地图表征的权力运作机制：建构的知识话语
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摘要
作为关于群体认知和行为的社会心理学理论,社会表征从群体博弈和建构的视角解释了成员之间如何共享知识、实现沟通,以及被权力建构并成为权力扩张工具的心理机制。地图作为一种社会表征,以群体共享的知识符号系统形成知识话语权力,影响、规训着社会中的每个个体。它通过宏观和微观两方面的有机联系,耦合了社会和个体,不仅成为政治、经济、文化权力嵌入的载体,也成为了权力的拥有者,参与社会的更迭和演化。地图中的权力运作机制表现为权力主体隐匿于地图这一建构的"真实"中,实现了从显性的政治、经济、文化权力到话语权力的转换,并通过对个体心理认知、意识行为的规约,以及对共识性规范的认同和自觉遵守,实现了权力扩张。
As a social psychology theory of group cognition and behavior, social representations theory explains the psychological mechanism of how members share knowledge and communicate with each other from the perspective of group game and construction. Moreover,the theory also explains how the social representations are constructed by power and become tools of power expansion. Maps are social representation, which influence and discipline every individual in the society through the knowledge symbol system shared by groups. As a coupling between society and individuals through the macroscopic and microscopic organic links, it becomes not only the carrier of political, economic and cultural power embedding, but also the owners of power and participates in the changes and evolution of society. The power operation mechanism in the map is manifested as the power subject hiding in the "reality" constructed by the map, in fact, has realized the transformation from explicit political,economic, cultural power to the implicit discourse power. And through the discipline of individual psychological cognition, consciousness, behavior, as well as the recognition and voluntary compliance of consensual norms, the power realizes the expansion at last.
As a social psychology theory of group cognition and behavior, social representations theory explains the psychological mechanism of how members share knowledge and communicate with each other from the perspective of group game and construction. Moreover,the theory also explains how the social representations are constructed by power and become tools of power expansion. Maps are social representation, which influence and discipline every individual in the society through the knowledge symbol system shared by groups. As a coupling between society and individuals through the macroscopic and microscopic organic links, it becomes not only the carrier of political, economic and cultural power embedding, but also the owners of power and participates in the changes and evolution of society. The power operation mechanism in the map is manifested as the power subject hiding in the "reality" constructed by the map, in fact, has realized the transformation from explicit political,economic, cultural power to the implicit discourse power. And through the discipline of individual psychological cognition, consciousness, behavior, as well as the recognition and voluntary compliance of consensual norms, the power realizes the expansion at last.
引文
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[24]王沪宁.作为国家实力的文化:软权力.复旦学报:社会科学版,1993,(3):91-96.[Wang Huning.The soft power of culture as a nation's strength.Fudan Journal:Social Sciences Edition,1993,(3):91-96.]
[25]郭洁敏.软权力新探:理论与实践.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2013.[Guo Jiemin.New Exploration of Soft Power:Theory and Practice.Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2013.]
[26]罗骞.所有的力量关系都是权力关系:论福柯的权力概念.中国人民大学学报,2015,29(2):63-70.[Luo Qian.All the relationship of strength is that of power:On Foucault's concept of power.Joural of Renmin University of China,2015,29(2):63-70.]
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[28]乔治·拉伦.意识形态与文化身份:现代性和第三世界的在场.戴从容译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005.[Larrain J.Ideology and Cultural Identity:Modernity and the Third World Presence.Translated by Dai Congrong.Shanghai:Shanghai Educational Publishing House,2005.]
[29]米歇尔·福柯.权力的眼睛.严锋译.上海:上海人民出版社,1997.[Foucault M.The Eyes of Power.Translated by Yan feng.Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House,1997.]
[30]米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店,2007.[Foucault M.Discipline and Punish.Translated by Liu Beicheng,Yang Yuanying.Beijing:Joint Publishing,2007.]
[31]Moscovici S.Notes towards a description of social representations.European Journal of Social Psychology,2010,18(3):211-250.
[32]雅克·朗西埃.图像的命运.张新木译.南京:南京大学出版社,2014.[Jacques R.Le Destin Des Images.Translated by Zhang Xinmu.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2014.]
[33]杰里米·布莱克.地图的历史.张澜译.太原:希望出版社,2006.[Black J.History of Maps.Translated by Zhang Lan.Taiyuan:Hope Publishing House,2006.]
[34]赛门·加菲尔.地图的历史:从石刻地图到GoogleMaps,重新看待世界的方式.郑郁欣译.台北:马可孛罗出版社,2014.[Garfield S.On the Map:Why the World Looks the Way It Does.Translated by Zheng Yuxin.Taipei:Marco Polo Press,2014.]
[35]马腾,葛岳静.国家版图、地图话语与地缘政治:兼论我国学者科技论文中的主权和国土意识.世界地理研究,2017(5):1-11.[Ma Teng,Ge Yuejing.National territory,map discourse and geopolitics:A case study on sovereignty and territorial awareness in Chinese scholars'scientific papers.World Regional Studies,2017,26(5):1-11.]
