三个抗震问题简析及新型挡墙地震反应评述
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摘要
水平地震作用沿墙高的分布、弱粘性土地震土压力、和挡墙体系考虑水的作用是挡土墙抗震研究中的三个重要问题。首先对其研究进展进行了简要总结。然后针对近年来大量涌现的新型、异型、轻型挡土墙的抗震研究现状进行了评述,包括现场地震调查、振动台及离心机试验、悬臂L型挡土墙、锚杆式及土钉式挡土墙、加筋土挡土墙和地下室挡墙。最后,指出了存在的问题和提出今后的研究方向。
Lateral seismic action along the height of a retaining wall,seismic earth pressures on a retaining wall with cohesive backfill,and considering water effects on quay walls are three important aseismic questions.Firstly,the research advancement is discussed.Then,the advancement and evolutions of new type,complex type,and light type of retaining walls(RW) on nowadays,including field observation,shaking table test,centrifuge experiment,cantilever L-shaped RW,anchored RW,nailed RW,geogrid-reinforced soil RW and basement building wall are concisely reviewed.At the same time,concise remarks are made.Finally,existing problems are pointed out and the study problems,which need to be done in future,are suggested.
Lateral seismic action along the height of a retaining wall,seismic earth pressures on a retaining wall with cohesive backfill,and considering water effects on quay walls are three important aseismic questions.Firstly,the research advancement is discussed.Then,the advancement and evolutions of new type,complex type,and light type of retaining walls(RW) on nowadays,including field observation,shaking table test,centrifuge experiment,cantilever L-shaped RW,anchored RW,nailed RW,geogrid-reinforced soil RW and basement building wall are concisely reviewed.At the same time,concise remarks are made.Finally,existing problems are pointed out and the study problems,which need to be done in future,are suggested.
引文
[1]Mononobe H.Considerations into earthquake vibrations and vibration theories(in Japanese)[J].Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers,1924,10(5):1063-1094.
[2]Okabe S.General theory on earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam[J].Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers,1924,10(6):1277-1323.
[3]Whitman R V.Seismic design of earth retaining structures[A].Proceedings of2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1991.1767-1778.
[4]Whitman R V.Dynamic behavior of soils and its application to civil engineering projects[A].Proceedings of6th Pan American Conference[C],Lima,Peru.1979.
[5]Whitman R V.Seismic design and behavior of gravity retaining walls[A].Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Design and Performance ofEarth Retaining Structures[C],ASCE,Cornell University,1990.
[6]Whitman R V,and Christian J T.Seismic response of retaining structures(a)[A].Pola Workshop Meeting[C],San Pedro,CA.1990.
[7]Nadim F,Whitman R V.Seismically induced movement of retaining walls[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931.
[8]Nadim F and Whitman R V.Coupled sliding and tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes[A].Proceedings of8th WCEE[C],July,San Francisco,CA.1984.
[9]JTJ 004—89,公路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1989.
[10]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003.
[11]周晓岩.重力式挡土结构水平地震作用沿高度分布[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[12]Whitman R V,and Christian J T.Seismic response of retaining structures(b)[A].Symposium Seismic Design for World Port2020[C],Port ofLos Angeles.1990.
[13]Okamoto S.Introduction to earthquake engineering[M].New York,Wiley,1984.279-300.
[14]Iai S.Seismic analysis and performance of retaining structures[A].Proc.Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III[C],Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,1998,75(2):1020-1044.
[15]Dickenson S E and Yang D-S.Seismically-induced deformations of caisson retaining walls in improved soils[A].Proc.Geotechnical Earth-quake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III[C],Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,1998,75(2):1071-1082.
[16]Westergaard HM.Water pressures on dams during earthquakes[J].Transactions,ASCE 98,1933,418-433.
[17]Matsuo H,O'Hara S.Lateralearth pressures and stability of quay walls during earthquakes[A].Proc.2ndWCEE[C],1960,1.
