汶川地震后北川干溪沟山地灾害及长期发展趋势初步分析
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摘要
汶川地震在干溪沟内激发了大量的崩塌、滑坡。根据航空影像数据解译,干溪沟内发育成片的崩塌滑坡91块,总面积10.42 km2,占全流域的28.95%,而暂时没有泥石流活动痕迹。干溪沟内山地灾害在坡度、坡向、高程、断裂距离、地层岩性等方面存在如下规律:1)发生崩塌滑坡的坡度主要分布在30°～50°,随着坡度的增加,发生崩塌滑坡的概率越大;2)崩塌滑坡的坡向主要分布为向南方向;3)崩塌滑坡主要分布在1000～1600 m高程内,其中,1000～1 400 m尤其集中;4)绝大部分崩塌滑坡都分布距离北川断裂2 000 m或距离其他主要断裂1 000 m的范围内;5)T1f+t地层是"5.12"汶川地震的易发山地灾害地层。通过初步分析,预测干溪沟泥石流长期发展趋势为:1)总体呈活动强度下降趋势,可供形成山地灾害的松散固体物质来源总量呈下降趋势,泥石流总量下降;2)活跃期-平静期交替、活跃期逐渐缩短、平静期逐渐延长;3)泥石流活动类型表现震后一段时间内为输移控制型、然后为输移控制型向松散固体物质控制型过渡,最后发展成为松散固体物质控制型;4)汶川地震后第一个活跃期为10～15 a。干溪沟的山地灾害现状及其长期发展趋势分析为下一步制定减灾方案奠定了基础。
About 91 landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake were found in the ravine of Ganxi in Beichuan county,with a total area of 10.42 km2,28.95% of the whole drainage area,and without any debris-flow to be found so far.Some laws were found on the gradient,aspect,elevation,distance of rupture,and formation lithology of mountain hazard in Ganxi gully.The gradient of landslides is mostly 30° ～ 50°,and landslides are more likely to occur with the increase of their gradient.The aspect of landslides is mainly south.The altitude of those landslides is primarily 1 000 ～ 1 600 m,especially 1 000 ～ 1 400 m.The majority of landslides are around 2 000 m away from Beichuan fault or within 1 000 m from some other main faults.Most of the mountain hazards occur in the stratum of T1f + t.The long-term development trends of the debris flow in Ganxi gully were as follow.Its strength of activity will keep reducing with the decrease of loose granular materials and total amounts of debris flow.It would present an activity-quiet phase alternately and the quiet period will extend gradually.The debris-flow’s activity is transport-limited system right after the earthquake,followed by the transitional type between transport-limited system and weathering-linmited system and ultimately is weathering-linmited system.The debris flows will keep active about 10 ～ 15 years after Wenchuan earthquake.
About 91 landslides induced by Wenchuan Earthquake were found in the ravine of Ganxi in Beichuan county,with a total area of 10.42 km2,28.95% of the whole drainage area,and without any debris-flow to be found so far.Some laws were found on the gradient,aspect,elevation,distance of rupture,and formation lithology of mountain hazard in Ganxi gully.The gradient of landslides is mostly 30° ～ 50°,and landslides are more likely to occur with the increase of their gradient.The aspect of landslides is mainly south.The altitude of those landslides is primarily 1 000 ～ 1 600 m,especially 1 000 ～ 1 400 m.The majority of landslides are around 2 000 m away from Beichuan fault or within 1 000 m from some other main faults.Most of the mountain hazards occur in the stratum of T1f + t.The long-term development trends of the debris flow in Ganxi gully were as follow.Its strength of activity will keep reducing with the decrease of loose granular materials and total amounts of debris flow.It would present an activity-quiet phase alternately and the quiet period will extend gradually.The debris-flow’s activity is transport-limited system right after the earthquake,followed by the transitional type between transport-limited system and weathering-linmited system and ultimately is weathering-linmited system.The debris flows will keep active about 10 ～ 15 years after Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
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[2]Chigira M,Yagi H.Geological and geomorphological char-acteristics of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigtaprefecture earthquake in Japan[J].Engineering Geology,20068,2:202-221.