[36]Harley J B.Deconstructing the map.Cartographica:The international journal for geographic information and geovisualization,1989,26(2):1-20.
[37]Novaes A R.Map art and popular geopolitics:Mapping borders between Colombia and Venezuela.Geopolitics,2015,20(1):121-141.
[38]苏珊·汉森.改变世界的十大地理思想.肖平,王方雄,李平译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.[Susan I.Geographic Ideas That Changed the World.Translated by Xiao Ping,Wang Fangxiong,Li Ping.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009.]
[39]魏屹东.语境同一论:科学表征问题的一种解答.中国社会科学,2017,(6):42-59.[Wei Yidong.The theory of contextual identity:A solution to the problem of scientific reprensentation.Social Sciences in China,2017,(6):42-59.]
[40]彭清涛,王娜.浅谈地图文化与社会文化的关联.测绘与空间地理信息,2014,(7):167-168.[Peng Qingtao,Wang Na.Association of map culture and social culture.Geomatics&Spatial Information Technology,2014,(7):167-168.]
[41]廖克.中国地图学发展的回顾与展望.测绘学报,2017,46(10):1517-1525.[Liao Ke.Retrospect and prospect of the development of Chinese cartography.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1517-1525.]
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[2]牛汝辰,邓国臣.地图文化及其价值观:王家耀院士专访.测绘科学,2014,39(12):3-7.[Niu Ruchen,Deng Guojun.The map culture and its values:An interview with academician Wang Jiayao.Science of Surveying and Mapping,2014,39(12):3-7.]
[3]Wood D,Fels J.The Power of Maps.New York:Guilford Press,1992.
[4]Monmonier M S.Drawing the line,tales of maps and cartocontroversy.Cartographic Perspectives,1995,154(22):15.
[5]梁启章,齐清文,姜莉莉,等.中国古地图遗产与文化价值.地理学报,2016,71(10):1833-1848.[Liang Qizhang,Qi Qingwen,Jiang Lili,et al.A primary exploration of the heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1833-1848.]
[6]Braun L F.Cartography and the political imagination,mapping community in colonial Kenya.Cartographic Journal,2016,54(4):376-377.
[7]马克·蒙莫尼克.会说谎的地图.黄义军译.北京:商务印书馆,2012.[Mark M.How to Lie With Maps.Translated by Huang Yijun.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2012.]
[8]王恩涌.政治地理学.北京:高等教育出版,1998.[Wang Enyong.The Political Geography.Beijing:Higher Education Press,1998.]
[9]张新新.地图上的话语、强权与政治.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Zhang Xinxin.Discourse,power and politics on the maps.Lanzhou:Master Dissertation of Lanzhou University,2013.]
[10]何光强,宋秀琚.地图投影与全球地缘政治分析:一种空间认知的视角.人文地理,2014,29(2):113-122.[He Guangqiang,Song Xiuju.Map projection and global geopolitical nalysis:A perspective of spatial cognition.Human Grography,2014,29(2):113-123.]
[11]唐晓峰.地图中的权力、意志与秩序.中国学术,2000,(4):261-268.[Tang Xiaofeng.The power,will and order on the maps.China Scholarship,2000,(4):261-268.]
[12]叶凯蒂.从十九世纪上海地图看对城市未来定义的争夺战.中国学术,2000,(3):88-121.[Ye Kaidi.Look at the battle over the definition of the future of the city from the map of 19th century Shanghai.China Scholarship,2000,(3):88-121.]
[13]管健.社会表征理论的起源与发展:对莫斯科维奇《社会表征:社会心理学探索》的解读.社会学研究,2009,(4):228-242.[Guan Jian.The origination and development of social representations theory:An interpretation of Moscovici's Social Representations:Exploration of Social Psychology.The Study of Sociology,2009,(4):228-242.]
[14]路卫华.一般的“科学表示”与特殊的“心理表征”:科学与科学哲学中对“representation”的翻译与理解.自然辩证法研究,2013,29(10):14-21.[Lu Weihua.The general"scientific representation"and the special"mental representation":How to translation and understanding"representation"in science and in philosophy of science.Studies in Dialectics of Nature,2013,29(10):14-21.]
[15]章辉.权力、表征和实践:约翰·菲斯克的后期文化理论.学习与探索,2013,(12):138-144.[Zhang Hui.The power,representation and practice:John Fiske's later cultural theory.Study&Exploration,2013,(12):138-144.]
[16]Sullivan T,Hartley J.Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies.New York:Routledge,1994.
[17]斯图尔特·霍尔.表征:文化表征与意指实践.徐亮,陆兴华译.北京:商务印书馆,2013.[Hall S.Representation:Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices.Translated by Xu Liang,Lu Xinghua.Beijing:Commercial Press,2013.]
[18]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇.社会表征.管健,高文珺,俞容龄译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.[Moscovici S.Social Seprese ntations:Explorations in Social Phychology.Translated by Guan Jian,Gao Wenjun,Yu Rongling.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2011.]
