青藏高原及其周围地区区域应力场与构造运动特征
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摘要
本文系统解析并分析了1931年8月-2005年10月期间青藏高原及其周围发生的905个震级M4．5-8．5地震的震源机制结果,研究了青藏高原岩石圈的区域应力场与构造运动特征。结果表明,来自印度板块的北北东或北东方向的水平挤压应力控制了青藏高原及其周缘地区的岩石圈应力场。从喜马拉雅到贝加尔湖以南包括中国西部的广大范围内,主压应力P轴的水平分量位于近NE-SW方向,形成了一个广域的NE-SW方向的挤压应力场。特别是青藏高原周缘地区,除其东部边缘外,南部的喜马拉雅山前沿以及青藏高原的北部、西部边缘地区所发生的绝大部分地震都属于逆断层型或走滑逆断层型地震,表现出周缘地区的水平挤压应力更为强势。应力场特征充分表明, 印度板块的北上运动,以及它与欧亚板块之间的碰撞,所形成的挤压应力场是青藏高原强烈隆起的直接原因。在青藏高原周缘地区受到强烈挤压应力场控制的同时,有大量正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部海拔4000m以上的地区,其中许多地震是纯正断层型地震。震源机制结果显示,近E-W向或WNW-ESE向的水平扩张应力控制着该区的岩石圈应力场;正断层型地震的断层走向多为南北方向,断层位错矢量的水平分量大体位于近东西方向。这表明青藏高原中部高海拔地区存在着近东西方向的扩张构造运动,且扩张构造运动是该区引张应力场的作用结果。其动力学原因可能与持续隆升的高原自重增大引起的重力崩塌及其周边区域构造应力状况有关。研究青藏高原存在挤压应力场与引张应力场及其构造运动的区域特征,对于认识青藏高原形成、发展的地球动力学机制,有着极其重要的意义。
The authors systematically analyzed the focal mechanism solutions of 905 earthquakes (M4.6-8.5) that occurred in and around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau between 1931 and 2005 and studied the characteristics of the regional stress field and tectonic movement of the lithosphere below the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that the NNE or NE horizontal compressional stress due to the northward movement of the Indian plate predominates the tectonic stress fields in and around the study region. The horizontal components of the principal compressional stress P axes are oriented in a nearly NE- SW direction, forming a wide NE-SW compressional stress field in a wide areal extent from the Himalayas to south of Baikal Lake, including western China. Especially in the surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, earthquakes caused by reverse and strike-slip faulting are predominant in the Himalayan Mountain front on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and on the northern and western margins of the plateau, except the eastern margin. It implies that a strong horizontal compressional stress exists around the plateau. The characteristics of the stress field show that the direct cause of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is due to the compressional stress field formed by the northward movement of the Indian plate and India-Eurasia collision. Many normal fault type earthquakes are concentrated in areas with elevations of >4000 m above sea level on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau while the surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are subjected to the control of the strong compressional stress field. Of these, many earthquakes are pure normal fault type ones. Their focal mechanism solutions show that the nearly E-W or WNW-ESE horizontal tensional stress controls the lithospheric stress field in the region. The normal fault type earthquake faults mostly strike N-S and the horizontal component of the displacement vectors of the faults is largely oriented in a nearly E-W direction. This indicates that a nearly E-W extensional movement exists in areas with a high altitude in the central part of the plateau and that the extensional movement is the result of the action of the tensional stress field. The dynamics for the extensional movement may be attributed to the gravitational collapse caused by the increasing load of the continuously rising plateau and the regional stress of its surroundings. The study of the regional characteristics of the compressional and extensional stress fields and their tectonic movement on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has very great significance for understanding the geodynamic mechanisms of the formation and development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The authors systematically analyzed the focal mechanism solutions of 905 earthquakes (M4.6-8.5) that occurred in and around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau between 1931 and 2005 and studied the characteristics of the regional stress field and tectonic movement of the lithosphere below the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that the NNE or NE horizontal compressional stress due to the northward movement of the Indian plate predominates the tectonic stress fields in and around the study region. The horizontal components of the principal compressional stress P axes are oriented in a nearly NE- SW direction, forming a wide NE-SW compressional stress field in a wide areal extent from the Himalayas to south of Baikal Lake, including western China. Especially in the surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, earthquakes caused by reverse and strike-slip faulting are predominant in the Himalayan Mountain front on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and