[18]Matsuzawa H,Ishibashi I,and Kawamura M.Dynamic soil and water pressures of submerged soils[J].ASCE,Journal of Geotechnical Engineer-ing,1984,111(10):1161-1176.
[19]Steedman R S and Zeng X.The seismic response of waterfront retaining walls[A].ASCE specialty conf.on design and construction of earth retai-ning structures[C],Ithaca,NY.1990.
[20]Ichii K.fragility curves for gravity-type quay walls based on effective stress analyses[A].13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.3040.
[21]Prakash S.Analysis of rigid retaining walls during earthquakes[A].Proc.Int.Conf.Recent Advances on Geotechnical Earthq.Engrg.and SoilDynamics[C],U.Missouri-Rolla,Mo.1981.
[22]JTJ 225-98,水运工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社.1998.
[23]Chen X and Tao X.Seismic earth pressures on retaining wall with cohesive backfill[A].International Conference on Advances and NewChallen-ges in Earthquake Engineering Research[C],Aug.15-17,2002,Harbin,China.
[24]陈学良,陶夏新.粘性土挡土墙地震土压力解析解[A].现代地震工程进展[C],东南大学出版社,2002.218?224.
[25]Seed HB,Whitman R V.Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads[A].ASCE Specialty Conf.on Lateral Stresses in the Groundand Design of Earth Retaining Structures[C],Ithaca,NY,1970.103-147.
[26]Ostadan F,White WH.Lateral seismic soil pressure an updated approach[A].Bechtel National,San Francisco,California,US-Japan SSI Work-shop,[C]USGS,September 22-23,1998.
[27]Tateyama M,Tatsuoka F,Koseki J,Horii K.Damage to soil retaining walls for railway embankments during the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake[A].lst Int.Conf.Earthq.Geotech.Engg.[C],Tokyo,1995,1:49-54.
[28]Tatsuoka F,Koseki J,Tateyama M.Performance of geogrid-reinforced soil retaining walls during the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake[A].lstInt.Conf.Earthq.Geotech Engg.[C],Tokyo,1995,1:55-62.
[29]刘勇生.桥台滑坡与动土压力[D].哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所,1988.
[30]何度心,高金英.地震时桥台的滑坡问题[R].中国科学院工程力学研究所,1978.
[31]何度心.桥梁震动研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[32]Dewoolkar MM,Stadler A T,Batiste S N,et al.Dynamic centrifuge experiment on a cantilever retaining wall[A].3thIntern.Conf.on RecentAdvances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],Paper No.2.14,1995,3:1117-1121.
[33]Zeng X and Steedman R S.On the behavior of quay walls in earthquakes[J].Geotechnique,London,U.K.,1993,43(3):417-431.
[34]Fujiwara T,Horikoshi K,Higuchi Y,et al.Estimation of dynamic displacement of gravity type quay walls based on centrifuge modeling[A].Proc.of 12thWCEE[C],Makati City,Philippines,2000,5(12).
[35]Zeng X.Seismic response of gravity quay walls.I:Centrifuge modeling[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,124(5):406-417.
[36]Madabhushi S P G,Zeng X.Seismic response of gravity quay walls.II:Numerical modeling[J].Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering,1998,124(5):418-427.
[37]Steedman R S.Modeling the behavior of retaining walls in earthquakes[D].Engineering Dept.,Cambridge Univ.,UK.1984.
[38]Siddarthan R and Maragakis E M.Performance of flexible retaining wall springs,supporting dry cohesionless soils under cyclic loads[J].Int J.Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,1989,13(3):309-326.
[39]Futaki M,Sakaguchi O.Behavior of the cantilever retaining wall under seismic loadings[A].10thWorld Conference or Earthuake Engineering1992.1667-1682
[40]Cascone E,Grasso S L Michele.Maugeri,Dynamic model tests on L-shaped gravity retaining walls[A].12thWCEE[C]2000,2445.
[41]Finn L W D,Wu G,Yoshida N.Seismic response of sheet pile walls[A].on 10thWorld Conference Earthquake Engineering,Balkena,Rotter-dam.1992.1671-1676.
