大规模开采矿山地震视应力和变形与区域性危险地震预测
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摘要
大规模开采的矿山存在复杂的诱导地震活动,在高应力硬岩条件下具有产生区域性危险地震和岩爆灾害的可能性,震源的地震视应力和变形参数是地震机制和地震活动性预测研究的重要参数,对此开展研究具有重要意义。针对冬瓜山铜矿深井开采诱导地震活动,对地震视应力和位移在矿区开采过程中的时空特征开展研究,发现地震活动具有区域性分布特征,其时空分布与开采活动及矿区矿柱分布具有较强的对应关系。以此为依据,结合矿区地质构造和地应力状态,研究该矿区区域性地震机制,指出可以利用天然地震复杂震源的凹凸体理论来解释该矿区区域性地震成核机制,从而提出该矿区区域性危险性地震成核概念模型,并针对该矿地震活动的特征讨论识别成核区的方法。针对该矿区域性岩体破坏实例,分析地震视应力和变形参数时间序列特征,讨论潜在区域性地震成核区的地震活动危险性和岩体破坏性态的评价与预测。研究结果在工程实践中得到实际应用。
In the mine under large-scale mining,the complex seismicity induced by extensively mining are familiar;and under the conditions of high stress and hard rock,the areal hazardous seismicity and rockbursts are probable.The seismic apparent stress and deformation are important hypocenter parameters to study the seismic mechanism and prediction.According to the Dongguashan Copper Mine,the characteristics of seismic apparent stress and displacement in the mining process are investigated;and we find that the seismicity shows the areal distribution characteristics which have greatly corresponding relation to the mining activity and distribution of pillars in this mining area.Based on the results,combining with the geological structure and in-situ stress,the areal seismic mechanism in this mining area is studied.It is pointed out that the seismic nucleation mechanism can be explained with the knaggy theory of complex hypocenters of natural earthquakes;and a conceptual model of seismic nucleation in the mine is proposed.Simultaneously,a method to identify the location of potential hazardous seismic areas is discussed in accordance with the seismicity characteristics.Aiming at the areal rock failures,the characteristics of time series of apparent stress and apparent volume are analyzed;and the prediction and assessment of rock failure behavior and seismic risk in the potential seismic nucleation zone are discussed.The research result is applied to the project.
In the mine under large-scale mining,the complex seismicity induced by extensively mining are familiar;and under the conditions of high stress and hard rock,the areal hazardous seismicity and rockbursts are probable.The seismic apparent stress and deformation are important hypocenter parameters to study the seismic mechanism and prediction.According to the Dongguashan Copper Mine,the characteristics of seismic apparent stress and displacement in the mining process are investigated;and we find that the seismicity shows the areal distribution characteristics which have greatly corresponding relation to the mining activity and distribution of pillars in this mining area.Based on the results,combining with the geological structure and in-situ stress,the areal seismic mechanism in this mining area is studied.It is pointed out that the seismic nucleation mechanism can be explained with the knaggy theory of complex hypocenters of natural earthquakes;and a conceptual model of seismic nucleation in the mine is proposed.Simultaneously,a method to identify the location of potential hazardous seismic areas is discussed in accordance with the seismicity characteristics.Aiming at the areal rock failures,the characteristics of time series of apparent stress and apparent volume are analyzed;and the prediction and assessment of rock failure behavior and seismic risk in the potential seismic nucleation zone are discussed.The research result is applied to the project.
引文
[1]MENDECKI A J.Seismic monitoring in mines[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1997:179-245.
[2]SENATORSKI P.Apparent stress scaling for tectonic and induced seismicity:model and observations[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2008,167(1/2):98-109.
[3]ALBER M,FRITSCHEN R,BISCHOFF M.Rock mechanical investigations of seismic events in a deep long wall coal mine[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(2):408-420.
[4]VAN ASWEGEN G.Routine seismic hazard assessment in some South African Mines[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Nedlands:Australian Centre for Geomechanics,2005:437-444.
[5]LASOCKI S,ORLECKA-SIKORA B.Seismic hazard assessment under complex source size distribution of mining-induced seismicity[J].Tectonophysics,2008,456(1/2):28-37.
[6]ABDUL-WAHED M K,AL HEIB M,SENFAUTE G.Mining-induced seismicity:seismic measurement using multiplet approach and numerical modeling[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2006,66(1/2):137-147.
[7]AKI K.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1984,89(B7):5 867-5 872.
