南海北部深水盆地浅水流的地球物理特性及识别
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摘要
浅水流(Shallow Water Flow,SWF)是深水环境海底浅部地层中超压的砂体流动,是对深水钻井最具破坏力的一种地质灾害,严重制约深水油气开发.为有效预测和防治浅水流,需要对浅水流地球物理特性进行研究,并在研究区内加以识别.本文借鉴国外主要深水盆地对浅水流问题的研究经验,对南海北部深水盆地潜在浅水流区域采取以属性判定、超压分析为主,振幅识别为辅的方法进行预测.精细层序地层学解释发现,南海北部深水盆地存在上新世以来的古珠江深水水道沉积体系和第四纪水道,这些水道砂体疏松未固结、孔隙度大、有效应力低、几乎表现出流体特性.基于遗传算法的混合反演方法发现,研究区存在典型的AVO响应,横波速度极低,低频特征明显,振幅强度弱,连续性较好,存在极性反转,高泊白松比和高纵横波速度比.研究结果表明,南海北部陆坡具备浅水流发生的潜在条件,深水水道发育区为潜在的浅水流危险区,浅水流具有独特的地震响应特征,泊松比高达0.49,纵横波速度比约为3.5～9或更高,SWF层位对地震属性的敏感度V_P/V_S>AVO响应>泊松比.
With the development of deepwater drilling, deepwater geohazards have become a challenge.Shallow water flow (SWF) is one type of the most serious geohazards in deepwater drilling.SWF hazards are only met in deepwater regions and SWF sands have the properties of low density, low velocity and high V_P/V_S.Based on the theory of Sequence Stratigraphy, the deepwater channel depositional system was identified in Baiyun depression, Pearl River Basin. With the result of AVA inversion, fullwave inversion and poststack inversion, the region with low density, low velocity and high V_P/V_S(>9) value were refined in which the SWF may happen.
With the development of deepwater drilling, deepwater geohazards have become a challenge.Shallow water flow (SWF) is one type of the most serious geohazards in deepwater drilling.SWF hazards are only met in deepwater regions and SWF sands have the properties of low density, low velocity and high V_P/V_S.Based on the theory of Sequence Stratigraphy, the deepwater channel depositional system was identified in Baiyun depression, Pearl River Basin. With the result of AVA inversion, fullwave inversion and poststack inversion, the region with low density, low velocity and high V_P/V_S(>9) value were refined in which the SWF may happen.
引文
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[3] Duranti D,Hurst A.Fluidization and injection in the deepwater sandstones of the Eocene Alba Formation(UK,North Sea).Sedimentology,2004,51:503～529
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[6] Joe F,George H.Deep star’s evaluation of shallow water flow problems in the Gulf of Mexico.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,1997． OTC 8525
[7] 刘志斌,郝召兵,伍向阳.深水钻探面临的挑战:浅水流灾害问题.地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :552～558 Liu Z B,Hao Z B,Wu X Y.Shallow water flow hazard:a challenge in deepwater drilling.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2) :552～558
[8] Mallick S,Dutta N C.Shallow water flow prediction using prestack waveform inversion of conventional 3D seismic data and rock modeling.The Leading Edge,2002,21(7) :675～680
[9] John W,Steve P.Seismic Data Helps Reservoir Management.Hart’s E & P,Houston:TX77027,2004． 54～56
[10] Prasad M.Acoustic measurements in unconsolidated sands at low effective pressure and overpressure detection.Geophysics,2002,67(2) :405～412
[11] 董冬冬,赵汗青,吴时国等.深水钻井中浅水流灾害问题及其地球物理识别技术.海洋通报,2007,26(1) :114～120 Dong D D,Zhao H Q,Wu S G,et al.SWF problem in deepwater drilling and its geophysical detection techniques.Journal of Marine Scinece Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,26(1) :114～120
[12] Alberty M,Hafle M,Ming J C,et al.Mechanisms of shallow waterflow and drilling practices for intervention.Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,OTC 8301
[13] Huffman A R,Castagna J P.The petrophysical basis for shallow waterflow prediction using muticomponent seismic data.The Leading Edge ,2001,20(9) :1030～1052
[14] Lu S,McMechan G A,Liaw A.Identification of SWF sands by elastic inversion of conventional 3D seismic data.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2003,OTC 15247