[42]Nadim F and Whitman R V.Seismic analysis and design of retaining walls[A].Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering[C],Rotterdam,Balkema.1993.387-411.
[43]卢肇钧.锚钉板挡土结构[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1989.
[44]卢肇均,吴肖茗,张肇伸.锚定板挡土结构[J],岩土工程学报,1981,3(3):34-40.
[45]Ghazavi ML,Karbor et al.Anewpseudo-dynamic analysis of soil nailied walls[A].13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Van-couver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.2960
[46]叶书麟,等编著.地基处理与托换技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984.
[47]Juran I et al.Strain compatibility design method for reinforced earth walls[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE.1990,116(2):312-329.
[48]Richardson G N and Lee K L.Seismic design of reinforced earth walls[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1975,102(GT2):167-188.
[49]Elms D G and Richards R.Seismic design of retaining walls,design and performance of earth retaining structures[A].Ed.Lambe R C&HansenL A,GTPub.25[C],ASCE,NY,1990.
[50]Richards R J and Elms D.Seismic behavior of reinforced earth walls[R].Res.Rept.82-4,Dept.of Civil Engineering,University of Canter-bury,New Zealand,March,1985.
[51]Fairless G J.Seismic performance of reinforced earth walls[D].University of Canterbury,Christchurch,New Zealand.1989.
[52]Belal A Mand George K P.Finite element analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to seismic loading[A].12thWCEE[C],0842(1-8).
[53]Kutter B L,Casey J Aand Romstad KM.Centrifuge modeling and field observations of dynamic behavior of reinforced soil and concrete cantileverretaining walls[A].Proceedings of 4th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Palm Springs,CA,May.
[54]Ahmed WM.Elgamal,Sreenivas Alampalli,Earthquake response of retaining walls.full scale tesing and computational analysis[A].10thWorldConference Earthquake Engineering[C],Balkena,Rotterdam,1992.1671-1676.
[55]El-Emam MM,Bathurst R J,Hatami K.Numerical modeling of reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to base acceleration[A].13th WCEE[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.2621
[56]Wood J H.Earthquake induced soil pressures on structures[D].EERL73-05,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena,CA.1973.
[57]Yong P MF.Dynamic earth pressures against a rigid earth retaining wall[R].Central laboratories Rpt5-8515,Ministry of works and develop-ment,Lower Hutt,New Zealand.1985.
[58]Chang C Y,Power MS,Mok C M,et al.Analysis of dynamic lateral earth pressures recorded on Lotung reactor containment model structure[A].Proc.4th US Nat.Conf.on Earthquake Engrg.[C],EERI,Palm Springs,CA,1990,3.
[59]Iguchi M,C.Minowa,dynamic characteristics of lateral earth pressures on an embedded foundation during earthquakes and forced vibration tests[A].13thWCEE[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.3090.
[2]Okabe S.General theory on earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam[J].Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers,1924,10(6):1277-1323.
[3]Whitman R V.Seismic design of earth retaining structures[A].Proceedings of2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],1991.1767-1778.
[4]Whitman R V.Dynamic behavior of soils and its application to civil engineering projects[A].Proceedings of6th Pan American Conference[C],Lima,Peru.1979.
[5]Whitman R V.Seismic design and behavior of gravity retaining walls[A].Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Design and Performance ofEarth Retaining Structures[C],ASCE,Cornell University,1990.
[6]Whitman R V,and Christian J T.Seismic response of retaining structures(a)[A].Pola Workshop Meeting[C],San Pedro,CA.1990.
[7]Nadim F,Whitman R V.Seismically induced movement of retaining walls[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931.
[8]Nadim F and Whitman R V.Coupled sliding and tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes[A].Proceedings of8th WCEE[C],July,San Francisco,CA.1984.
[9]JTJ 004—89,公路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1989.
[10]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003.
