深部流体与地震成因的研究
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摘要
论述了地震的形成、发生机制与深部流体在地震形成过程中的作用。地震的孕育过程是十分复杂的,地震的成因机制可能是多种多样的。对地震成因和地震前兆形成机理的深入认识对实现准确预测地震和减轻地震灾害有重要意义。地球内部是个含水体系,流体和壳幔内不连续层与地震的孕育和发生有着密切关系。深部流体可以降低岩石的强度、熔点,可以传输热能,改变矿物相变的温压条件,促进地震的孕育和发生。当地质体内流体的压力大于岩石抗压强度时,可以直接导致地震发生。
The role the of deep-earth fluids in seismogenic mechanism were syetematically discussed.The correct understandings for seismogenic mechanism and precursors are preconditions for the impending-earthquake prediction and the seismic-disaster mitigation.Over the past one hundred years,some hypotheses for seismogenesis were proposed.However,the seismogenic mechanism has not been well revealed.The important role of fluids in generation and occurrence of earthquakes has attracted more and more attention.The strength,the melting temperature of rocks in deep earth can be reduced by fluids.Fluids act as the medium for heat transfer,and they change the pressure and temperature for stabilities of minerals to facilitate the generation and occurrence of earthquakes.Fluids can directly result in earthquake when the pore fluid pressure exceeds the elastic stress of rock.
The role the of deep-earth fluids in seismogenic mechanism were syetematically discussed.The correct understandings for seismogenic mechanism and precursors are preconditions for the impending-earthquake prediction and the seismic-disaster mitigation.Over the past one hundred years,some hypotheses for seismogenesis were proposed.However,the seismogenic mechanism has not been well revealed.The important role of fluids in generation and occurrence of earthquakes has attracted more and more attention.The strength,the melting temperature of rocks in deep earth can be reduced by fluids.Fluids act as the medium for heat transfer,and they change the pressure and temperature for stabilities of minerals to facilitate the generation and occurrence of earthquakes.Fluids can directly result in earthquake when the pore fluid pressure exceeds the elastic stress of rock.
引文
白利平,杜建国,刘巍,等.2002.高温高压下辉长岩纵波速度和电导率实验研究[J].中国科学(D辑),32(11):959-968.
白利平,杜建国,刘巍,等.2002.高温高压下斜长岩纵波速度与电导率实验研究[J].地震学报,24(6):638-646.
杜乐天.2005.地球排气作用的重大意义及研究进展[J].地质论评,51(2):174-180.
杜乐天.2007.固体地球观向流体地球观的概念更新[J].地球物理学进展,22(4):1220-1224.
郭增建,秦保燕,冯学才.1974.从震源孕育模式讨论大震前地下水的变化[J].地球物理学报,16(2):99-105.
侯渭,谢鸿森.1996.板块俯冲带的构造岩浆活动与地幔矿物稳定性的成因关系[J].地质地球化学,(2):14-17.
久家?子.1995.地震メヵニズム論の変遷[J].地震ジヤナル,19:26-32.
刘俊来,岛田充彦.2000.大陆地壳多震层成因与一个新的地壳断层带模式[J].科学通报,45(10):1085-1091.
刘巍,杜建国,谢鸿森,等.2005.4.0GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,19(4):293-298.
刘武英,李龙海,吴建华,等.1996.从地球化学角度讨论1978年唐山7.8级地震的成因[J].地质地球化学,(5):66-69.
马托埃.1980.地壳变形[M].孙坦,张道安,译.北京:地质出版社.
宁杰远,臧绍先.1999.俯冲带深震成因探讨[J].地震学报,21(5):523-532.
牛树银,侯泉林,王宝德,等.2003.华北地区拆离滑脱带控震作用初探[J].地震研究,26(3):257-264.
谢鸿森,周文戈,李玉文,等.2000.高温高压下蛇纹岩脱水的P弹性特征及其意义[J].地球物理学报,43(6):806-811.
