玉龙—哈巴雪山断块差异隆升的基本特征及其地质灾害效应
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摘要
青藏高原新生代以来的持续性、阶段性隆升是地球演化过程中重要的地质和环境事件。尤其是晚新生代以来的加速隆升,使青藏高原主体及其周缘地区成为中国大陆地貌的最高一级阶梯。笔者主要从新构造运动条件下青藏高原东南缘玉龙—哈巴雪山断块这样一个典型的第四纪以来断块快速差异隆升的地区出发,通过详细研究该断块的组成以及几何学运动学特征来探讨其隆升机制,并在此基础上进一步研究该快速隆起的地质灾害效应(如地震、崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等)及其对本区地质灾害发育和发展的控制作用,进而得到地球内动力地质作用与重大地质灾害(外动力地质作用)之间存在必然的耦合关系的结论。
The continuous and periodic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic is an important geological and environmental event during the evolution of the Earth. Especially the accelerated uplift of the plateau since the Late Cenozoic has made the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its peripheral areas become the highest step of continental China. The paper focuses on the uplift mechanism of the plateau through a detailed study of the composition and geometric and kinematic features of the Yulong-Haba block-a typical Quaternary rapidly and differentially uplifted area on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and on that basis, the paper further studies the effect of the rapid uplift on geological hazards (e.g. earthquakes, avalanches, landslides and mudflows) and its controls on the occurrence and development of geological hazards. In the last, it is concluded that there exists a coupling relationship between the Earth's endogenic geological processes (rapid differential block uplift) and the exogenic geological processes (major geological hazards).
The continuous and periodic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic is an important geological and environmental event during the evolution of the Earth. Especially the accelerated uplift of the plateau since the Late Cenozoic has made the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its peripheral areas become the highest step of continental China. The paper focuses on the uplift mechanism of the plateau through a detailed study of the composition and geometric and kinematic features of the Yulong-Haba block-a typical Quaternary rapidly and differentially uplifted area on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and on that basis, the paper further studies the effect of the rapid uplift on geological hazards (e.g. earthquakes, avalanches, landslides and mudflows) and its controls on the occurrence and development of geological hazards. In the last, it is concluded that there exists a coupling relationship between the Earth's endogenic geological processes (rapid differential block uplift) and the exogenic geological processes (major geological hazards).
引文
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[3]韩竹军,虢顺民,向宏发,等.1996年2月3日云南丽江7.0级地震发生的构造环境[J].地震学报,2004,26(4):410～418.H an Zhujun,G uo Shunm in,X iang H ongfa,et al.Seism otectonic environm entofoccurrence ofthe February3,1996Lijiang M=7.0earthquake,Y unnan province[J].Acta Seism ologica Sinica,2004,26(4):410～418(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[4]唐川,黄楚兴,万晔.云南省丽江大地震及其诱发的崩塌滑坡灾害特征[J].自然灾害学报,1997,6(3):76～84.Tang C huan,H uang Chuxing,W an Y e.Lijiang earthquake and the induced rockfalls and slum ps in Yunan[J].Journal of N atural D isasters,1997,6(3):76～84(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[5]潘裕生.横断山区地质构造分区[J].山地研究,1989,7(1):3～12.Pan Yusheng.D ivision of geological structure in the H engduan m ountainousregion[J].M ountain R esearch,1989,7(1):3～12(in C hinesew ith English abstract).
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[7]云南省地质局第一区域调查大队.丽江幅1:20万地质图及区域地质调查报告[R].1977.The First R egional G eological Survey G roup of the G eological Bureau of Yunnan Province.The1∶200,000scale geological m ap and the regionalgeologicalsurvey reportofLijiang station[R].1997(in C hinese).
[8]俞维贤,安晓文,胡耀雄,等.云南丽江地区断裂构造岩岩组动力学研究[J].地震研究.2002.125(11):58～61Y u W eixian,An X iaow en,H u Y aoxiong,et al.Study on Petro-fabric dynam icsoffracture tectonic rock in LiJiang region,Y unan[J].JournalofSeism ologicalR esearch,2002,25(11):58～61(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[9]韩竹军,向宏发,虢顺民.滇西北丽江盆地北部区第四纪时期的左旋剪切拉张[J].科学通报,2004,50(4):356～362.H an Zhujun,X iang H ongfa,G uo Shunm in,etal.The Q uaternary left-lateral shear-extension of the northern Lijiang Basin,northw estY unnan[J].C hinese Science Bulletin,2004,50(4):356～362(in C hinese).