on the northern and western margins of the plateau, except the eastern margin. It implies that a strong horizontal compressional stress exists around the plateau. The characteristics of the stress field show that the direct cause of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is due to the compressional stress field formed by the northward movement of the Indian plate and India-Eurasia collision. Many normal fault type earthquakes are concentrated in areas with elevations of >4000 m above sea level on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau while the surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are subjected to the control of the strong compressional stress field. Of these, many earthquakes are pure normal fault type ones. Their focal mechanism solutions show that the nearly E-W or WNW-ESE horizontal tensional stress controls the lithospheric stress field in the region. The normal fault type earthquake faults mostly strike N-S and the horizontal component of the displacement vectors of the faults is largely oriented in a nearly E-W direction. This indicates that a nearly E-W extensional movement exists in areas with a high altitude in the central part of the plateau and that the extensional movement is the result of the action of the tensional stress field. The dynamics for the extensional movement may be attributed to the gravitational collapse caused by the increasing load of the continuously rising plateau and the regional stress of its surroundings. The study of the regional characteristics of the compressional and extensional stress fields and their tectonic movement on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has very great significance for understanding the geodynamic mechanisms of the formation and development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
引文
[1] Xu J R, Zhao Z X, Ishikawa Y, et al. Properties of the stress field in and around west China derived from earthquake Mechanism solutions [J],Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 1988, 38:49-78.
[2]王勇,许厚泽．青藏高原印度洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲速率的研 究-GPS观测资料的反演结果[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(2): 185-190． Wang Yong, Xu Houze. A study on convergence rate of the India plate to Eruasia subduction beneath Qinghai -Xizang plateau -Inversion results from GPS observational data [J]. Chinese J. Geophys, 2003, 46(2): 185-190 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]曾融生,丁志峰,吴庆举．喜马拉雅及南藏的地壳俯冲带-地震 学证据[J]．地球物理学报,2000,43(2):590-599． Zeng Rongsheng, Ding Zhifeng, Wu Qingju. Seismological evidence for the niulitiple incomplete crustal subductions in Himalaya and south Tibet[J]. Chinese J. Geophys, 2000,43(2):590-599(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]傅容珊,徐耀民,黄建华,等．青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学报,2000,43(3):346-355． Fu Rongshan,Xu Yaomin,Huang Jianhua.et al. Numerical simulation of the compression uplift of the Qinghai -Xizang plateau [J]. Chinese.J.Geophys.2000,43(3):346-355 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[5] Rob V V, Wim S,Harmen B. Tethyan subducted slabs under India [)]. Erarth and Planetary Sci. Lett. 1997,171, 7-20.
[6] Brown E T, Bendick R, Bourles L D, et al. Slip rates of the Karakorum fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines [J]. J. Geophys. Res. 2002,107, ESE 7-1-7-13.
[7]#12 Zhao Zhixin, Matsumura K, Oike K, et al. Regional characteristics of temporal variations of seismic activity in east Asia and their mutual relations (3) West China and its Neigboring regions [J]. Zisin, 1988,41 (2): 389-400.
[8]许忠淮．东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J]．地震学报,2001,23 (5):492-501． Xu Zhonghuai. A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):492-501(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9] Qin C, Papazachos C, Papadimitriou E, et al. Velocity field for crustal deformation in China derived from seismic moment tensor summation of earthquakes[J]. Tectonophysics, 2002,359:29-46.
[10] Oike K, Zhao Z X, Xu J R. Variations of the regional stress field and space-time distribution of seismic activity [J]. Earth Monthly, 1989, 11:209-213 (in Japanese).
[11] Zhao Z X, Oike K, Matsumura K. Stress field in the continental part of China derived from temporal variations of Seismic activity [J]. Tectonophysics, 1990,178:357-372.
[12] NiJ, York J E. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Tibetan plateau[J].J. Geophys. Res., 1978, 83:B11, 5377-5384.
[13] Molnar P. A review of the seismicity and the rates of active underthrusting and deformation at the Himalaya [J]. Journal of Himalayan Geology, 1990, 1:131-154.