[8]TANG C,FU Y,ZHAO W.Numerical Simulation of growth of seismic source simulation[J].Journal of Earthquake,1997,19(4):377-346.
[9]LEI X,MASUDA K,NISHIZAWA O.Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(2):247-258.
[10]DRIAD-LEBEAUA L,LAHAIEA F,AL HEIBA M.Seismic and geotechnical investigations following a rockburst in a complex French mining district[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,64(1/2):66-78.
[11]SILENY J,MILEV A.Source mechanism of mining induced seismic events—resolution of double couple and non double couple models[J].Tectonophysics,2008,456(1/2):3-15.
[12]ALBER M,FRITSCHEN R,BISCHOFF M.Rock mechanical investigations of seismic events in a deep longwall coal mine[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(2):408-420.
[13]唐礼忠,潘长良,杨承祥.冬瓜山铜矿微震监测系统及其应用研究[J].金属矿山,2006,(10):41-45.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,YANG Chengxiang.Establishment and application of microseismicity monitoring system in Dongguashan Copper Mine[J].Metal Mine,2006,(10):41-45.(in Chinese))
[14]唐礼忠,潘长良,谢学斌.深埋硬岩矿床岩爆控制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(7):l 067-1 071.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,XIE Xuebin.Study on rockburst control in deep seated hard ore deposit[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(7):l 067-1 071.(in Chinese))
[15]WYSS M,BRUNE J N.Seismic moment,stress and source dimensions for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1968,73(14):4 681-4 694.
[16]GIBOWICZ S J,HARJES H P,Schafer M.Source parameters of seismic events at Heinrich Robert Mines[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1990,80(1):88-109.
[17]SNOKE J A,LINDE A T,SACKS I S.Apparent stress:an estimate of the stress drop[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1983,73(2):339-348.
[18]SENATORSKI P.Apparent stress scaling and statistical trends[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2007,160(3):230-244.
[19]李芳,李宇彤,刘友富.视应力方法在群震性质判定中的应用[J].地震,2006,26(4):45-51.(LI Fang,LI Yutong,LIU Youfu.Research on the apparent stress method applying to judge the characteristics of earthquake swarm[J].Earthquake,2006,26(4):45-51.(in Chinese))
[20]刘红桂,王培玲,杨彩霞,等.地震视应力在地震预测中的应用[J].地震学报,2007,29(4):437-445.(LIU Honggui,WANG Peiling,YANG Caixia,et al.Application of apparent stress in earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake,2007,29(4):437-445.(in Chinese))
[21]SHEARER P M.Introduction to seismology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:56-58.
[22]MADARIAGA R.Dynamics of an expanding circular fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1979,66(3):639-666.
[23]BRUNE J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(26):4 997-5 009.
[24]BOOR D M,BOATWRIGT J.Average body-wave radiation coefficients[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1984,74(5):1 615-1 621.
[25]MENDECKI A J.Real time quantitative seismicity in mines[C]//YOUNG R P ed.Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1993:287-296.
[26]唐礼忠.深井矿山地震活动与岩爆监测及预测研究[博士学位论文][D].长沙:中南大学,2008.(TANG Lizhong.Study on monitoring and prediction of seismicity and rockburst in a deep mine[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Changsha:Central South University,2008.(in Chinese))
[27]GIBOWICZ S J,KILKO A.An introduction to mining seismology[M].San Diego,California:Academy Press,Inc.,1994:210-220.
[28]KANAMORI H,STEWART G S.Seismological aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of February 4th,1976[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1978,83(B7):3 427-3 434.
[29]AKI K.Characterization of barriers on an earthquake fault[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84(B11):6 140-6 148.
[30]VAN-ASWEGEN G,BUTLER A.Applications of quantitative seismology in SA gold mines[C]//YOUNG R P ed.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1993:261-266.
[31]FUNK C,van ASWEGAN G,BROWN B.Visualisation of Seismicity[C]//GIBOWICZ S J ed.Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1997:81-87.
[2]SENATORSKI P.Apparent stress scaling for tectonic and induced seismicity:model and observations[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2008,167(1/2):98-109.
[3]ALBER M,FRITSCHEN R,BISCHOFF M.Rock mechanical investigations of seismic events in a deep long wall coal mine[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(2):408-420.
[4]VAN ASWEGEN G.Routine seismic hazard assessment in some South African Mines[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Nedlands:Australian Centre for Geomechanics,2005:437-444.