徐常芳.1997.壳内流体演化与地震成因(三)[J].地震学报,19(2):139-144.
徐常芳.1998.地震流体成因说及其应用研究[J].地震,20(增刊):89-97.
杨恒,白武明.2000.岩石圈流变实验研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,15(2):80-89.
Anderson E.1951.The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formations withApplications to Britain(2nd Edition)[M].Edinburgh:Oliver andBoyd.
BaiL,Du J,Liu W,Guo J.2003.Evidence of grain boundary transportfrom impedance of Gabbro at1-2GPa and up to890℃[J].Chi-nese Physi Lett,20(11):2074-2077.
Balfour N J,Savage M K,Townend J.2005.Stress and crustal anisotropyin Marlborough,New Zealand:Evidence for low fault strength andstructure-controlled anisotropy[J].Geophy J Intern,163(3):1073-1086.
Bina C R.1996.Phase transition buoyancy contributions to stresses insubducting lithosphere[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(24):3563-3566.
Bina C R.1998.A note on latent heat release from disequilibrium phasetransformations and deep seismogenesis[J].Earth Planets Space,50(11/12):1029-1034.
Chen J H,Inoue T,Yurimoto H,et al.2002.Effect of water on olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary in the(Mg,Fe)2SiO4system[J].Geo-phys Res Lett,29(18):1-4.
Chen WP,Molnar P.1983.Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplateearthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanicalproperties of the lithosphere[J].J Geophys Res,88(B5):4183-4214.
Chiodini G,Cardellini C,Amato A,et al.2004.Carbon dioxide Earth de-gassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy[J].GeophysRes Lett,31(7),L07615,doi:10.1029/2004GL019480.
DiLuccio F,Ventura G,Di Giovambattista R,et al.2010.Normal faultsand thrusts activated by deep fluids:The6April2009Mw6.3L Aquila earthquake,Central Italy[J].J Geophy Res,115(B6):doi:10.1029/2009JB007190.
Dobson D P,Meredith P G,Boon S A.2002.Simulation of subductionzone seismicity by dehydration of serpentine[J].Science,298(5597):1407-1410.
Doser D I,Yarwood D R.1994.Deep crustal earthquakes associated withcontinental rifts[J].Tectonophysics,229(1-2):123-131.
DuJ,Liu C,Fu B,et al.2005.Variations of geothermometry and chemi-cal-isotopic compositions of hot spring fluids in the Rehai geothermalfield,Southwest China[J].J Volcano Geotherm Res,142(3-4):243-261.
DuJ,Si X,Chen Y,et al.2008.Geochemical anomalies connected withgreat earthquakes in China[M]//Stef偄nsson.Geochemistry Re-search Advances,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,57-92.
DuJ,Zhang Y,Li H.2007.Advances in studies of thermal-fluid geochem-istry and hydrothermal resource in China[M]//Ueckermann HI.Geothermal Energy Research Trends.New York:Nova SciencePublishers,Inc.51-88.
Furukawa Y.1994.Two types of deep seismicity in subducting slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,21(12):1181-1184.
Geller R J,Jackson D D,Kagan Y Y,et al.1996.Earthquakes cannot bepredicted[J].Sci,275(5306):1616-1617.
Gephart J W,Forsyth D W.1984.An improved method for determining theregional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data:Appli-cation to the San Fernando earthquake sequence[J].J GeophysRes,89(B11):9305-9320.
Goto K,Hamaguchi H,Suzuki Z.1985.Earthquake generating stresses ina descending slab[C]//Kobayashi K,Sacks I S.Structures andProcesses in Subduction Zones.Tectonophysics,112(1-4):111-128.
Green II HW,Houston H.1995.The mechanics of deep earthquakes[J].Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci,23:169-213.
Hosoya T,Kubo T,Ohtani E,et al.2005.Water controls the fields of met-astable olivine in cold subducting slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(17):1-4.