[14] Hancock P L, Bevan T G. Brittle modes of foreland extension [A]. In: Coward M P, Dewey J F, Hancock PL (ed.). On Continental Extemional Tectonics [C]. Geological Society Special Publication, 1987. 127-137.
[15] Deway J F, Bird J M. Mountain belts and new global tectonics[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1970,75:2625-2647.
[16] Armijao R, Tapponnier P, Merccier J L, et al. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonic implications[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1986, 91:13083-13872.
[17] Xu jiren, Yoshiteru Kono. Geometry of slab, intraslab stress field and its tectonic implication in the Nankai Trough, Japan[J].Earth, Planes and Space, 2002,54 :733-742.
[18]徐纪人,赵志新,石川有三．青藏高原中南部岩石圈扩张应力场 与羊八井地热异常形成机制[J]．地球物理学报,2005,48(4): 861-869． Xu Jiren, Zhao Zhixin, Ishikawa Yozo. Extensional stress field in the central and southern Tibetan plateau and dynamic mechanism of geothermic anomaly in the Yangbajain[J]. Chinese J.Geophys. 2005,48(4): 861-869 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]徐纪人,尾池和夫．南北地震带南段应力场特征及其与板块运 动的关系[J]．地震学报,1995,17(1):31-40． Xu Jiren, Oike Kazuo. Earthquake mechanisms and its implication for tectonic stress field in the southern part of North -South Seismic Belt in China[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1995, 17(1): 31-40(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]侯增谦,李振清,曲晓明,等．0．5 Ma以来青藏高原隆升过 程——来自冈底斯带热水活动的证据[J]．中国科学(D辑), 2001,31(增刊):27-33． Hou Zengqian, Li Zhenqing, Qu Xiaoming. The uplifting processes of the Tibetan Plateau since 0.5 Ma evidence from hydrothermal activity in the Gangdise Belt [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2001, 31(Supp.):27-33(in Chinese).
[21] Yeats R S, Lillie RJ. Contemporary tectonics of the Himalaya frontal fault system: folds, blind thrust, and the 1905 Kangra earthquake[J]. J. Structural Geology, 1991,13:215-225.
[22] Bendick R, Bilham R, Freymueller J, et al. Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate on the Altyn tagh fault system [J]. Nature, 2000, 404:69-72.
[23] Hetzel R, Niedermann S, Tao M, et al. Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia [J]. Nature , 2002, 417:428-431.
[24] Robert S, Yeats K S, Clarence R A. The Geology of Earthquakes [M]. Oxford University Press, 1997. 256-257.
[25] Lave J, Avouac J-P, Lacassin R, et al. Seismic anisotropy beneath Tibet-evidence for eastward extrusion of the Tibetan lithosphere[J]. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 1997, 24:1851-1854.
[26] Avouac A, Tapponnier P. Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1993,20:895-898.
[2]王勇,许厚泽．青藏高原印度洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲速率的研 究-GPS观测资料的反演结果[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(2): 185-190． Wang Yong, Xu Houze. A study on convergence rate of the India plate to Eruasia subduction beneath Qinghai -Xizang plateau -Inversion results from GPS observational data [J]. Chinese J. Geophys, 2003, 46(2): 185-190 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]曾融生,丁志峰,吴庆举．喜马拉雅及南藏的地壳俯冲带-地震 学证据[J]．地球物理学报,2000,43(2):590-599． Zeng Rongsheng, Ding Zhifeng, Wu Qingju. Seismological evidence for the niulitiple incomplete crustal subductions in Himalaya and south Tibet[J]. Chinese J. Geophys, 2000,43(2):590-599(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]傅容珊,徐耀民,黄建华,等．青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学报,2000,43(3):346-355． Fu Rongshan,Xu Yaomin,Huang Jianhua.et al. Numerical simulation of the compression uplift of the Qinghai -Xizang plateau [J]. Chinese.J.Geophys.2000,43(3):346-355 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[5] Rob V V, Wim S,Harmen B. Tethyan subducted slabs under India [)]. Erarth and Planetary Sci. Lett. 1997,171, 7-20.
[6] Brown E T, Bendick R, Bourles L D, et al. Slip rates of the Karakorum fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines [J]. J. Geophys. Res. 2002,107, ESE 7-1-7-13.