[15] 沈联蒂,史謌.岩性、油气性、有效覆盖压力对纵横波速度的影响.地球物理学报,1994,37(3) :391～399 Shen L D,Shi G.Effect of lithologic character,petroleum and effective overburden pressure on compressional wave and shear wave velocity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994 ,37(3) :391～399
[16] McConnell D R.Optimizing deepwater well locations to reduce the risk of shallow waterflow using high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2000,OTC11973
[17] 朱伟林,张功成,杨少坤等.南海北部大陆边缘盆地天然气地质.北京:石油工业出版社,2007 Zhu W L,Zhang G C,Yang S K,et al.Natural Gas Geology on the Continental Margin Basins of the Northern South China Sea.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2007
[18] 米立军,张功成,沈怀磊等.珠江口盆地深水区白云凹陷始新统-下渐新统沉积特征.石油学报,2008,29(1) :29～33 Mi L J,Zhang G C,Shen H L,et al.Eocene-Lower Oligocene sedimentation characteristics of Baiyun Sag in the deep water area of Pearl River Mouth Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),2008,29(1) :29～33
[19] 陈汉宗,吴湘杰,周蒂等.珠江口盆地中新生代主要断裂特征和动力背景分析.热带海洋学报,2005,24(2) :52～61 Chen H Z,Wu X J,Zhou D,et al.Meso-Cenozoic faults in Zhujiang River Mouth basin and theirgeodynamic background.Journal of Tropical Oceanography(in Chinese),2005,24(2) :52～61
[20] 孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学.地学前缘,2005,12(4) :489～498 Sun Z,Pang X Zhong Z H,et al.Dynamics of tertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2005,12(4) :489～498
[21] 石万忠,陈红汉,陈长民等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷地层压力演化与油气运移模拟.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2006,31(2) :229～236 Shi W Z,Chen H H,Chen C M,et al.Modelling of pressure evolution and hydrocarbon migration in the Baiyun Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese).2006,31(2) :229～236
[22] 庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧等.南海珠江深水扇系统及油气.北京:科学出版社,2007 Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.The Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System & Petroleum in South China Sea(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2007
[23] Zimmer M,Prasad M,Mavko G.Pressure and porosity influences on VP-Vs ratio in unconsolidated sands. The Leading Edge,2000,21:178～183
[24] Mallick S,Huang X,Lauve J,and Ahmad R.Hybrid seismic inversion:A reconnaissance tool for deepwater exploration.The Leading Edge,2000,19(11) :1230～1251．
[25] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1993 Lu J M.The Principle of Seismic Exploration(in Chinese).Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,1993
[26] Zoeppritz K,Erdbebenwellen V.On the reflection and propagation of seismic waves.Gottinger Nachrichten,1999,1(5) :66～84
[27] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods.Freeman:San Francisco,1980． 100～710
[28] Fatti J L,Smith G C,Vail P J,et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis :A 3-D seismic case history using the Geostack technique.Geophysics,1994,50:1362～1376
[29] 李爱山,印兴耀,张繁昌等.叠前AVA多参数同步反演技术在含气储层预测中的应用.石油物探,2007,46(1) :64～68 Li A S,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Application of prestack stimultaneous AVA multi-parameter inversion in gas-bearing reservoir prediction.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2007,46(1) :64～68
[30] Sen M K and Stoffa P L.Non-linear one-dimensional seismic waveform inversion using simulated annealing.Geophysics,1991,56(10) :1624～1638
[31] Sen M K and Stoffa P L.Rapid sampling of model space using genetic algorithms:Examples from seismic waveform inversion.Geophysical Journal International,1992,108:281～292
[32] Stoffa P L and Sen M K.Nonlinear multiparameter optimization using genetic algorithms:Inversion of planewave seismograms.Geophysics,1991,56(11) :1794～1810