IidakaT,Suetsugu D.1992.Seismological evidence for metastable olivine inside a subducting slab[J].Nature,356(6370):593-595.
Irifune T,Kuroda K,Funamori N,et al.1996.Amorphization of serpentineat high pressure and high temperature[J].Sci,272(5267):1468-1470.
Julian B R,Sipkin S A.1985.Earthquake processes in the Long Valleycaldera area California[J].J Geophys Res,90(B13):11155-11169.
Julian B R.1994.Volcanic tremor:Nonlinear excitation by fluid flow[J].J Geophys Res,99(B6):11859-11878.
Julian B,2002.Seismological Detection of Slab Metamorphism[J].Sci-ence,296(5573):1625-1626.
Jung H,Green H W.2004.Experimental faulting of serpentinite duringdehydration:implications for earthquakes,seismic low-velocityzones,and anomalous hypocenter distributions in subduction zones[J].Intern Geol Rev,46(12):1089-1102.
Jung H,Green II H W,Dobrzhinetskaya L F.2004.Intermediate-depthearthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative vol-ume change[J].Nature,428:545-549.
Kisslinger C.1976.A review of theories of mechanisms of induced seis-micity[J].Eng Geol,10(2-4):85-98.
Kohlstedt D L,Keppler H,Rubie D C.1996.Solubility of water in theα、βandγphases of(Mg,Fe)2SiO4.Contrib Mineral Petrol,123(4):345-357.
Konstantinou K I,Schlindwein V.2002.Nature,wavefield properties andsource mechanisMSof volcanic tremor:Areview[J].J Volcanol Geo-therm Res,119(1-4):161-187.
Kubo T,Ohtani E,Fujino K.1998.Effects of water on theα-βtransfor-mation kinetics in San Carlos olivine[J].Science,281(5373):85-87.
Kurz J H,Jahr T,Jentzsch G.2004.Earthquake swarm examples and alook at the generation mechanism of the Vogtland/Western Bohemiaearthquake swarms[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,142(1-2):75-88.
LiuW,Du J,Ba L,et al.2003.Ultrasonic P wave velocity and attenuationin pyroxenite under3.0GPa and up to1170℃[J].Chinese PhysicsLetter,20(1):164-166.
LiuW,Du J,Bai L,Guo J.2002.Compressional elastic wave velocities ofserpentinized olivine-bearing pyroxeniteup to960℃at1.0GPa[J].J Phys Condensed Matters,14(44):11355-11358.
Long L T,Zelt K H.1991.A local weaking of the bittle-ductile transitioncan explain some intraplate seismic zones[J].Tectonophysics,186(1-2):175-192.
Lucente F P,Gori P D,Margheriti L,et al.2010.Temporal variation ofseismic velocity and anisotropy before the2009MW6.3L Aquilaearthquake,Italy[J].Geol,38(11):1015-1018.
Meade C,Jealoz R.1991.Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of waterinto the Earth s mantle[J].Sci,252(5002):68-72.
Miller S A,van der Zee W,Olgaard D L,et al.2003.A fluid-pressurefeedback model of dehydration reactions:experiments,modelling,and application to subduction zones[J].Tectonophysics,370(1-4):241-251.
Mount V S,Suppe J.1987.State of stress near the San Andreas fault:Im-plications for wrench tectonics[J].Geol,15(12):1143-1146.
Obara K,2002.Nonvolcanic deep tremor associated with subduction insouthwest Japan[J].Sci,296(5573):1679-1681.
Omori S,Komabayashi T,Maruyama S.2004.Dehydration and earth-quakes in the subducting slab:empirical link in intermediate anddeep seismic zones[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,146(1-2):297-311.
Raleigh C B,Paterson M S.1965.Experimental deformation of serpen-tinite and its tectonic implications500-600℃,marked weakening[J].J Geophys Res,70(16):3965-3985.
