台湾西南海域地震数据处理及天然气水合物地震属性
摘要
对台湾西南海域增生楔部位长排列多道地震数据进行地震成像、速度分析、AVO分析、AVO反演处理,获得了天然气水合物多属性地震特征.在偏移剖面上,BSR与海底近似平行,极性与海底相反,穿越沉积层.AVO分析显示,强BSR振幅部位,BSR振幅随偏移距增大而增大.精细速度分析表明强BSR振幅下方存在纵波低速层.对应于强BSR振幅部位,AVO反演的P波、G波为相对高负值区,位于P、G交会图的第三象限,该部位泊松比变化率为负值,横波反射系数接近于零.以上多属性地震特征均预示着该区域可能存在天然气水合物层,且天然气水合物层下方可能存在游离甲烷气层.
Various seismic attributes of gas hydrate were obtained in the acretionary prism of the southwest Taiwan Waters by seismic imaging,velocity analysis,AVO analysis and AVO inversion with the long streamer seismic data.BSR is found with reversed polarity,compared with the seabed,and to cut across the sediments reflectors in the migrated profiles.AVO analysis shows that the amplitude of the BSR increases with the offset The low p-wave interval velocity layer is present below the strong BSR according to detailed velocity analysis.The BSRs value is relative high negative and lies in the third quadrant in the crossplot of the P and G profiles within the strong BSR.The BSRs value is also negative in the P+G profile and it is approximate zero in the P-G profile in the same strong BSR.All the seismic characters above suggest that the gas hydrated layer and the free gas layer below it may be in existence in the southwest Taiwan Waters.
Various seismic attributes of gas hydrate were obtained in the acretionary prism of the southwest Taiwan Waters by seismic imaging,velocity analysis,AVO analysis and AVO inversion with the long streamer seismic data.BSR is found with reversed polarity,compared with the seabed,and to cut across the sediments reflectors in the migrated profiles.AVO analysis shows that the amplitude of the BSR increases with the offset The low p-wave interval velocity layer is present below the strong BSR according to detailed velocity analysis.The BSRs value is relative high negative and lies in the third quadrant in the crossplot of the P and G profiles within the strong BSR.The BSRs value is also negative in the P+G profile and it is approximate zero in the P-G profile in the same strong BSR.All the seismic characters above suggest that the gas hydrated layer and the free gas layer below it may be in existence in the southwest Taiwan Waters.
引文
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[21]Carcione J M,Tinivella U.Bottom-simulating reflectors:seismic velocities and AVO effects[J].Geophysics,2000,65:54~67.
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[23]Diaconescu C C,Kieckhefe R M,Knapp J H.Geophysicalevidence for gas hydrates in the deep water of the South Cas-pian Basin,Azerbaijan[J].Marine Petroleum Geology,2001,18:209~221.
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[25]Zoeppritz K,Erdbebnenwellen V.On the reflection and pen-etration of seismic waves through unstable layers[M].Gott-inger Nachr.,1919,1:66~84.
[26]Shipley T H,Houston M H,Buller R T,Shaub F J,Mc-Millen K J,Ladd J W,Worzel J L.Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes andrises[J].American Assiociation of Petroleum Geologists Bul-letin,1979,63:2204~2213.
[27]Shuey R T.A simplification of Zoeppritz equations[J].Geo-physics,1985,50:609~614.
[28]Verm R,Hilterman F.Lithology color-coded seismic sec-tions:The calibration of AVO crossplotting to rock proper-ties[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(8):847~861.
[29]Hyndman R D,Spence G D,Chapman R,Riedel M,Ed-wards R N.Geophysical studies of marine gas hydrate inNorthern Cascadia[A].In:Paull C K,Dillon W P,Eds.Natural gas hydrates-occurrence,distribution and detection[C].American Geophysical Union Monograph,2001,124,273~292.
[30]Rutherfold S R,Williams R H.Amplitude-versus-offset vari-ations in gas sand[J].Geophysics,1989,54:680~688.
[31]Bang N L B,Dale S S,Golovchenko X.Free gas at the baseof the gas hydrate zone in the vicinity of the Chile triple junc-tion[J].Geology,1993,21:905~908.
[32]Andreassen K,Hart P E,MacKay M.Amplitude versus off-set modeling of the bottom-simulating reflection associatedwith submarine gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,1997,137:25~40.
