土石坝震害与抗震安全
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摘要
结合世界上地震区已建土石坝的震害调查,对主要震害型式、产生机理以及防止震害的对策进行了剖析,分析了现代碾压式高土石坝抗震性能优良的内在原因。从设防标准、抗震能力与抗震风险以及坝体填筑设计质量控制指标等方面论证了现阶段强震区高土石坝建设需重视的问题。在深入开展土石坝抗震理论研究的基础上,适当提高坝料填筑设计指标以控制有害变形,强震区300m级高土石坝的建设是安全可行的。
Using survey data of earth-rock dams built in earthquake zones of the world,this paper analyzes the main types of dam damage,damage causes and damage-prevention measures,and examines the underlying causes of good aseismic performance of modern roller-compacted high dams.The issues that need great attention for high dam construction in strong earthquake zones are demonstrated in views of design criterion,aseismic capacity and risk and quality control of dam filling operation.This work concludes that if the design standard of material filling is raised enough to prevent harmful distortion through an in-depth theoretical study against earthquakes,the safety of dams of 300m-grade high in strong earthquake zones could be realized.
Using survey data of earth-rock dams built in earthquake zones of the world,this paper analyzes the main types of dam damage,damage causes and damage-prevention measures,and examines the underlying causes of good aseismic performance of modern roller-compacted high dams.The issues that need great attention for high dam construction in strong earthquake zones are demonstrated in views of design criterion,aseismic capacity and risk and quality control of dam filling operation.This work concludes that if the design standard of material filling is raised enough to prevent harmful distortion through an in-depth theoretical study against earthquakes,the safety of dams of 300m-grade high in strong earthquake zones could be realized.
引文
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[6]John Vrymoed,Wallace Lam.Earthquake Performance of Austrian Dam,California during the LOMA PRIETA Earthquake[C]//Proceedings of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials Conference,September 10-14 Boston,MA.
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[12]朱晟,石高峰,周建平.碧口心墙堆石坝抗震复核分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(S1):2954～2962.ZHU Sheng,SHI Gaofeng,ZHOU Jianping.China.Dam's Earthquake Damage Analysis of Bikou Hydropower Station in“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.2011,30(S1):2954～2962.(in Chinese)
[13]朱晟,杨鸽,周建平等.紫坪铺面板堆石坝静动力初步反演研究[J].四川大学学报,2010,(5):113～119.ZHU Sheng,YANG Ge,ZHOU Jianping,etc.Back Analysis on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Zipingpu CFRD under 5.12Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University.2010,(5):113～119.(in Chinese)
[14]SL203-97,DL5073-2000.水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].SL203-97,DL5073-2000.Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures[S].(in Chinese)
[15]International Commission on Large Dams:Guidelines for Selecting Seismic Parameters for Larger Dams[S].1988.
[16]Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety:Earthquake Analyses and Design of Dams,FEMA65[S].2005.
[17]Canadian Dam Safety Association.Dam Safety Guidelines[S].1995.
[18]Reilly N.Comparison of some European guidelines for the seismic assessment of dams[M].London:Thomas Telford,2004.
[19]Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry,Austrian Commission on Dams Earthquake Analysis of Dams[S].1996.
[20]陈厚群.汶川地震后对大坝抗震安全的思考[J].中国工程科学,2009,(6):44～53.CHEN Houqun.Condideration on Seismic Safety of Dams in China after the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese EngineeringSciences.2009,(6):44～53.(in Chinese)
[21]张楚汉,金峰,潘坚文等.论汶川地震后我国高坝抗震标准问题[J].水利水电技术,2009,(8):74～79.ZHANG Chuhan,JIN Feng,PAN Jianwen,etc.On seismic fortification criteria after Wenchuan Earthquake for high dam in China[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering.2009,(8):74～79.(in Chinese)
[22]Building Seismic Safety Council.2003Edition NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for NewBuildings and Other Structures,FEMA450,Part 1(Provisions)and Part 2(Commentary),developed for the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency[C]//Washington DC.2004.
[23]Hardin B O,Drnevich V P.Shear modulus and damping in soil:design equation and curves[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division,ASCE,1972,7:667～692.