Reid H F.1910.The California Earthquake of April18,1906.VolumeII.The Mechanics of the Earthquake[M]//Washington DC:Carne-gie Institution of Washington,Publication,(87):1-192.
Reyners M,Eberhart P D,Stuart G.2007.The role of fluids in lower-crus-tal earthquakes near continental rifts[J].Nature,446(7139):1075-1078.
Rubie D C.1986.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restric-tions on the presence of aqueous fluid during metamorphism[J].Mineral Ma,50:399-415.
Ruff L J.2004.Limits of the Seismogenic Zone[M]//Karner G D,TaylorB,Driscoll N W,et al.Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphereat Continental Margins.NewYork:Columbia Univ,Press,138-165.
Savage MK.2010.The role of fluids in earthquake generation in the2009Mw6.3L Aquila,Italy,earthquake and its foreshocks[J].Geol,38(11):1055-1056.
Shudofsky G N,Cloetingh S,Stein S,Wortel R.1987.Unusually deepearthquakes in East Africa:constraints on the thermo-mechanicalstructure of a continental rift system[J].Geophys Res Lett,14(7):741-744.
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Wiens D A,Snider N O.2001.Repeating deep earthquakes:evidence forfault reactivation at great depth[J].Sci,293(5534):1463-1466.
Zhao D,Mishra O P,Sanda R.2002.Influence of fluids and magma onearthquakes:seismological evidence[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,132(4):249-267.
白利平,杜建国,刘巍,等.2002.高温高压下斜长岩纵波速度与电导率实验研究[J].地震学报,24(6):638-646.
杜乐天.2005.地球排气作用的重大意义及研究进展[J].地质论评,51(2):174-180.
杜乐天.2007.固体地球观向流体地球观的概念更新[J].地球物理学进展,22(4):1220-1224.
郭增建,秦保燕,冯学才.1974.从震源孕育模式讨论大震前地下水的变化[J].地球物理学报,16(2):99-105.
侯渭,谢鸿森.1996.板块俯冲带的构造岩浆活动与地幔矿物稳定性的成因关系[J].地质地球化学,(2):14-17.
久家?子.1995.地震メヵニズム論の変遷[J].地震ジヤナル,19:26-32.
刘俊来,岛田充彦.2000.大陆地壳多震层成因与一个新的地壳断层带模式[J].科学通报,45(10):1085-1091.
刘巍,杜建国,谢鸿森,等.2005.4.0GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,19(4):293-298.
刘武英,李龙海,吴建华,等.1996.从地球化学角度讨论1978年唐山7.8级地震的成因[J].地质地球化学,(5):66-69.
马托埃.1980.地壳变形[M].孙坦,张道安,译.北京:地质出版社.
宁杰远,臧绍先.1999.俯冲带深震成因探讨[J].地震学报,21(5):523-532.
牛树银,侯泉林,王宝德,等.2003.华北地区拆离滑脱带控震作用初探[J].地震研究,26(3):257-264.
谢鸿森,周文戈,李玉文,等.2000.高温高压下蛇纹岩脱水的P弹性特征及其意义[J].地球物理学报,43(6):806-811.
徐常芳.1997.壳内流体演化与地震成因(三)[J].地震学报,19(2):139-144.
徐常芳.1998.地震流体成因说及其应用研究[J].地震,20(增刊):89-97.
杨恒,白武明.2000.岩石圈流变实验研究的进展[J].地球物理学进展,15(2):80-89.
Anderson E.1951.The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formations withApplications to Britain(2nd Edition)[M].Edinburgh:Oliver andBoyd.
BaiL,Du J,Liu W,Guo J.2003.Evidence of grain boundary transportfrom impedance of Gabbro at1-2GPa and up to890℃[J].Chi-nese Physi Lett,20(11):2074-2077.