[10]俞维贤,王彬,谢英情,等.玉龙雪山周缘主要断裂的断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征与丽江地震[J].地震研究,2004,127(11):81～87.Y u W eixian,W ang Bin,X ie Yingqing,et al.D iscussion of the Lijiang earthquake and the SEM characteristicsofsurfacesofquartz gravels in the gouge of m ain faults around the Y ulong snow m ountain[J].JournalofSeism ologicalR esearch,2004,127(11):81～87(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[11]沈军,汪一鹏,任金卫.中国云南德钦-中甸-大具断裂带第四纪右旋走滑运动[A].见:青藏高原岩石圈现今变动与动力学[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.123～135.Shen Jun,W ang Y ipeng,R en Jinw ei.The Q uaternary right-lateral strike-slipping D eqin-Zhongdian-D aju faultin Yunnan,C hina[A].In:M a Zongjin,etal(eds.),Study on the R ecentD eform ation and D ynam ics of the Lithosphere of Q inghai-X izang Plateau[C].Beijing:Seism ological Press,2001.123～135(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[12]彭建兵,马润勇,卢全中,等.青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(3):457～466.Peng Jianbing,M a R unyong,Lu Q uanzhong,et al.G eological hazardseffectsofupliftofQ inghai-Tibetplateau[J].Advancesin Earth Sciences,2004,19(3):457～466(in Chinesew ithEnglish abstract).
[13]王运生,王士天,李渝生.滇西北玉龙雪山隆升机制[J].山地学报,2000,18(4):313～317.W ang Y unsheng,W ang Shitian,LiYusheng.The upliftm echanism of M T.Yulong snow,northw est of Y unnan[J].Journal ofM ountain Science,2000,18(4):313～317(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[14]苏生瑞,王运生,王士天.丽江地震区应力场研究[J].地质论评,2004,50(1):57～64.Su Shengrui,W ang Yunsheng,W ang Shitian.A study on the stress field in the region ofthe Lijiang earthquake[J].G eologicalR eview,2004,50(1):57～64(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[15]张家声,韩竹军.滇西北玉龙-哈巴雪山的递进变形、FT年代和区域构造联系[A].见:马宗晋,等主编.青藏高原岩石圈现今变动与动力学[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.136～147.Zhang Jiasheng,H an Zhujun.Progressive deform ation,age data and regional tectonic relationship of the Y ulong-H aba m ountain range,northw estY unnan[A].In:M a Zongjin,etal(eds.),Study on the recent deform ation and dynam ics of the lithosphere of Q inghai-X izang plateau[C].Beijing:Seism ological Press,2001.136～147(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[16]崔之久,伍永秋,刘耕年,等.关于“昆仑-黄河运动”[J].中国科学(D辑)[J].1998,41(6):592～600.C ui Zhijiu,W u Y ongqiu,Liu G engnian,et al.The K unlun-Y ellow R iver tectonic m ovem ent[J].Science in China(Series D),1998,41(6):592～600(in C hinese).
[17]程捷,刘学清,高振纪,等.青藏高原隆升对云南高原环境的影响[J].现代地质,2001,15(3):290～296.C heng Jie,Liu X ueqing,G ao Zhenji,et al.Effect of the Tibetan plateau uplifting on geologicalenvironm entoftheY unnan plateau[J].G eoscience,2001,15(3):290～296(in C hinesew ith English abstract).
[18]崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年,等.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):378～385.C uiZhijiu,G ao Q uanzhou,Liu G engnian,et al.R elationship of the planation surface and ancientkarstw ith the uplifting ofTibetan plateau[J].Science in C hina(Series D),1996,26(4):378～385(in C hinese).
[19]汪新文,赵其强,杜恒俭.滇西北丽江盆地的第四纪地层与古环境[J].现代地质,1995,9(1):81～90.W ang X inw en,Zhao Q iqiang,D u H engjian.Q uaternary and palaeo-environm ent of Lijiang basin in northw estern Yunnan[J].G eoscience,1995,9(1):81～90(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
[20]赵希涛,曲永新,李铁松.玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(3):242～248.Zhao X itao,Q u Y ongxin,LiTiesong.Pleistocene glaciationsalong the eastern footofthe Yuong m ountains[J].JournalofG laciology and G eocryology,1999,21(3):242～248(in C hinese w ith English abstract).
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