[24]李万红,汪闻韶.无黏性土动力剪应变模型[J].水利学报,1993,(9):11～17.LI Wanhong,WANG Wenshao.Dynamic Shearing Strain model of Cohesionless Soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.1993,(9):11～17.(in Chinese)
[25]沈珠江,徐刚.堆石的动力变形特性[J].水利水运科学研究,1996,6(2):143～150.SHEN Zhujiang,XU Gang.The Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Rockfill[J].Journal of Nanjing hydraulic research institute.1996,6(2):143～150.(in Chinese)
[26]朱晟,周建波.粗粒筑坝材料的动力变形特性[J].岩土力学,2010,(5):1375～1380.ZHU Sheng,ZHOU Jianbo.Deformation behavior of coarse grained materials under cyclic loading[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,(5):1375～1380.(in Chinese)
[27]Raghvendra Singh and Debasis Roy.Estimation of Earthquake-Induced Crest Settlements of Embankments[J].American J.ofEngineering and Applied Sciences 2009,2(3):515～525.
[28]ZHU Sheng,GU Jiang.Estimation of Earthquake-induced Permanent Deformation for Earth Dam Based on Seismic Damage.to berepublished.
[29]陈厚群,徐泽平,李敏.汶川大地震和大坝抗震安全[J].水利学报,2008,(10):1158～1167.CHEN Houqun,XU Zeping,LI Min.Wenchuan Earthquake and Dam Seismic Safety[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.2008,(10):1158～1167.(in Chinese)
[30]Elgamal,A.-W.,Scott,R.F.,Succarieh,M.F.,La Villita dam response during five earthquakes including permanent deformation[J].J.Geotech.Eng.114,1990,1443～1462.
[2]Sakamoto T.,etal.Numerical simulation of sliding of anearth dam during the1995Kobe earthquake[C]//The22ndUSSD AnnualMeeting and Conference Pre-conference Workshop 3rd U.S.-Japan Workshop on Advanced Research on Earthquake Engineering forDams,2002.
[3]顾淦臣.土石坝地震工程[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1989.10.Gu Ganchen.Earthquake engineering of earth-rock dam[M].Nanjing:Hohai University Press.1989,10.(in Chinese)
[4]Raghvendra Singh,Debasis Roy,Sudhir K.Jain.Analysis of earth dams affected by the2001Bhuj Earthquake[J].EngineeringGeology,2005,80:282～291.
[5]汝乃华,牛运光.大坝事故与安全.土石坝[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001,10.RU Naihua,NIU Yunguang.Dam accidents and safety.Earth-rock dam[M].Beijing:China Water Resources and Hydropower Press.2001,10.(in Chinese)
[6]John Vrymoed,Wallace Lam.Earthquake Performance of Austrian Dam,California during the LOMA PRIETA Earthquake[C]//Proceedings of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials Conference,September 10-14 Boston,MA.
[7]M.Y.O Zkan,M.O Zyazicioglu,U.D.Aksar.An evaluation of Guldurcek dam response during6June2000Orta earthquake[J].SoilDynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2006,(26):405～419.
[8]Isao Nagayama,Yoshikazu Yamaguchi,Takashi Sasaki.Damage to Dams due to Three Large Earthquakes Occurred in2003,in Japan.
[9]Ahmed-W.M.Elgamal,and Ramana V.Gunturi.Dynamic behaviour and seismic response of El Infiernillo Dam[J].Earthquakeengineering and structural dynamics,1993,22:665～684.
