1999年土耳其Izmit M_W7.6地震的持续成核过程
摘要
实验室和理论研究表明,地震之前会出现一个渐进性的滑动不稳定阶段,在此期间,断层缓慢滑动,而后突然加速并最终导致动态破裂。本文中,我们报道了迄今记录最为完整的大地震之一,即1999年土耳其Izmit MW7.6地震之前出现了持续时间很久的源自震源的地震信号。这种信号包含一连串的地震破裂,破裂随时间和低频地震噪声的增加而加速。这些观测结果表明,此次地震之前在脆性地壳底部出现了44min的缓慢滑动。滑动最初呈缓慢加速,然后在地震发生前2min内又突然加速。
引文
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[28]Abercrombie R E.Earthquake source scaling relationships from-1to5MLusing seismograms recorded at2.5-kmdepth.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B12):24015-24036.doi:10.1029/95JB02397
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[31]Beroza G C,Ide S.Deep tremors and slow quakes.Science,2009,324(5930):1025-1026.doi:10.1126/science.1171231
[32]Shelly D R,Beroza G C,Ide S,et al.Low-frequency earthquakes in Shikoku,Japan,and their relation-ship to episodic tremor and slip.Nature,2006,442:188-191.doi:10.1038/nature04931
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[34]Vidale J E,Ellsworth WL,Cole A,et al.Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a re-peated small earthquake.Nature,1994,368:624-626.doi:10.1038/368624a0
[35]Marone C,Vidale J E,Ellsworth WL.Fault healing inferred fromti me dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(22):3095-3098.doi:10.1029/95GL03076
[36]Schaff D P,Beroza G,Shaw B E.Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(24):4549-4552.doi:10.1029/1998GL900192
[37]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearth-quakes.Science,1999,285(5428):718-721.doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.718
[38]LenglinO,Marsan D.Inferring the coseismic and postseismic stress changes caused by the2004mo-ment magnitude=6Parkfield earthquake from variations of recurrence ti mes of microearthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B10303,19PP.doi:10.1029/2008JB006118
[2]Ellsworth WL,Beroza G C.Seismic evidence for an earthquake nucleation phase.Science,1995,268(5212):851-855
[3]Dieterich J H.Preseismic fault slip and earthquake prediction.J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(B8):3940-3948
[4]Dieterich J H.Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength.Tectonophysics,1992,211(1-4):115-134
[5]Ohnaka M.Critical size of the nucleation zone of earthquake rupture inferred fromi mmediate foreshock activity.J.Phys.Earth,1993,41:45-56
[6]Ohnaka M,Shen L F.Scaling of the shear rupture process fromnucleation to dynamic propagation:I m-plications of geometric irregularity of the rupturing surfaces.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B1):817-844.doi:10.1029/1998JB900007
[7]Das S,Scholz C H.Theory of ti me-dependent rupture in the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1981,86(B7):6039-6051.doi:10.1029/JB086iB07p06039
[8]Rice J R.Spatio-temporal complexity of slip on a fault.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B6):9885-9907.doi:10.1029/93JB00191
[9]Shibazaki B,Matsu’ura M.Transition process fromnucleation to high-speed rupture propagation:Scal-ing fromstick-slip experi ments to natural earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,1998,132(1):14-30.doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00409.x
[10]Campillo M,Favreau P,Ionescu I R,et al.On the effective friction law of a heterogeneous fault.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B8):16307-16322.doi:10.1029/2000JB900467
[11]Cocco M,Bizzarri A.On the slip-weakening behavior of rate-and state-dependent constitutive laws.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29:1516,4PP.doi:10.1029/2001GL013999
[12]Favreau P,Campillo M,Ionescu I R.Initiation of shear instability in three-di mensional elastodynamics.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B7):2147.doi:10.1029/2001JB000448
[13]Lapusta N,Rice J R.Nucleation and early seismic propagation of small and large events in a crustal earthquake model.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B4):2205,18PP.doi:10.1029/2001JB000793
[14]Ampuero J P,Rubin A M.Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults Aging and slip laws.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B01302,21PP.doi:10.1029/2007JB005082
[15]Abercrombie R E,Agnew D C,Wyatt F K.Testing a model of earthquake nucleation.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,1995,85(6):1873-1878