Balfour N J,Savage M K,Townend J.2005.Stress and crustal anisotropyin Marlborough,New Zealand:Evidence for low fault strength andstructure-controlled anisotropy[J].Geophy J Intern,163(3):1073-1086.
Bina C R.1996.Phase transition buoyancy contributions to stresses insubducting lithosphere[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(24):3563-3566.
Bina C R.1998.A note on latent heat release from disequilibrium phasetransformations and deep seismogenesis[J].Earth Planets Space,50(11/12):1029-1034.
Chen J H,Inoue T,Yurimoto H,et al.2002.Effect of water on olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary in the(Mg,Fe)2SiO4system[J].Geo-phys Res Lett,29(18):1-4.
Chen WP,Molnar P.1983.Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplateearthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanicalproperties of the lithosphere[J].J Geophys Res,88(B5):4183-4214.
Chiodini G,Cardellini C,Amato A,et al.2004.Carbon dioxide Earth de-gassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy[J].GeophysRes Lett,31(7),L07615,doi:10.1029/2004GL019480.
DiLuccio F,Ventura G,Di Giovambattista R,et al.2010.Normal faultsand thrusts activated by deep fluids:The6April2009Mw6.3L Aquila earthquake,Central Italy[J].J Geophy Res,115(B6):doi:10.1029/2009JB007190.
Dobson D P,Meredith P G,Boon S A.2002.Simulation of subductionzone seismicity by dehydration of serpentine[J].Science,298(5597):1407-1410.
Doser D I,Yarwood D R.1994.Deep crustal earthquakes associated withcontinental rifts[J].Tectonophysics,229(1-2):123-131.
DuJ,Liu C,Fu B,et al.2005.Variations of geothermometry and chemi-cal-isotopic compositions of hot spring fluids in the Rehai geothermalfield,Southwest China[J].J Volcano Geotherm Res,142(3-4):243-261.
DuJ,Si X,Chen Y,et al.2008.Geochemical anomalies connected withgreat earthquakes in China[M]//Stef偄nsson.Geochemistry Re-search Advances,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,57-92.
DuJ,Zhang Y,Li H.2007.Advances in studies of thermal-fluid geochem-istry and hydrothermal resource in China[M]//Ueckermann HI.Geothermal Energy Research Trends.New York:Nova SciencePublishers,Inc.51-88.
Furukawa Y.1994.Two types of deep seismicity in subducting slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,21(12):1181-1184.
Geller R J,Jackson D D,Kagan Y Y,et al.1996.Earthquakes cannot bepredicted[J].Sci,275(5306):1616-1617.
Gephart J W,Forsyth D W.1984.An improved method for determining theregional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data:Appli-cation to the San Fernando earthquake sequence[J].J GeophysRes,89(B11):9305-9320.
Goto K,Hamaguchi H,Suzuki Z.1985.Earthquake generating stresses ina descending slab[C]//Kobayashi K,Sacks I S.Structures andProcesses in Subduction Zones.Tectonophysics,112(1-4):111-128.
Green II HW,Houston H.1995.The mechanics of deep earthquakes[J].Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci,23:169-213.
Hosoya T,Kubo T,Ohtani E,et al.2005.Water controls the fields of met-astable olivine in cold subducting slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(17):1-4.
IidakaT,Suetsugu D.1992.Seismological evidence for metastable olivine inside a subducting slab[J].Nature,356(6370):593-595.
Irifune T,Kuroda K,Funamori N,et al.1996.Amorphization of serpentineat high pressure and high temperature[J].Sci,272(5267):1468-1470.
Julian B R,Sipkin S A.1985.Earthquake processes in the Long Valleycaldera area California[J].J Geophys Res,90(B13):11155-11169.
Julian B R.1994.Volcanic tremor:Nonlinear excitation by fluid flow[J].J Geophys Res,99(B6):11859-11878.
Julian B,2002.Seismological Detection of Slab Metamorphism[J].Sci-ence,296(5573):1625-1626.
