国际社会对汶川地震的反应:外交慰问与灾难捐赠的影响因素分析(英文)
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摘要
以汶川地震后国际社会的反应为研究对象,分析研究了外交慰问、政府及非政府捐赠的影响因素.最小二乘法回归的结果表明,决定国际社会外交慰问顺序的影响因素有该国距离北京的距离、失业率与人均GDP.通过对国际社会对汶川地震捐赠额的影响因素进行分析,发现:①发达国家并没有提供更多的捐赠;②与中国贸易额越多的国家,其政府及非政府捐赠较多;③发展中国家更倾向于执行灾难外交策略以便提升其在中国的国家形象.
The newsvendor problem is a basic model in studying supply chain coordination.However,most of the results are grounded on the assumption of risk-neutral agents.Rational decision makers in the real world both seek profit and reduce risk.The conception of supply chain coordination in the risk-neutral world was extended,the mean-variance analysis was introduced and the newsvendor problem was explored,which involves the coordination by buyback contracts under different risk constraints.The model indicates that decentralized supply chain has the function of diversifying risk in comparison with centralized supply chain.In addition,we simultaneously get the solution about wholesale price and buyback price,thus extend Choi's model.
The newsvendor problem is a basic model in studying supply chain coordination.However,most of the results are grounded on the assumption of risk-neutral agents.Rational decision makers in the real world both seek profit and reduce risk.The conception of supply chain coordination in the risk-neutral world was extended,the mean-variance analysis was introduced and the newsvendor problem was explored,which involves the coordination by buyback contracts under different risk constraints.The model indicates that decentralized supply chain has the function of diversifying risk in comparison with centralized supply chain.In addition,we simultaneously get the solution about wholesale price and buyback price,thus extend Choi's model.
引文
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[31]United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).Human Development Indices[EB/OL].[2008-11-21].http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/hdi/.
[2]UNICEF.China requests emergency supplies to aid inquake recovery[EB/OL].[2008-12-05]http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_43935.html.
[3]Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China.Summary ofForeign Assistance Received(Up to 27/08/2008)[EB/OL].[2008-11-22]http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/zxxx/t470626.htm.
[4]Alexander D.Globalization of disaster:Trends,problems and dilemmas[J].Journal of InternationalAffairs,2006,59(2):1-23.
[5]Bui T,Cho S,Sankaran S,et al.A framework fordesigning a global information network formultinational humanitarian assistance/disaster relief[J].Information System Frontiers,2000,1(4):427-442.
[6]United States Department of Commerce.HurricaneKatrina Service Assessment Report[EB/OL].[2008-12-14]http://www.weather.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/Katrina.pdf.
[7]U.S.Department of State.Summary of ForeignAssistance Received or Expected to Date[EB/OL].[2010-03-01]http://www.citizensforethics.org/files/A57-A106.pdf
[8]Olsen G R,Carstensen,N,Hoyen K.Humanitariancrises:What determines the level of emergencyassistance?Media coverage,donor interests and the aidbusiness[J].Disasters,2003,27(2):109-126.
[9]Drury A C,Olson R S,Van-Belle D.The politics ofhumanitarian aid:U.S.foreign disaster assistance,1964-1995[J].The Journal of Politics,2005,67(2):454-473.
[10]Kelman I.Hurricane Katrina disaster diplomacy[J].Disasters,2007,31(3):288-309.
[11]Potter D M,Van Belle D.News coverage and Japaneseforeign disaster aid:A comparative example ofbureaucratic responsiveness to the news media[J].International Relations of the Asia-Pacific,2008:doi:10.1093/irap/lcn016.
[12]Simon A F.Television news and internationalearthquake relief[J].Journal of Communication,1997,47(3):82-93.
[13]Eisensee T,Str mberg D.News droughts,newsfloods,and U.S.disaster relief[J].The QuarterlyJournal of Economics,2007,122(2):693-728.
[14]Natsios A.Illusions of influence:the CNN effect incomplex emergencies[C]//From Massacres toGenocide:The Media,Public Policy and HumanitarianCrises.Cambridge,MA:The World PeaceFoundation,1996:149-168.
[15]Strobel W P.Late Breaking Foreign Policy:The NewsMedia's Influence on Peace Operations[M].Washington,DC:US Institute of Peace Press,1997.
[16]Jakobsen P V.Focus on the CNN effect misses thepoint:the real media impact on conflict management isinvisible and indirect[J].Journal of Peace Research,2000,37(2):131-143.
[17]Robinson P.The CNN Effect:The Myth of News,Foreign Policy,and Intervention[M].London:Routledge,2002.
[18]Wedel J R.US foreign aid and foreign policy:Buildingstrong relationships by doing it right[J].InternationalStudies Perspectives,2005,6:35-50.
[19]Nushiwat M.Foreign aid to developing countries:Does it crowd-out the recipient countries'domesticsavings?[J].International Research Journal of Financeand Economics,2007,11:94-102.
[20]Chua A Y K,Kaynak S,Foo S S B.An analysis of thedelayed response to Hurricane Katrina through the lensof knowledge management[J].Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science and Technology,2007,58(3):391-403.
[21]Gaillard J C,Clave E,Kelman I.Wave of peace?Tsunami disaster diplomacy in Aceh,Indonesia[J].Geoforum,2008,39:511-526.
[22]Cheung C K,Chan C M.Social-cognitive factors ofdonating money to charity,with special attention to aninternational relief organization[J].Evaluation andProgram Planning,2000,23:241-253.
[23]Oosterhof L,Heuvelman A,Peters O.Donation todisaster relief campaigns:Underlying social cognitivefactors exposed[J].Evaluation and Program Planning,2008:doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.10.006.
[24]Mak H Y,Mallard A P,Bui T,et al.Building onlinecrisis management support using workflow systems[J].Decision Support Systems,1999,25(3):209-224.
[25]Morgenthau H.Politics Among Nations[M].NewYork:Knopf,1978.
[26]Zhang J.Public diplomacy as symbolic interactions:Acase study of Asian tsunami relief campaigns[J].Public Relations Review,2006,32:26-32.
[27]Nye J,Owen W.America's information edge[J].Foreign Affairs,1996,75:20-36.
[28]Serajnik-Sraka N.Slovenia's promotion through massmedia[C]//The Image,the State and InternationalRelations.London:School of Economics and PoliticalScience,1999:39-41.
[29]Linnerooth-Bayer J,Mechler R,Pflug G.Refocusingdisaster aid[J].Science,2005,309(8):1 044-1 046.
[30]John J.Religion and geopolitics[J].Geopolitics,2006,11(2):183-191.
[31]United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).Human Development Indices[EB/OL].[2008-11-21].http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/hdi/.
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