[33] Mallick S.Model-based inversion of amplitude-variations-with-offset data usinga genetic algorithm.Geophysics,1995,60(4) :939～954
[34] Mallick S.Some practicalaspects on implementation of prestack waveform inversionusing a genetic algorithm:An example from east TexasWoodbine gas sand.Geophysics,1999,64(2) :326～336
[35] Kennett B L N,Kerry N J.Seismic waves in a stratified halfspace.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,57:557～583
[36] Lu S,McMechan G A.Estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation,concentration,and distribution from seismic data.Geophysics,2002,67:582～593
[2] Hurst A,Cartwright J,Huuse M,et al.Signifacance of large-scale sand injectites as long-term fluid conduits:evidence from seismic data.Geofluids,2003,3:263～274
[3] Duranti D,Hurst A.Fluidization and injection in the deepwater sandstones of the Eocene Alba Formation(UK,North Sea).Sedimentology,2004,51:503～529
[4] Huuse M,Duranti D,Steinsland N,et al.Seismic characteristics of large-scale sandstone intrusions in the Paleocene of the South Viking Graben,UK and Norwegian North Sea.In:Davies R J,Cartwright J A,Stewart S Aet al.Eds.,Seismic Technology:Application to the Exploration of Sedimentary Basins.London:Geological Society.Memoirs,2004,(29) :263～277
[5] Shoulders S J,Cartwright J,Huuse M.Large-scale conical sandstone intrusions and polygonal fault systems in Tranche 6,Faroe-Shetland basin.Marine & Petroleum Geology,2007,24:173～188
[6] Joe F,George H.Deep star’s evaluation of shallow water flow problems in the Gulf of Mexico.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,1997． OTC 8525
[7] 刘志斌,郝召兵,伍向阳.深水钻探面临的挑战:浅水流灾害问题.地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :552～558 Liu Z B,Hao Z B,Wu X Y.Shallow water flow hazard:a challenge in deepwater drilling.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2) :552～558
[8] Mallick S,Dutta N C.Shallow water flow prediction using prestack waveform inversion of conventional 3D seismic data and rock modeling.The Leading Edge,2002,21(7) :675～680
[9] John W,Steve P.Seismic Data Helps Reservoir Management.Hart’s E & P,Houston:TX77027,2004． 54～56
[10] Prasad M.Acoustic measurements in unconsolidated sands at low effective pressure and overpressure detection.Geophysics,2002,67(2) :405～412
[11] 董冬冬,赵汗青,吴时国等.深水钻井中浅水流灾害问题及其地球物理识别技术.海洋通报,2007,26(1) :114～120 Dong D D,Zhao H Q,Wu S G,et al.SWF problem in deepwater drilling and its geophysical detection techniques.Journal of Marine Scinece Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,26(1) :114～120
[12] Alberty M,Hafle M,Ming J C,et al.Mechanisms of shallow waterflow and drilling practices for intervention.Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,OTC 8301
[13] Huffman A R,Castagna J P.The petrophysical basis for shallow waterflow prediction using muticomponent seismic data.The Leading Edge ,2001,20(9) :1030～1052
[14] Lu S,McMechan G A,Liaw A.Identification of SWF sands by elastic inversion of conventional 3D seismic data.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2003,OTC 15247
[15] 沈联蒂,史謌.岩性、油气性、有效覆盖压力对纵横波速度的影响.地球物理学报,1994,37(3) :391～399 Shen L D,Shi G.Effect of lithologic character,petroleum and effective overburden pressure on compressional wave and shear wave velocity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994 ,37(3) :391～399
[16] McConnell D R.Optimizing deepwater well locations to reduce the risk of shallow waterflow using high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data.Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2000,OTC11973
[17] 朱伟林,张功成,杨少坤等.南海北部大陆边缘盆地天然气地质.北京:石油工业出版社,2007 Zhu W L,Zhang G C,Yang S K,et al.Natural Gas Geology on the Continental Margin Basins of the Northern South China Sea.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2007