[10]中国水电顾问集团西北勘测设计研究院.白龙江碧口水电站工程“5.12”汶川地震震损调查及初步分析报告[R].西安:2008,11.Hydropower Consulting Group NorthwesternInstitution.Seismic review report of BIKOU rockfill dam with earth core[R].Xian,2008,11.(in Chinese)
[11]顾淦臣.国内外土石坝重大事故剖析—对若干土石坝重大事故的再认识(续)[J].水利水电科技进展,1997,(2):16～26.GU Ganchen.Overseas Accident Analysis on Earth-rock Dam—Anew Cognition to Accident Some earth-rock dam[J].Advances InScience and Technology of Water Resources.1997,(2):16～26.(in Chinese)
[12]朱晟,石高峰,周建平.碧口心墙堆石坝抗震复核分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(S1):2954～2962.ZHU Sheng,SHI Gaofeng,ZHOU Jianping.China.Dam's Earthquake Damage Analysis of Bikou Hydropower Station in“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.2011,30(S1):2954～2962.(in Chinese)
[13]朱晟,杨鸽,周建平等.紫坪铺面板堆石坝静动力初步反演研究[J].四川大学学报,2010,(5):113～119.ZHU Sheng,YANG Ge,ZHOU Jianping,etc.Back Analysis on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Zipingpu CFRD under 5.12Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University.2010,(5):113～119.(in Chinese)
[14]SL203-97,DL5073-2000.水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].SL203-97,DL5073-2000.Specifications for seismic design of hydraulic structures[S].(in Chinese)
[15]International Commission on Large Dams:Guidelines for Selecting Seismic Parameters for Larger Dams[S].1988.
[16]Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety:Earthquake Analyses and Design of Dams,FEMA65[S].2005.
[17]Canadian Dam Safety Association.Dam Safety Guidelines[S].1995.
[18]Reilly N.Comparison of some European guidelines for the seismic assessment of dams[M].London:Thomas Telford,2004.
[19]Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry,Austrian Commission on Dams Earthquake Analysis of Dams[S].1996.
[20]陈厚群.汶川地震后对大坝抗震安全的思考[J].中国工程科学,2009,(6):44～53.CHEN Houqun.Condideration on Seismic Safety of Dams in China after the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese EngineeringSciences.2009,(6):44～53.(in Chinese)
[21]张楚汉,金峰,潘坚文等.论汶川地震后我国高坝抗震标准问题[J].水利水电技术,2009,(8):74～79.ZHANG Chuhan,JIN Feng,PAN Jianwen,etc.On seismic fortification criteria after Wenchuan Earthquake for high dam in China[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering.2009,(8):74～79.(in Chinese)
[22]Building Seismic Safety Council.2003Edition NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for NewBuildings and Other Structures,FEMA450,Part 1(Provisions)and Part 2(Commentary),developed for the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency[C]//Washington DC.2004.
[23]Hardin B O,Drnevich V P.Shear modulus and damping in soil:design equation and curves[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division,ASCE,1972,7:667～692.
[24]李万红,汪闻韶.无黏性土动力剪应变模型[J].水利学报,1993,(9):11～17.LI Wanhong,WANG Wenshao.Dynamic Shearing Strain model of Cohesionless Soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.1993,(9):11～17.(in Chinese)
[25]沈珠江,徐刚.堆石的动力变形特性[J].水利水运科学研究,1996,6(2):143～150.SHEN Zhujiang,XU Gang.The Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Rockfill[J].Journal of Nanjing hydraulic research institute.1996,6(2):143～150.(in Chinese)
[26]朱晟,周建波.粗粒筑坝材料的动力变形特性[J].岩土力学,2010,(5):1375～1380.ZHU Sheng,ZHOU Jianbo.Deformation behavior of coarse grained materials under cyclic loading[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,(5):1375～1380.(in Chinese)
[27]Raghvendra Singh and Debasis Roy.Estimation of Earthquake-Induced Crest Settlements of Embankments[J].American J.ofEngineering and Applied Sciences 2009,2(3):515～525.
[28]ZHU Sheng,GU Jiang.Estimation of Earthquake-induced Permanent Deformation for Earth Dam Based on Seismic Damage.to berepublished.
[29]陈厚群,徐泽平,李敏.汶川大地震和大坝抗震安全[J].水利学报,2008,(10):1158～1167.CHEN Houqun,XU Zeping,LI Min.Wenchuan Earthquake and Dam Seismic Safety[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.2008,(10):1158～1167.(in Chinese)
[30]Elgamal,A.-W.,Scott,R.F.,Succarieh,M.F.,La Villita dam response during five earthquakes including permanent deformation[J].J.Geotech.Eng.114,1990,1443～1462.
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