies on the use of Quartz grain from faultgouges establish the age of faulting[J].Engineering Geology,1985a,2(122):175~194.
[14]Kanaori Y.Surface textures of int rafault quartz grains as an indi-cator of fault movement[J].Atena,1985b,12(4):271~279.
[15]申俊峰,申旭辉,曹忠全,郭士金.断层泥石英微形貌特征在断层活动性研究中的意义[J].矿物岩石,2007,27(1):90~96.Shen Junfeng,Shen Xuhui,Chao Zhongquan,Guo Shijin.Thecharacteristics and significances of quartz mico-appearance in thefault gouges on evaluation of the fault activity.Journal of Mineral-ogy and Petrology,2007,27(1):90~96.
[16]杨振法,李日运.断层泥中石英碎砾溶蚀形貌的测年研究[J].地震研究,2006,29(2):188~192.Yang Zhenfa,Li Riyun.Fault dating by the surface textures of thequartz grains in fault gouge.Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(2):188~192.
[17]邓起东.中国活动构造研究的进展与展望[J].地质论评,2002,18(2):168~177.Deng Qidong.Advances and overviewon researches of active tecton-ics in China.Geological Review,2002,18(2):168~177.
[18]周本刚,冉洪流.工程活动断裂鉴定的时限标准讨论[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(3):274~278.Zhou Bengang,Ran Hongliu.Discussion on the time criterion foridentifying engineering active faults.Journal of Engineering Geol-ogy,2002,10(3):274~278.
[19]中华人民共和国水利建设部,中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.水利水电工程地质勘测规范(GB50487-2008)[S],2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Ministry of Con-struction of P.R.China.Code for Water Resources and Hydrop-power Engineering Geological Investigation,2008.
[20]Donald L.Wells and Kevin J.Coppersmith.Newempirical rela-tionships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupturearea,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1994,84(4):974~1002.
[21]邓起东、于贵华、叶文华,地震地表破裂参数与震级关系研究[J].活动断裂研究,1992,(2):247~264.Deng Qidong,Yu Guihua,Ye Wenhua.The relationship betweenEarthquake magnitude and faulting fracture parameters.Researchon active Tectonic,1992,(2):247~264.
[22]邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2004,11(4):383~392.Deng Qidong,Chen Lichun,Ran Yongkang.Quantitative studiesand applications of active tectonics.Earth Science Frontiers(Chi-na University of G eosciences,Beijing),2004,11(4):383~392.
[23]马润勇,彭建兵.震级与破裂尺度及位错量关系的讨论[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(5):799~802.Ma Runyong,Peng Jianbing.Discussion on relationship betweenearthquake magnitude,rupture scale and displacement.Journal ofNorthwest University(Natural Science Edition),2006,36(5):799~802.
[24]郭安宁.强震地表破裂宽度与震级的统计关系研究[J].西北地震学报,2000,22(3):301~305.Guo Anning.Statistical research on relation between surface faultwidth of strong earthquake and magnitude.Northwestern Seismo-logical Journal,2000,22(3):301~305.
[25]王爱国,马巍,石玉成.活动断裂地震变形与重大工程场地安全距离研究[J].地震研究,2005,28(4):359~364.Wang Aiguo,Ma Wei,Shi Yucheng.Study on the PotentialEarthquake Deformation of Active Fault and the Safe Distance ofImportant Project Site to Active Fault.Journal of SeismologicalResearch,2005,28(4):359~364.
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