[18] 米立军,张功成,沈怀磊等.珠江口盆地深水区白云凹陷始新统-下渐新统沉积特征.石油学报,2008,29(1) :29～33 Mi L J,Zhang G C,Shen H L,et al.Eocene-Lower Oligocene sedimentation characteristics of Baiyun Sag in the deep water area of Pearl River Mouth Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),2008,29(1) :29～33
[19] 陈汉宗,吴湘杰,周蒂等.珠江口盆地中新生代主要断裂特征和动力背景分析.热带海洋学报,2005,24(2) :52～61 Chen H Z,Wu X J,Zhou D,et al.Meso-Cenozoic faults in Zhujiang River Mouth basin and theirgeodynamic background.Journal of Tropical Oceanography(in Chinese),2005,24(2) :52～61
[20] 孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学.地学前缘,2005,12(4) :489～498 Sun Z,Pang X Zhong Z H,et al.Dynamics of tertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2005,12(4) :489～498
[21] 石万忠,陈红汉,陈长民等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷地层压力演化与油气运移模拟.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2006,31(2) :229～236 Shi W Z,Chen H H,Chen C M,et al.Modelling of pressure evolution and hydrocarbon migration in the Baiyun Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese).2006,31(2) :229～236
[22] 庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧等.南海珠江深水扇系统及油气.北京:科学出版社,2007 Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.The Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System & Petroleum in South China Sea(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2007
[23] Zimmer M,Prasad M,Mavko G.Pressure and porosity influences on VP-Vs ratio in unconsolidated sands. The Leading Edge,2000,21:178～183
[24] Mallick S,Huang X,Lauve J,and Ahmad R.Hybrid seismic inversion:A reconnaissance tool for deepwater exploration.The Leading Edge,2000,19(11) :1230～1251．
[25] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1993 Lu J M.The Principle of Seismic Exploration(in Chinese).Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,1993
[26] Zoeppritz K,Erdbebenwellen V.On the reflection and propagation of seismic waves.Gottinger Nachrichten,1999,1(5) :66～84
[27] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods.Freeman:San Francisco,1980． 100～710
[28] Fatti J L,Smith G C,Vail P J,et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis :A 3-D seismic case history using the Geostack technique.Geophysics,1994,50:1362～1376
[29] 李爱山,印兴耀,张繁昌等.叠前AVA多参数同步反演技术在含气储层预测中的应用.石油物探,2007,46(1) :64～68 Li A S,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Application of prestack stimultaneous AVA multi-parameter inversion in gas-bearing reservoir prediction.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2007,46(1) :64～68
[30] Sen M K and Stoffa P L.Non-linear one-dimensional seismic waveform inversion using simulated annealing.Geophysics,1991,56(10) :1624～1638
[31] Sen M K and Stoffa P L.Rapid sampling of model space using genetic algorithms:Examples from seismic waveform inversion.Geophysical Journal International,1992,108:281～292
[32] Stoffa P L and Sen M K.Nonlinear multiparameter optimization using genetic algorithms:Inversion of planewave seismograms.Geophysics,1991,56(11) :1794～1810
[33] Mallick S.Model-based inversion of amplitude-variations-with-offset data usinga genetic algorithm.Geophysics,1995,60(4) :939～954
[34] Mallick S.Some practicalaspects on implementation of prestack waveform inversionusing a genetic algorithm:An example from east TexasWoodbine gas sand.Geophysics,1999,64(2) :326～336
[35] Kennett B L N,Kerry N J.Seismic waves in a stratified halfspace.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,1979,57:557～583
[36] Lu S,McMechan G A.Estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation,concentration,and distribution from seismic data.Geophysics,2002,67:582～593
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