[33]Castagna J P,Swan H W.Principles of AVO crossplotting[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16:337~342.
[34]Castagna J P,Swan H W,Hoster D J.Framework for AVOgradient and intercept interpretation[J].Geophysics,1998,63:948~956.
[35]Domenico S N.Effect of brine-gas mixture on velocity in anunconsolidated sand reservoir[J].Geophysics,1976,41:882~894.
[36]Minshull T,White R.Sediment compaction and fluid migra-tion in the Makran accretionary prism[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1989,94:7387~7402.
[37]Lu S M.Seismic characteristics of two deep-water drillinghazards:shallow-water flow sands and gas hydrate[D].Thedoctor dissertation of the university of Taxas at Dallas,2003.
[38]R.von Huene,Pecher I A.Vertical tectonics and the originsof BSRs along the Peru margin[J].Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters,1999,166:47~55.
[39]Pecher I A,Kukowski N,Ranero C R,R.von Huene.Gashydrates along the Peru and middle America Trench systems[A].In:Paull C K,Dillon W P,Eds.Natural gas hydratesoccurrence,distribution,and detection[C].American Geo-physical Union Monograph,2001,124,257~269.
[2]Huang C Y,Yin Y C.Bathymetric ridges and troughs in theactive arc-continent collision region off southeastern Taiwan[J].Proceedings of the Geological Society of China,1990,33:351~372.
[3]Huang C Y,Shyu C T,Lin S B,Lee T Q,Sheu D D.Marinegeology in the arc-continent collision zone off southeastern Tai-wan:implications for Late Neogene evolution of the CoastalRange[J].Marine Geology,1992,107:183~212.
[4]Reed D L,Lundberg N,Liu C S,Kuo B Y.Structural rela-tions along the margins of the offshore Taiwan accretionarywedge:implications for accretion and crustal kinematics[J].Acta Geologica Taiwanica,1992,30:105~122.
[5]Liu C S,Huang I T,Teng L S.Structural features off south-western Taiwan[J].Marine Geology,1997,137:305~319.
[6]Huang C Y,Xia K Y,Yuan P B,Chen P G.Structural evolu-tion from Paleogene extension to Latest Miocene-Recent arc-continent collision offshore Taiwan:comparison with on landgeology[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2001,19:619~639.
[7]Chi W C,Reed D L,Liu C S,Lundberg N.Distribution of thebottom simulating reflector in the offshore Taiwan collisionzone[J].Teer.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,1998,9(4):779~794.
[8]Shyu C T and Liu C S.Heat flows off southwest Taiwan:Measurements over mud diapirs and estimated from bottomsimulating reflectors[J].Teer.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,1998,9(4):795~812.
[9]McDonnell S L,Max M D,Cherkis N Z,Czarnecki M F.Tec-tono-sedimentary controls on the likelihood of gas hydrate oc-currence near Taiwan[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:929~936.
[10]Liu C S,Shi F L,Xuan D H.Distribution and seismic char-acter of gas hydrate offshore southwestern Taiwan[A].In:The fifth(2002)Cross-Strait conference paper collection onmarine sciences offshore Taiwan[C].National Taiwan Uni-versity et al.,2002,10~12.
[11]Liu C S,Schnurle P,Chang H,Wang Y,Chung S,HsiuanT.Geophysical characteristics and geological settings of bot-tom simulating reflectors offshore southwestern Taiwan[A].In:The Cross-Strait conference paper collection on gas hy-drate[C].National Taiwan University et al.,2005,5~6.
[12]Schnurle P,Liu C S,Chang H.Gas hydrate and free gas off-shore southwestern Taiwan:toward quantitative and structur-al relationship[A].In:The Cross-Strait conference papercollection on gas hydrate[C].National Taiwan University etal.,2005,20~29.
[13]邓辉,阎贫,刘海龄.台湾西南海域似海底反射分析[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(2):79~85.
[14]宋海斌,吴能友,吴时国,江为为.南海东北部973剖面地震资料处理及其BSR特征[A].见:刘家彪,高抒主编.中国边缘海海盆演化与资源效应[C].北京:海洋出版社,2004,182~185.
[15]Sheriff R E and Geldart L P.Exploration Seismology(SecondEdition)[M].Cambridge University Press,1995.