[7]#12 Zhao Zhixin, Matsumura K, Oike K, et al. Regional characteristics of temporal variations of seismic activity in east Asia and their mutual relations (3) West China and its Neigboring regions [J]. Zisin, 1988,41 (2): 389-400.
[8]许忠淮．东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J]．地震学报,2001,23 (5):492-501． Xu Zhonghuai. A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):492-501(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9] Qin C, Papazachos C, Papadimitriou E, et al. Velocity field for crustal deformation in China derived from seismic moment tensor summation of earthquakes[J]. Tectonophysics, 2002,359:29-46.
[10] Oike K, Zhao Z X, Xu J R. Variations of the regional stress field and space-time distribution of seismic activity [J]. Earth Monthly, 1989, 11:209-213 (in Japanese).
[11] Zhao Z X, Oike K, Matsumura K. Stress field in the continental part of China derived from temporal variations of Seismic activity [J]. Tectonophysics, 1990,178:357-372.
[12] NiJ, York J E. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Tibetan plateau[J].J. Geophys. Res., 1978, 83:B11, 5377-5384.
[13] Molnar P. A review of the seismicity and the rates of active underthrusting and deformation at the Himalaya [J]. Journal of Himalayan Geology, 1990, 1:131-154.
[14] Hancock P L, Bevan T G. Brittle modes of foreland extension [A]. In: Coward M P, Dewey J F, Hancock PL (ed.). On Continental Extemional Tectonics [C]. Geological Society Special Publication, 1987. 127-137.
[15] Deway J F, Bird J M. Mountain belts and new global tectonics[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1970,75:2625-2647.
[16] Armijao R, Tapponnier P, Merccier J L, et al. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonic implications[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1986, 91:13083-13872.
[17] Xu jiren, Yoshiteru Kono. Geometry of slab, intraslab stress field and its tectonic implication in the Nankai Trough, Japan[J].Earth, Planes and Space, 2002,54 :733-742.
[18]徐纪人,赵志新,石川有三．青藏高原中南部岩石圈扩张应力场 与羊八井地热异常形成机制[J]．地球物理学报,2005,48(4): 861-869． Xu Jiren, Zhao Zhixin, Ishikawa Yozo. Extensional stress field in the central and southern Tibetan plateau and dynamic mechanism of geothermic anomaly in the Yangbajain[J]. Chinese J.Geophys. 2005,48(4): 861-869 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]徐纪人,尾池和夫．南北地震带南段应力场特征及其与板块运 动的关系[J]．地震学报,1995,17(1):31-40． Xu Jiren, Oike Kazuo. Earthquake mechanisms and its implication for tectonic stress field in the southern part of North -South Seismic Belt in China[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1995, 17(1): 31-40(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]侯增谦,李振清,曲晓明,等．0．5 Ma以来青藏高原隆升过 程——来自冈底斯带热水活动的证据[J]．中国科学(D辑), 2001,31(增刊):27-33． Hou Zengqian, Li Zhenqing, Qu Xiaoming. The uplifting processes of the Tibetan Plateau since 0.5 Ma evidence from hydrothermal activity in the Gangdise Belt [J]. Science in China (Series D), 2001, 31(Supp.):27-33(in Chinese).
[21] Yeats R S, Lillie RJ. Contemporary tectonics of the Himalaya frontal fault system: folds, blind thrust, and the 1905 Kangra earthquake[J]. J. Structural Geology, 1991,13:215-225.
[22] Bendick R, Bilham R, Freymueller J, et al. Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate on the Altyn tagh fault system [J]. Nature, 2000, 404:69-72.
[23] Hetzel R, Niedermann S, Tao M, et al. Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia [J]. Nature , 2002, 417:428-431.
[24] Robert S, Yeats K S, Clarence R A. The Geology of Earthquakes [M]. Oxford University Press, 1997. 256-257.
[25] Lave J, Avouac J-P, Lacassin R, et al. Seismic anisotropy beneath Tibet-evidence for eastward extrusion of the Tibetan lithosphere[J]. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , 1997, 24:1851-1854.
[26] Avouac A, Tapponnier P. Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1993,20:895-898.
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