板内地震过程的三层次构造模式
摘要
地震的本质是一个能量长期积累和突发释放的地质过程。在板内地震特征分析的基础上,我们提出板内地震的三层次构造模式——软流圈上隆的深部构造、中地壳韧性流变层(低速高导层)及其上、下的强硬层组成的中部三明治构造和上地壳浅表脆性断裂构造。软流圈上隆使岩石圈减薄并为震源提供热能和机械能,提升地震三明治构造中韧性流变层的温度,且降低其粘度,相应地加大了高导层与高阻层的能干差,使得热能和机械能引起的应变能在两种不同流变性质介质边界附近强烈集中。三明治构造上面脆性断裂加速了应力集中,当活动断层达到三明治构造边界,即可触发地震的发生,引起应变能、热能的突然释放。基于以上模式,我们初步设计了对三层次构造信息的地震监测系统。
Earthquake is a process concerning the long-term accumulation and abrupt release of energy in nature.On the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of intraplate earthquake, we present a three-level tectonic model for intraplate earthquake.It consists of a deep uplift structure of the asthenosphere, a middle sandwich structure,i.e.ductile-rheological layer sandwiched between competent layers, as the inner part in the middle crust and a shallow brittle faulting structure in the upper crust.The uplifting of the asthenosphere leads to thinning of the lithosphere of the local area around the upcoming epicenter.It supplies the thermal energy and mechanical energy to the epicenter area of the upcoming earthquake.It increases the temperature and lowers the viscosity of the inner ductile-rheological layer in the sandwich structure.The thermal energy increases the competent difference between the high-conductive layer and the high-resistive layers.The thermal and mechanical energy concentrates at the boundary area between the competent and incompetent layers.Active faulting above the sandwich structure accelerates the thinning of the lithosphere and highly concentrating the stress at the boundary between the competent and incompetent layers.When the active fault reaches the boundary of the sandwich structure, it triggers the intensive intraplate earthquake—inducing an abrupt release of the strain energy accumulated at the boundary area.On the basis of the model, we design a primary monitoring system for earthquake prediction from the information gaining from the three-level tectonic system.
Earthquake is a process concerning the long-term accumulation and abrupt release of energy in nature.On the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of intraplate earthquake, we present a three-level tectonic model for intraplate earthquake.It consists of a deep uplift structure of the asthenosphere, a middle sandwich structure,i.e.ductile-rheological layer sandwiched between competent layers, as the inner part in the middle crust and a shallow brittle faulting structure in the upper crust.The uplifting of the asthenosphere leads to thinning of the lithosphere of the local area around the upcoming epicenter.It supplies the thermal energy and mechanical energy to the epicenter area of the upcoming earthquake.It increases the temperature and lowers the viscosity of the inner ductile-rheological layer in the sandwich structure.The thermal energy increases the competent difference between the high-conductive layer and the high-resistive layers.The thermal and mechanical energy concentrates at the boundary area between the competent and incompetent layers.Active faulting above the sandwich structure accelerates the thinning of the lithosphere and highly concentrating the stress at the boundary between the competent and incompetent layers.When the active fault reaches the boundary of the sandwich structure, it triggers the intensive intraplate earthquake—inducing an abrupt release of the strain energy accumulated at the boundary area.On the basis of the model, we design a primary monitoring system for earthquake prediction from the information gaining from the three-level tectonic system.
引文
[1]费琪.第四届全国构造会议报告.北京,2008,10.
[1]Qiu Ning,Zeng Zuoxun,Yang Yichun.Design of Monitoring and Early Warning Systemfor Geological Hazardsin Three Gor-ges Reservoir Area UsingInfrasound,2008Infrasound Technol-ogy Workshop Bermuda.2008.
[2]曾佐勋,强祖基,刘江平,等.地气、动物行为异常与地震短临预测系统.第四届全国构造会议论文摘要集.北京,2008:564-565.
[1]Xu Z H.A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):492-501(in Chinese).
[2]Zhao D P,Akira Y,Yuhei O.Precisely measured travel ti mes of mantle body waves:I mplications for mantle hetero-geneity and tomography[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2):37-47.