[11]周晓岩.重力式挡土结构水平地震作用沿高度分布[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[12]Whitman R V,and Christian J T.Seismic response of retaining structures(b)[A].Symposium Seismic Design for World Port2020[C],Port ofLos Angeles.1990.
[13]Okamoto S.Introduction to earthquake engineering[M].New York,Wiley,1984.279-300.
[14]Iai S.Seismic analysis and performance of retaining structures[A].Proc.Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III[C],Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,1998,75(2):1020-1044.
[15]Dickenson S E and Yang D-S.Seismically-induced deformations of caisson retaining walls in improved soils[A].Proc.Geotechnical Earth-quake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III[C],Geotechnical Special Publication,ASCE,1998,75(2):1071-1082.
[16]Westergaard HM.Water pressures on dams during earthquakes[J].Transactions,ASCE 98,1933,418-433.
[17]Matsuo H,O'Hara S.Lateralearth pressures and stability of quay walls during earthquakes[A].Proc.2ndWCEE[C],1960,1.
[18]Matsuzawa H,Ishibashi I,and Kawamura M.Dynamic soil and water pressures of submerged soils[J].ASCE,Journal of Geotechnical Engineer-ing,1984,111(10):1161-1176.
[19]Steedman R S and Zeng X.The seismic response of waterfront retaining walls[A].ASCE specialty conf.on design and construction of earth retai-ning structures[C],Ithaca,NY.1990.
[20]Ichii K.fragility curves for gravity-type quay walls based on effective stress analyses[A].13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.3040.
[21]Prakash S.Analysis of rigid retaining walls during earthquakes[A].Proc.Int.Conf.Recent Advances on Geotechnical Earthq.Engrg.and SoilDynamics[C],U.Missouri-Rolla,Mo.1981.
[22]JTJ 225-98,水运工程抗震设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社.1998.
[23]Chen X and Tao X.Seismic earth pressures on retaining wall with cohesive backfill[A].International Conference on Advances and NewChallen-ges in Earthquake Engineering Research[C],Aug.15-17,2002,Harbin,China.
[24]陈学良,陶夏新.粘性土挡土墙地震土压力解析解[A].现代地震工程进展[C],东南大学出版社,2002.218?224.
[25]Seed HB,Whitman R V.Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads[A].ASCE Specialty Conf.on Lateral Stresses in the Groundand Design of Earth Retaining Structures[C],Ithaca,NY,1970.103-147.
[26]Ostadan F,White WH.Lateral seismic soil pressure an updated approach[A].Bechtel National,San Francisco,California,US-Japan SSI Work-shop,[C]USGS,September 22-23,1998.
[27]Tateyama M,Tatsuoka F,Koseki J,Horii K.Damage to soil retaining walls for railway embankments during the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake[A].lst Int.Conf.Earthq.Geotech.Engg.[C],Tokyo,1995,1:49-54.
[28]Tatsuoka F,Koseki J,Tateyama M.Performance of geogrid-reinforced soil retaining walls during the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake[A].lstInt.Conf.Earthq.Geotech Engg.[C],Tokyo,1995,1:55-62.
[29]刘勇生.桥台滑坡与动土压力[D].哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所,1988.
[30]何度心,高金英.地震时桥台的滑坡问题[R].中国科学院工程力学研究所,1978.
[31]何度心.桥梁震动研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[32]Dewoolkar MM,Stadler A T,Batiste S N,et al.Dynamic centrifuge experiment on a cantilever retaining wall[A].3thIntern.Conf.on RecentAdvances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics[C],Paper No.2.14,1995,3:1117-1121.
[33]Zeng X and Steedman R S.On the behavior of quay walls in earthquakes[J].Geotechnique,London,U.K.,1993,43(3):417-431.
[34]Fujiwara T,Horikoshi K,Higuchi Y,et al.Estimation of dynamic displacement of gravity type quay walls based on centrifuge modeling[A].Proc.of 12thWCEE[C],Makati City,Philippines,2000,5(12).
[35]Zeng X.Seismic response of gravity quay walls.I:Centrifuge modeling[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,124(5):406-417.