[3]Cui P,Chen X Q,Zhu Y Y,et al.The Wencuan Earth-quake(12 May 2008),Sichuan Province,China,and Re-sulting Geohazards[J].Nature Hazards,2009,DOI 10.1007/s11069-009-9392-1.
[4]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,Chen Xiaoqing,et al.Geo-haz-ards in Wenchuan earthquake area and countermeasures fordisaster reduction[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sci-ences,2008,23(4):317-323.[崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317-323.]
[5]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development anddistribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earth-quake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,20082,7(12):2585-2592.]
[6]Jin Wenzheng,Tang Liangjie,Yang Keming,et al.Pro-gress and problem of study on characters of the Longmenmountain thrust belt[J].Geological Review,2008,54(1):37-46.[金文正,汤良杰,杨克明,等.龙门山冲断带构造特征研究主要进展及存在问题探讨[J].地质评论,2008,54(1):37-46.]
[7]Liu Shugen,Luo Zhili,Dai Sulan,et al.The uplift of theLongmenshan thrust belt and subsidence of the western Si-chuan foreland basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1995,69(3):205-214.[刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰,等.龙门山冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降[J].地质学报,1995,69(3):205-214.]
[8]Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-inducedlandslide distribution—the 1989 Loma Prieta,California e-vent[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):231-249.
[9]Parise M,Jibson R W.A seismic landslide susceptibilityrating of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics oflandslides triggered by the 17 January,1994 Northridge,California earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):251-270.
[10]Yao Xin,Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,et al.Contribution ofstrata lithology and slope gradient to landslides triggered byWenchuan Ms 8 earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Geolog-ical Bulletin of China,2009,28(8):1156-1162.[姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等.四川汶川Ms 8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性[J].地质通报,2009,28(8):1156-1162.]
[11]Tang Chuan,Tie Yong bo.Reconnaissance and analysison the rainstorm induced debris flow in Weijiagou valley ofBeichuan city after the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journalof Mountain Science,2009,27(5):625-630.[唐川,铁永波.汶川震区北川县城魏家沟暴雨泥石流灾害调查分析[J].山地学报,2009,27(5):625-630.]
[12]Tang Chuan,Liang Jintao.Characteristics of debris flow inBeichuan epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake triggered byrainstorm on September 24,2008[J].Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2009,16(6):751-758.[唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,16(6):751-758.]
[13]Bovis M J,Jakob M.The role of debirs flow conditions inpredicting debris flow activity[J].Earth Surface Processesand Landforms,1999,24:1039-1054.
[14]Du R H,Zhang S C.Analysis on large-scale debris flow inGuxiang,Tibet[C]//Chengdu Institute of Mountain Haz-ards and Environment.Procedings of National Debris FlowConference,1980:79-86.[杜榕桓,章书成.西藏古乡沟1953年特大泥石流剖析[C]//中国科学院成都地理研究所.全国泥石流学术会议论文集,1980:79-86.]
[15]朱平一,何子文,汪阳春,等.川藏公路典型山地灾害研究[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999:54-102.
[16]崔鹏,柳素清,唐邦兴,等.风景名胜区泥石流研究与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[17]Lu Anxin,Deng Xiaofeng,Zhao Shangxue,et al.Cause ofdebris flow in Guxiang valley in Bomi,Tibet autonomous re-gion,2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,28(6):956-960.[鲁安新,邓晓峰,赵尚学,等.2005年西藏波密古乡沟泥石流暴发成因分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,28(6):956-960.]
[18]Shi Yafeng,Yang Zonghui,Xie Zichu,et a1.The glacierdebris flow in Guxiang of Xizang[J].Chinese Science Bul-letion,1964,(6):542-544.[施雅风,杨宗辉,谢自楚,等.西藏古乡地区的冰川泥石流[J].科学通报,1964,(6):542-544.]
[19]Wu Jishan,Kang zhicheng,Tian Lianquan,et al.Debrisflow observation and research in Jiangjia Ravine[M].Bei-jing:Science Press,1990,26-29.[吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990,26-29.]
[20]Chen Xiaoqing,Cui Peng,Zhao Wanyu.Optimal timingfor the control of debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake area[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science E-dition,2009,41(3):125-130.[陈晓清,崔鹏,赵万玉.汶川地震区泥石流灾害工程防治时机的研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):125-130.]
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