[19]管健,乐国安.社会表征理论及其发展.南京师大学报:社会科学版,2007,(1):92-99.[Guan Jian,Yue Guoan.Social representation theory and its development.Journal of Nanjing Normal University:Social Science Edition,2007,(1):92-99.]
[20]郭道晖.社会权力和公民社会.南京:译林出版社.2009.[Guo Daoyun.Social Rights and Civil Society.Nanjing:Yilin Press,2009.]
[21]丹尼斯·朗著.权力论.陆震纶,郑明哲译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001.[Wrong D H.Power.Translated by Lu Zhenlun,Zheng Mingzhe.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2001.]
[22]迈克尔·曼.社会权力的来源:第一卷.李少军,刘北成译.上海:上海人民出版社,2002.[Michael M.The Sources of Social Power:Volume 1.A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760.Translated by Li Shaojun,Liu Beicheng.Shanghai:Shanghai Renmin Press,2002.]
[23]张屹山,于维生.经济权力结构与生产要素最优配置.经济研究,2009,(6):65-72.[Zhang Yishan,Yu Weisheng.Economic power structure and optimal allocation of productive factors.Economic Research Journal,2009,(6):65-72.]
[24]王沪宁.作为国家实力的文化:软权力.复旦学报:社会科学版,1993,(3):91-96.[Wang Huning.The soft power of culture as a nation's strength.Fudan Journal:Social Sciences Edition,1993,(3):91-96.]
[25]郭洁敏.软权力新探:理论与实践.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2013.[Guo Jiemin.New Exploration of Soft Power:Theory and Practice.Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,2013.]
[26]罗骞.所有的力量关系都是权力关系:论福柯的权力概念.中国人民大学学报,2015,29(2):63-70.[Luo Qian.All the relationship of strength is that of power:On Foucault's concept of power.Joural of Renmin University of China,2015,29(2):63-70.]
[27]米歇尔·福柯.必须保卫社会.钱翰译.上海:上海人民出版社,1999.[Foucault M.Il Faut Défendre la Société.Translated by Qian Han.Shanghai:Shanghai Renmin Press,1999.]
[28]乔治·拉伦.意识形态与文化身份:现代性和第三世界的在场.戴从容译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005.[Larrain J.Ideology and Cultural Identity:Modernity and the Third World Presence.Translated by Dai Congrong.Shanghai:Shanghai Educational Publishing House,2005.]
[29]米歇尔·福柯.权力的眼睛.严锋译.上海:上海人民出版社,1997.[Foucault M.The Eyes of Power.Translated by Yan feng.Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House,1997.]
[30]米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚.刘北成,杨远婴译.北京:三联书店,2007.[Foucault M.Discipline and Punish.Translated by Liu Beicheng,Yang Yuanying.Beijing:Joint Publishing,2007.]
[31]Moscovici S.Notes towards a description of social representations.European Journal of Social Psychology,2010,18(3):211-250.
[32]雅克·朗西埃.图像的命运.张新木译.南京:南京大学出版社,2014.[Jacques R.Le Destin Des Images.Translated by Zhang Xinmu.Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2014.]
[33]杰里米·布莱克.地图的历史.张澜译.太原:希望出版社,2006.[Black J.History of Maps.Translated by Zhang Lan.Taiyuan:Hope Publishing House,2006.]
[34]赛门·加菲尔.地图的历史:从石刻地图到GoogleMaps,重新看待世界的方式.郑郁欣译.台北:马可孛罗出版社,2014.[Garfield S.On the Map:Why the World Looks the Way It Does.Translated by Zheng Yuxin.Taipei:Marco Polo Press,2014.]
[35]马腾,葛岳静.国家版图、地图话语与地缘政治:兼论我国学者科技论文中的主权和国土意识.世界地理研究,2017(5):1-11.[Ma Teng,Ge Yuejing.National territory,map discourse and geopolitics:A case study on sovereignty and territorial awareness in Chinese scholars'scientific papers.World Regional Studies,2017,26(5):1-11.]
[36]Harley J B.Deconstructing the map.Cartographica:The international journal for geographic information and geovisualization,1989,26(2):1-20.
[37]Novaes A R.Map art and popular geopolitics:Mapping borders between Colombia and Venezuela.Geopolitics,2015,20(1):121-141.
[38]苏珊·汉森.改变世界的十大地理思想.肖平,王方雄,李平译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.[Susan I.Geographic Ideas That Changed the World.Translated by Xiao Ping,Wang Fangxiong,Li Ping.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009.]
[39]魏屹东.语境同一论:科学表征问题的一种解答.中国社会科学,2017,(6):42-59.[Wei Yidong.The theory of contextual identity:A solution to the problem of scientific reprensentation.Social Sciences in China,2017,(6):42-59.]
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[41]廖克.中国地图学发展的回顾与展望.测绘学报,2017,46(10):1517-1525.[Liao Ke.Retrospect and prospect of the development of Chinese cartography.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1517-1525.]
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