[36]Madabhushi S P G,Zeng X.Seismic response of gravity quay walls.II:Numerical modeling[J].Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering,1998,124(5):418-427.
[37]Steedman R S.Modeling the behavior of retaining walls in earthquakes[D].Engineering Dept.,Cambridge Univ.,UK.1984.
[38]Siddarthan R and Maragakis E M.Performance of flexible retaining wall springs,supporting dry cohesionless soils under cyclic loads[J].Int J.Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,1989,13(3):309-326.
[39]Futaki M,Sakaguchi O.Behavior of the cantilever retaining wall under seismic loadings[A].10thWorld Conference or Earthuake Engineering1992.1667-1682
[40]Cascone E,Grasso S L Michele.Maugeri,Dynamic model tests on L-shaped gravity retaining walls[A].12thWCEE[C]2000,2445.
[41]Finn L W D,Wu G,Yoshida N.Seismic response of sheet pile walls[A].on 10thWorld Conference Earthquake Engineering,Balkena,Rotter-dam.1992.1671-1676.
[42]Nadim F and Whitman R V.Seismic analysis and design of retaining walls[A].Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering[C],Rotterdam,Balkema.1993.387-411.
[43]卢肇钧.锚钉板挡土结构[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1989.
[44]卢肇均,吴肖茗,张肇伸.锚定板挡土结构[J],岩土工程学报,1981,3(3):34-40.
[45]Ghazavi ML,Karbor et al.Anewpseudo-dynamic analysis of soil nailied walls[A].13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Van-couver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.2960
[46]叶书麟,等编著.地基处理与托换技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984.
[47]Juran I et al.Strain compatibility design method for reinforced earth walls[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE.1990,116(2):312-329.
[48]Richardson G N and Lee K L.Seismic design of reinforced earth walls[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1975,102(GT2):167-188.
[49]Elms D G and Richards R.Seismic design of retaining walls,design and performance of earth retaining structures[A].Ed.Lambe R C&HansenL A,GTPub.25[C],ASCE,NY,1990.
[50]Richards R J and Elms D.Seismic behavior of reinforced earth walls[R].Res.Rept.82-4,Dept.of Civil Engineering,University of Canter-bury,New Zealand,March,1985.
[51]Fairless G J.Seismic performance of reinforced earth walls[D].University of Canterbury,Christchurch,New Zealand.1989.
[52]Belal A Mand George K P.Finite element analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to seismic loading[A].12thWCEE[C],0842(1-8).
[53]Kutter B L,Casey J Aand Romstad KM.Centrifuge modeling and field observations of dynamic behavior of reinforced soil and concrete cantileverretaining walls[A].Proceedings of 4th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],Palm Springs,CA,May.
[54]Ahmed WM.Elgamal,Sreenivas Alampalli,Earthquake response of retaining walls.full scale tesing and computational analysis[A].10thWorldConference Earthquake Engineering[C],Balkena,Rotterdam,1992.1671-1676.
[55]El-Emam MM,Bathurst R J,Hatami K.Numerical modeling of reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to base acceleration[A].13th WCEE[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.2621
[56]Wood J H.Earthquake induced soil pressures on structures[D].EERL73-05,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena,CA.1973.
[57]Yong P MF.Dynamic earth pressures against a rigid earth retaining wall[R].Central laboratories Rpt5-8515,Ministry of works and develop-ment,Lower Hutt,New Zealand.1985.
[58]Chang C Y,Power MS,Mok C M,et al.Analysis of dynamic lateral earth pressures recorded on Lotung reactor containment model structure[A].Proc.4th US Nat.Conf.on Earthquake Engrg.[C],EERI,Palm Springs,CA,1990,3.
[59]Iguchi M,C.Minowa,dynamic characteristics of lateral earth pressures on an embedded foundation during earthquakes and forced vibration tests[A].13thWCEE[C],Vancouver,B.C.,Canada,2004,Paper No.3090.
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