[16]Dix C H.Seismic velocities from surface measurements[J].Geophysics,1955,20:68~86.
[17]Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hy-drate marine bottom simulating reflectors[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1992,97:6683~6698.
[18]Katzman R,Holbrook W S,Paull C K.Combined vertical-incidence and wide-angle seismic study of a gas hydrate zone,Blake Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99:17,975~17,995.
[19]Andreassen K,Hart P E,Grantz A.Seismic studies of a bot-tom simulating reflection related to gas hydrate beneath thecontinental margin of the Beaufort Sea[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1995,100:12,659~12,673.
[20]Ecker C,Dvorkin J,Nur A.Sediments with gas hydrates:internal structure from seismic AVO[J].Geophysics,1998,63:1659~1669.
[21]Carcione J M,Tinivella U.Bottom-simulating reflectors:seismic velocities and AVO effects[J].Geophysics,2000,65:54~67.
[22]Tinivella U,Accaino F.Compressional velocity structure andpossion’s ratio in marine sediments with gas hydrate and freegas by inversion of reflected and refracted seismic data(SouthShetland Islands,Antarctica)[J].Marine Geology,2000,164:13~27.
[23]Diaconescu C C,Kieckhefe R M,Knapp J H.Geophysicalevidence for gas hydrates in the deep water of the South Cas-pian Basin,Azerbaijan[J].Marine Petroleum Geology,2001,18:209~221.
[24]Ostrander W J.Plane-wave reflection cocefficients for gassands at nonnormal angles of incidence[J].Geophysics,1984,49:1637~1649.
[25]Zoeppritz K,Erdbebnenwellen V.On the reflection and pen-etration of seismic waves through unstable layers[M].Gott-inger Nachr.,1919,1:66~84.
[26]Shipley T H,Houston M H,Buller R T,Shaub F J,Mc-Millen K J,Ladd J W,Worzel J L.Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes andrises[J].American Assiociation of Petroleum Geologists Bul-letin,1979,63:2204~2213.
[27]Shuey R T.A simplification of Zoeppritz equations[J].Geo-physics,1985,50:609~614.
[28]Verm R,Hilterman F.Lithology color-coded seismic sec-tions:The calibration of AVO crossplotting to rock proper-ties[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(8):847~861.
[29]Hyndman R D,Spence G D,Chapman R,Riedel M,Ed-wards R N.Geophysical studies of marine gas hydrate inNorthern Cascadia[A].In:Paull C K,Dillon W P,Eds.Natural gas hydrates-occurrence,distribution and detection[C].American Geophysical Union Monograph,2001,124,273~292.
[30]Rutherfold S R,Williams R H.Amplitude-versus-offset vari-ations in gas sand[J].Geophysics,1989,54:680~688.
[31]Bang N L B,Dale S S,Golovchenko X.Free gas at the baseof the gas hydrate zone in the vicinity of the Chile triple junc-tion[J].Geology,1993,21:905~908.
[32]Andreassen K,Hart P E,MacKay M.Amplitude versus off-set modeling of the bottom-simulating reflection associatedwith submarine gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,1997,137:25~40.
[33]Castagna J P,Swan H W.Principles of AVO crossplotting[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16:337~342.
[34]Castagna J P,Swan H W,Hoster D J.Framework for AVOgradient and intercept interpretation[J].Geophysics,1998,63:948~956.
[35]Domenico S N.Effect of brine-gas mixture on velocity in anunconsolidated sand reservoir[J].Geophysics,1976,41:882~894.
[36]Minshull T,White R.Sediment compaction and fluid migra-tion in the Makran accretionary prism[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1989,94:7387~7402.
[37]Lu S M.Seismic characteristics of two deep-water drillinghazards:shallow-water flow sands and gas hydrate[D].Thedoctor dissertation of the university of Taxas at Dallas,2003.
[38]R.von Huene,Pecher I A.Vertical tectonics and the originsof BSRs along the Peru margin[J].Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters,1999,166:47~55.
[39]Pecher I A,Kukowski N,Ranero C R,R.von Huene.Gashydrates along the Peru and middle America Trench systems[A].In:Paull C K,Dillon W P,Eds.Natural gas hydratesoccurrence,distribution,and detection[C].American Geo-physical Union Monograph,2001,124,257~269.
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