[5]LASOCKI S,ORLECKA-SIKORA B.Seismic hazard assessment under complex source size distribution of mining-induced seismicity[J].Tectonophysics,2008,456(1/2):28-37.
[6]ABDUL-WAHED M K,AL HEIB M,SENFAUTE G.Mining-induced seismicity:seismic measurement using multiplet approach and numerical modeling[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2006,66(1/2):137-147.
[7]AKI K.Asperities,barriers,characteristic earthquakes and strong motion prediction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1984,89(B7):5 867-5 872.
[8]TANG C,FU Y,ZHAO W.Numerical Simulation of growth of seismic source simulation[J].Journal of Earthquake,1997,19(4):377-346.
[9]LEI X,MASUDA K,NISHIZAWA O.Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26(2):247-258.
[10]DRIAD-LEBEAUA L,LAHAIEA F,AL HEIBA M.Seismic and geotechnical investigations following a rockburst in a complex French mining district[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,64(1/2):66-78.
[11]SILENY J,MILEV A.Source mechanism of mining induced seismic events—resolution of double couple and non double couple models[J].Tectonophysics,2008,456(1/2):3-15.
[12]ALBER M,FRITSCHEN R,BISCHOFF M.Rock mechanical investigations of seismic events in a deep longwall coal mine[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(2):408-420.
[13]唐礼忠,潘长良,杨承祥.冬瓜山铜矿微震监测系统及其应用研究[J].金属矿山,2006,(10):41-45.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,YANG Chengxiang.Establishment and application of microseismicity monitoring system in Dongguashan Copper Mine[J].Metal Mine,2006,(10):41-45.(in Chinese))
[14]唐礼忠,潘长良,谢学斌.深埋硬岩矿床岩爆控制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(7):l 067-1 071.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,XIE Xuebin.Study on rockburst control in deep seated hard ore deposit[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(7):l 067-1 071.(in Chinese))
[15]WYSS M,BRUNE J N.Seismic moment,stress and source dimensions for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1968,73(14):4 681-4 694.
[16]GIBOWICZ S J,HARJES H P,Schafer M.Source parameters of seismic events at Heinrich Robert Mines[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1990,80(1):88-109.
[17]SNOKE J A,LINDE A T,SACKS I S.Apparent stress:an estimate of the stress drop[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1983,73(2):339-348.
[18]SENATORSKI P.Apparent stress scaling and statistical trends[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2007,160(3):230-244.
[19]李芳,李宇彤,刘友富.视应力方法在群震性质判定中的应用[J].地震,2006,26(4):45-51.(LI Fang,LI Yutong,LIU Youfu.Research on the apparent stress method applying to judge the characteristics of earthquake swarm[J].Earthquake,2006,26(4):45-51.(in Chinese))
[20]刘红桂,王培玲,杨彩霞,等.地震视应力在地震预测中的应用[J].地震学报,2007,29(4):437-445.(LIU Honggui,WANG Peiling,YANG Caixia,et al.Application of apparent stress in earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake,2007,29(4):437-445.(in Chinese))
[21]SHEARER P M.Introduction to seismology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:56-58.
[22]MADARIAGA R.Dynamics of an expanding circular fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1979,66(3):639-666.
[23]BRUNE J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(26):4 997-5 009.
[24]BOOR D M,BOATWRIGT J.Average body-wave radiation coefficients[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1984,74(5):1 615-1 621.
[25]MENDECKI A J.Real time quantitative seismicity in mines[C]//YOUNG R P ed.Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1993:287-296.
[26]唐礼忠.深井矿山地震活动与岩爆监测及预测研究[博士学位论文][D].长沙:中南大学,2008.(TANG Lizhong.Study on monitoring and prediction of seismicity and rockburst in a deep mine[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Changsha:Central South University,2008.(in Chinese))
[27]GIBOWICZ S J,KILKO A.An introduction to mining seismology[M].San Diego,California:Academy Press,Inc.,1994:210-220.
[28]KANAMORI H,STEWART G S.Seismological aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of February 4th,1976[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1978,83(B7):3 427-3 434.
[29]AKI K.Characterization of barriers on an earthquake fault[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84(B11):6 140-6 148.
[30]VAN-ASWEGEN G,BUTLER A.Applications of quantitative seismology in SA gold mines[C]//YOUNG R P ed.Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1993:261-266.
[31]FUNK C,van ASWEGAN G,BROWN B.Visualisation of Seismicity[C]//GIBOWICZ S J ed.Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1997:81-87.
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