Jung H,Green H W.2004.Experimental faulting of serpentinite duringdehydration:implications for earthquakes,seismic low-velocityzones,and anomalous hypocenter distributions in subduction zones[J].Intern Geol Rev,46(12):1089-1102.
Jung H,Green II H W,Dobrzhinetskaya L F.2004.Intermediate-depthearthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative vol-ume change[J].Nature,428:545-549.
Kisslinger C.1976.A review of theories of mechanisms of induced seis-micity[J].Eng Geol,10(2-4):85-98.
Kohlstedt D L,Keppler H,Rubie D C.1996.Solubility of water in theα、βandγphases of(Mg,Fe)2SiO4.Contrib Mineral Petrol,123(4):345-357.
Konstantinou K I,Schlindwein V.2002.Nature,wavefield properties andsource mechanisMSof volcanic tremor:Areview[J].J Volcanol Geo-therm Res,119(1-4):161-187.
Kubo T,Ohtani E,Fujino K.1998.Effects of water on theα-βtransfor-mation kinetics in San Carlos olivine[J].Science,281(5373):85-87.
Kurz J H,Jahr T,Jentzsch G.2004.Earthquake swarm examples and alook at the generation mechanism of the Vogtland/Western Bohemiaearthquake swarms[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,142(1-2):75-88.
LiuW,Du J,Ba L,et al.2003.Ultrasonic P wave velocity and attenuationin pyroxenite under3.0GPa and up to1170℃[J].Chinese PhysicsLetter,20(1):164-166.
LiuW,Du J,Bai L,Guo J.2002.Compressional elastic wave velocities ofserpentinized olivine-bearing pyroxeniteup to960℃at1.0GPa[J].J Phys Condensed Matters,14(44):11355-11358.
Long L T,Zelt K H.1991.A local weaking of the bittle-ductile transitioncan explain some intraplate seismic zones[J].Tectonophysics,186(1-2):175-192.
Lucente F P,Gori P D,Margheriti L,et al.2010.Temporal variation ofseismic velocity and anisotropy before the2009MW6.3L Aquilaearthquake,Italy[J].Geol,38(11):1015-1018.
Meade C,Jealoz R.1991.Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of waterinto the Earth s mantle[J].Sci,252(5002):68-72.
Miller S A,van der Zee W,Olgaard D L,et al.2003.A fluid-pressurefeedback model of dehydration reactions:experiments,modelling,and application to subduction zones[J].Tectonophysics,370(1-4):241-251.
Mount V S,Suppe J.1987.State of stress near the San Andreas fault:Im-plications for wrench tectonics[J].Geol,15(12):1143-1146.
Obara K,2002.Nonvolcanic deep tremor associated with subduction insouthwest Japan[J].Sci,296(5573):1679-1681.
Omori S,Komabayashi T,Maruyama S.2004.Dehydration and earth-quakes in the subducting slab:empirical link in intermediate anddeep seismic zones[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,146(1-2):297-311.
Raleigh C B,Paterson M S.1965.Experimental deformation of serpen-tinite and its tectonic implications500-600℃,marked weakening[J].J Geophys Res,70(16):3965-3985.
Reid H F.1910.The California Earthquake of April18,1906.VolumeII.The Mechanics of the Earthquake[M]//Washington DC:Carne-gie Institution of Washington,Publication,(87):1-192.
Reyners M,Eberhart P D,Stuart G.2007.The role of fluids in lower-crus-tal earthquakes near continental rifts[J].Nature,446(7139):1075-1078.
Rubie D C.1986.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restric-tions on the presence of aqueous fluid during metamorphism[J].Mineral Ma,50:399-415.
Ruff L J.2004.Limits of the Seismogenic Zone[M]//Karner G D,TaylorB,Driscoll N W,et al.Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphereat Continental Margins.NewYork:Columbia Univ,Press,138-165.
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