[3]Luo WX,Li D W,Wang X F.Focal depth and mechanismof intraplate earthquakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,2008,33(5):618-626(in Chinese).
[4]Zang S X,Yang J L.Distribution of focal depths for intraplateearthquakesin North China andits physical explanation[J].Seis-mology and Geology,1984,6(3):67-76(in Chinese).
[5]Sykes L R,Sbar M L.Intraplate earthquakes,lithospheric stresses and the driving mechanismof plate tectonics[J].Na-ture,1973,245:298-302(in Chinese).
[6]Zhang Z M.Correlation between in traplate earthquake and plate margin earthquake in China and adjacent area[J].Seis-mology and Geology,1979,1(3):12-23(in Chinese).
[7]Li D W.The style of continental structure and model of con-tinental dynamics[J].Advances in Earth Science,1993,8(5):88-93(in Chinese).
[8]Zhao Y G,Zhong D L,Liu J H,et al.Fundamentals of geo-logical interpretation for seismic tomography and its applica-tion to studying of west Yunnan s deep structure[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1992(2):105-113(in Chinese).
[9]Ma Z J.Current state of research on continental seismogenic layer[J].Seismology and Geology,1990,12(3):262-264(in Chinese).
[10]Liu F T,Qu K X,Wu H,et al.STi mage of North China[J].Journal of Geophysics,1986,29:442-449(in Chinese).
[11]Liu J H,Wu H,Liu F T,et al.Features of3-Dvelocity dis-tribution andlithosphere structurein South China andits con-tiguous sea area[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39:483-492(in Chinese).
[12]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle frominversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
[13]Zhu J S,Gao J M,Cai X L,et al.Studyfor three-di mension-al structure of Earth interior and geodynamics in China and adjacent land and sea regions[J].Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(4):497-503(in Chinese).
[14]Q C,Zhao D,Chen Y,et al.3-D P and S wave velocity structures and their relationship to strong earthquakes in the Chinese capital region[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):805-815(in Chinese).
[15]He R,Zhao D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomo-graphy of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlun orogenic belts[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):778-787(in Chi-nese).
[16]Cai X L,Zhu J S,Gao J M,et al.Three di mensional tecton-ics of lithosphere and mantle dynamics of East Asia-West Pa-cific[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(3):21-38(in Chi-nese).
[17]Xing Z Y,Xing J S,Zhao B,et al.Identification of deep structure of two episodes in North China and its signifi-cance—Yanshanian Movement and deep process[J].Geolog-ical Review,2006,52(4):433-441(in Chinese).
[18]Xing J S,Yang WR,Xing Z Y,et al.Deep-seated structure characteristics of Eastern China and its relation with metalmineralization-concentrated region[J].Earth Science Fron-tiers,2007,14(3):114-130(in Chinese).
[19]Qiang Z J,Xu X D,Dian C G.Thermal infrared anomaly precursor of i mpending earthquakes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1997,149(1):159-171.
[20]Yang WR.Earth surface systemand research history of the regional geotectonics of China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(6):102-110(in Chinese).
[21]Xu C F.The cause of formation of the upper mantle and crust high conductive layers in Chinese mainland and the study of Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):101-111(in Chinese).
[22]Xing Z Y,Zhao B,Tu MY,et al.The formation of the Fen-wei rift valley[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(2):247-262(in Chinese).
[23]Yang WR,Sun J Y,Ji K C,et al.Comparisonfor Continen-tal Rifts:Analysis of the Fenwei and Baikal Rift Systems[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995:1-127(in Chinese).
[1]许忠淮.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):492-501.
[3]罗文行,李德威,汪校锋.青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2008,33(5):618-626.
[4]臧绍先,杨君亮.我国华北等地区板内地震的深度分布及其物理背景[J].地震地质,1984,6(3):67-76.
[6]张之孟.我国及邻区板内地震与板缘地震的关系[J].地震地质,1979,1(3):12-23.
[7]李德威.大陆构造样式及大陆动力学模式初探[J].地球科学进展,1993,8(5):88-93.