[16]Toks z M N,Reilinger R E,Doll C G,et al.Izmit(Turkey)earthquake of17August1999:First re-port.Seismol.Res.Lett.,1999,70(6):669-679
[17]Barka A,Akyz HS,Altunel E,et al.The surface rupture and slip distribution of the17August1999Izmit earthquake(M7.4),North Anatolian Fault.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1):43-60.doi:10.1785/0120000841
[18]Bouchon M,Toks z M N,Karabulut H,et al.Space and ti me evolution of rupture and faulting during the1999Izmit(Turkey)Earthquake.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1):256-266.doi:10.1785/0120000845
[19]Cakir Z,de Chabalier J-B,Armijo R,et al.Coseismic and early post-seismic slip associated with the1999Izmit earthquake(Turkey),fromSARinterferometry and tectonic field observations.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,155(1):93-110.doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02001.x
[20]zalaybey S,Ergin M,Aktar M,et al.The1999Izmit Earthquake sequence in Turkey:Seismological and tectonic aspects.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1),376-386.doi:10.1785/0120000838
[21]Reilinger R,McClusky S,Vernant P.GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and i mplications for the dynamics of plate interactions.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05411,26PP.doi:10.1029/2005JB004051
[22]Polat O,Haessler H,Cisternas A,et al.The Izmit(Kocaeli),Turkey earthquake of17August1999:Previous seismicity,aftershocks,and seismotectonics.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1):361-375.doi:10.1785/0120000816
[23]Aktar M,Bi men F.Seismic data acquisition in remote regions.Cah.Cent.Eur.Godyn.Sism.,1989,1,11
[24]Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online
[25]Assuming a stress drop of3MPa for the events,whichis close to the average of the values commonly ob-served,and a circular source would lead to source di mension(diameter)of～66and108mfor the first two foreshocks,respectively,and290mfor the largest one
[26]Zigone D,Voisin C,Larose E,et al.Slip acceleration generates seismic tremor like signals infriction ex-peri ments.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38:L01315,5PP.doi:10.1029/2010GL045603
[27]Madariaga R.Dynamics of an expanding circular fault.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,1976,66(3),639-666
[28]Abercrombie R E.Earthquake source scaling relationships from-1to5MLusing seismograms recorded at2.5-kmdepth.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B12):24015-24036.doi:10.1029/95JB02397
[29]I manishi K,Ellsworth WL,Prejean S G.Earthquake source parameters determined by the SAFOD Pilot Hole seismic array.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31:L12S09.doi:10.1029/2004GL019420
[30]Ide S,Beroza G C,Shelly D R,et al.Ascaling lawfor slow earthquakes.Nature,2007,447:76-79.doi:10.1038/nature05780
[31]Beroza G C,Ide S.Deep tremors and slow quakes.Science,2009,324(5930):1025-1026.doi:10.1126/science.1171231
[32]Shelly D R,Beroza G C,Ide S,et al.Low-frequency earthquakes in Shikoku,Japan,and their relation-ship to episodic tremor and slip.Nature,2006,442:188-191.doi:10.1038/nature04931
[33]Shelly D R,Beroza G C,Ide S.Non-volcanic tremor and low-frequency earthquake swarms.Nature,2007,446:305-307.doi:10.1038/nature05666
[34]Vidale J E,Ellsworth WL,Cole A,et al.Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a re-peated small earthquake.Nature,1994,368:624-626.doi:10.1038/368624a0
[35]Marone C,Vidale J E,Ellsworth WL.Fault healing inferred fromti me dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(22):3095-3098.doi:10.1029/95GL03076
[36]Schaff D P,Beroza G,Shaw B E.Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1998,25(24):4549-4552.doi:10.1029/1998GL900192
[37]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearth-quakes.Science,1999,285(5428):718-721.doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.718
[38]LenglinO,Marsan D.Inferring the coseismic and postseismic stress changes caused by the2004mo-ment magnitude=6Parkfield earthquake from variations of recurrence ti mes of microearthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B10303,19PP.doi:10.1029/2008JB006118
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