[8]赵永贵,钟大赉,刘建华,等.地震层析地质解释原理及其在滇西深部构造研究中的应用[J].地质科学,1992(2):105-113.
[9]马宗晋.大陆多震层研究现状和讨论[J].地震地质,1990,12(3):262-264.
[10]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.华北地区的地震层面成像[J].地球物理学报,1986,29:442-449.
[11]刘建华,吴华,刘福田.华南及其海域三维速度分布特征与岩石层结构[J].地球物理学报,1996,39:483-492.
[13]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,等.中国及邻近海域地球内部三维结构及动力学研究[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):497-503.
[14]齐诚,赵大鹏,陈顒,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):805-815.
[15]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐,等.利用远震P波层析成像研究西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.
[16]蔡学林,朱介寿,曹家敏,等.东亚太平洋岩石圈三维结构及其地幔动力学[J].地学前缘,2007,14(3):21-38.
[17]邢作云,邢集善,赵斌,等.华北地区两个世代深部构造的识别及其意义——燕山运动与深部过程[J].地质论评,2006,52(4):433-441.
[18]邢集善,杨巍然,邢作云,等.中国东部深部构造特征及其与矿集区关系[J].地学前缘,2007,14(3):114-130.
[20]杨巍然.地球表层系统与中国区域大地构造的研究发展[J].地学前缘,2006,13(6):102-110.
[21]徐常芳.中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层成因及唐山地震机理研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):101-111.
[22]邢作云,赵斌,涂美义,等.汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究[J].地学前缘,2005,12(2):247-262.
[23]杨巍然,孙继源,纪克诚,等.大陆裂谷对比——汾渭裂谷与贝加尔裂谷系例析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995:1-127.
[1]Qiu Ning,Zeng Zuoxun,Yang Yichun.Design of Monitoring and Early Warning Systemfor Geological Hazardsin Three Gor-ges Reservoir Area UsingInfrasound,2008Infrasound Technol-ogy Workshop Bermuda.2008.
[2]曾佐勋,强祖基,刘江平,等.地气、动物行为异常与地震短临预测系统.第四届全国构造会议论文摘要集.北京,2008:564-565.
[1]Xu Z H.A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):492-501(in Chinese).
[2]Zhao D P,Akira Y,Yuhei O.Precisely measured travel ti mes of mantle body waves:I mplications for mantle hetero-geneity and tomography[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2):37-47.
[3]Luo WX,Li D W,Wang X F.Focal depth and mechanismof intraplate earthquakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,2008,33(5):618-626(in Chinese).
[4]Zang S X,Yang J L.Distribution of focal depths for intraplateearthquakesin North China andits physical explanation[J].Seis-mology and Geology,1984,6(3):67-76(in Chinese).
[5]Sykes L R,Sbar M L.Intraplate earthquakes,lithospheric stresses and the driving mechanismof plate tectonics[J].Na-ture,1973,245:298-302(in Chinese).
[6]Zhang Z M.Correlation between in traplate earthquake and plate margin earthquake in China and adjacent area[J].Seis-mology and Geology,1979,1(3):12-23(in Chinese).
[7]Li D W.The style of continental structure and model of con-tinental dynamics[J].Advances in Earth Science,1993,8(5):88-93(in Chinese).
[8]Zhao Y G,Zhong D L,Liu J H,et al.Fundamentals of geo-logical interpretation for seismic tomography and its applica-tion to studying of west Yunnan s deep structure[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1992(2):105-113(in Chinese).
[9]Ma Z J.Current state of research on continental seismogenic layer[J].Seismology and Geology,1990,12(3):262-264(in Chinese).
[10]Liu F T,Qu K X,Wu H,et al.STi mage of North China[J].Journal of Geophysics,1986,29:442-449(in Chinese).
[11]Liu J H,Wu H,Liu F T,et al.Features of3-Dvelocity dis-tribution andlithosphere structurein South China andits con-tiguous sea area[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39:483-492(in Chinese).
[12]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle frominversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
[13]Zhu J S,Gao J M,Cai X L,et al.Studyfor three-di mension-al structure of Earth interior and geodynamics in China and adjacent land and sea regions[J].Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(4):497-503(in Chinese).
[14]Q C,Zhao D,Chen Y,et al.3-D P and S wave velocity structures and their relationship to strong earthquakes in the Chinese capital region[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):805-815(in Chinese).
[15]He R,Zhao D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomo-graphy of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlun orogenic belts[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):778-787(in Chi-nese).
[16]Cai X L,Zhu J S,Gao J M,et al.Three di mensional tecton-ics of lithosphere and mantle dynamics of East Asia-West Pa-cific[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(3):21-38(in Chi-nese).
[17]Xing Z Y,Xing J S,Zhao B,et al.Identification of deep structure of two episodes in North China and its signifi-cance—Yanshanian Movement and deep process[J].Geolog-ical Review,2006,52(4):433-441(in Chinese).
[18]Xing J S,Yang WR,Xing Z Y,et al.Deep-seated structure characteristics of Eastern China and its relation with metalmineralization-concentrated region[J].Earth Science Fron-tiers,2007,14(3):114-130(in Chinese).
[19]Qiang Z J,Xu X D,Dian C G.Thermal infrared anomaly precursor of i mpending earthquakes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1997,149(1):159-171.
[20]Yang WR.Earth surface systemand research history of the regional geotectonics of China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(6):102-110(in Chinese).
[21]Xu C F.The cause of formation of the upper mantle and crust high conductive layers in Chinese mainland and the study of Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):101-111(in Chinese).
[22]Xing Z Y,Zhao B,Tu MY,et al.The formation of the Fen-wei rift valley[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(2):247-262(in Chinese).
[23]Yang WR,Sun J Y,Ji K C,et al.Comparisonfor Continen-tal Rifts:Analysis of the Fenwei and Baikal Rift Systems[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1995:1-127(in Chinese).
[1]许忠淮.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):492-501.
[3]罗文行,李德威,汪校锋.青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2008,33(5):618-626.
[4]臧绍先,杨君亮.我国华北等地区板内地震的深度分布及其物理背景[J].地震地质,1984,6(3):67-76.
[6]张之孟.我国及邻区板内地震与板缘地震的关系[J].地震地质,1979,1(3):12-23.
[7]李德威.大陆构造样式及大陆动力学模式初探[J].地球科学进展,1993,8(5):88-93.
[8]赵永贵,钟大赉,刘建华,等.地震层析地质解释原理及其在滇西深部构造研究中的应用[J].地质科学,1992(2):105-113.
[9]马宗晋.大陆多震层研究现状和讨论[J].地震地质,1990,12(3):262-264.
[10]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.华北地区的地震层面成像[J].地球物理学报,1986,29:442-449.
[11]刘建华,吴华,刘福田.华南及其海域三维速度分布特征与岩石层结构[J].地球物理学报,1996,39:483-492.
[13]朱介寿,曹家敏,蔡学林,等.中国及邻近海域地球内部三维结构及动力学研究[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):497-503.
[14]齐诚,赵大鹏,陈顒,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):805-815.
[15]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐,等.利用远震P波层析成像研究西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.
[16]蔡学林,朱介寿,曹家敏,等.东亚太平洋岩石圈三维结构及其地幔动力学[J].地学前缘,2007,14(3):21-38.
[17]邢作云,邢集善,赵斌,等.华北地区两个世代深部构造的识别及其意义——燕山运动与深部过程[J].地质论评,2006,52(4):433-441.
[18]邢集善,杨巍然,邢作云,等.中国东部深部构造特征及其与矿集区关系[J].地学前缘,2007,14(3):114-130.
[20]杨巍然.地球表层系统与中国区域大地构造的研究发展[J].地学前缘,2006,13(6):102-110.
[21]徐常芳.中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层成因及唐山地震机理研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):101-111.
[22]邢作云,赵斌,涂美义,等.汾渭裂谷系与造山带耦合关系及其形成机制研究[J].地学前缘,2005,12(2):247-262.
[23]杨巍然,孙继源,纪克诚,等.大陆裂谷对比——汾渭裂谷与贝加尔裂谷系例析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1995:1-127.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心