Probabilistic estimate of rock mass static and dynamic demands for underground excavation stabilisation
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摘要
Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection. The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location, orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities. A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs. A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands. The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks. The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.
Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection. The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location, orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities. A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs. A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands. The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks. The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.
Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection. The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location, orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities. A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs. A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands. The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks. The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.
引文
Brzovic A.Characterisation of primary copper ore for caving at the El Teniente Mine,Chile.PhD Thesis.Kalgoorlie,Australia:Curtin University of Technology;2010.
Buyer A,Schubert W.Calculating the spacing of discontinuities from 3D point clouds.Procedia Engineering 2017;191:270e8.
Call RD.Analysis of geologic structure for open pit slope design.PhD Thesis.Tucson,USA:University of Arizona;1972.
Call RD,Savely JP,Nicholas DE.Estimation of joint set characteristics from surface mapping data.In:Hustrulid WA,editor.Monograph on rock mechanics,applications in mining.New York:AIME;1976.p.65e73.
Deere DU,Miller RP.Engineering classification and index properties of rock.Technical Report No.AFNL-TR-65-116.Albuquerque,NM,USA:Air Force Weapons Laboratory;1966.
Drover C,Villaescusa E.Estimation of dynamic load demand on a ground support scheme due to a large structurally controlled violent failure e a case study.Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section A Mining Technology 2015;125(4):1e14.
Drover C,Villaescusa E,Onederra I.Face destressing blast design for hard rock tunnelling at great depth.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2018;80:257e68.
Goodman RE,Shi GH.Block theory and its application to rock engineering.London:Prentice-Hall;1985.
Hudson JA,Priest SD.Discontinuities and rock mass geometry.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts1979;16(6):339e62.
Kusui A.Scaled down tunnel testing for comparison of surface support performance.PhD Thesis.Kalgoorlie,Australia:Curtin University of Technology;2015.
Mathis JL.Development and verification of a three dimensional rock joint model.PhD Thesis.Lule?,Sweden:Lule?University of Technology;1988.
Mauldon M.Intersection probabilities of impersistent joints.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts1994;31(2):107e15.
Priest SD.Hemispherical projection methods in rock mechanics.London:Allen&Unwin;1985.
Tinucci JP.A ground control computer program for support analysis of threedimensional critical rock blocks.In:Kaiser PK,McCreath D,editors.Rock support in mining and underground construction.Proceedings of the International Symposium on rock support.Sudbury,Canada.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1992.p.49e56.
Villaescusa E.A three-dimensional model of rock jointing.PhD Thesis.Brisbane,Australia:University of Queensland;1991.
Villaescusa E,Brown ET.Maximum likelihood estimation of joint size from trace length measurements.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1992;25(2):67e87.
Villaescusa E.Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping.Boca Raton,Florida:CRC Press;2014.
Villaescusa E,Kusui A,Drover C.Ground support design for sudden and violent failures in hard rock tunnels.Keynote Lecture.In:The 9th Asian rock mechanics Symposium.Bali,Indonesia:ARMS;2016.
Warburton PM.Vector stability analysis of an arbitrary polyhedral rock block with any number of free faces.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 1981;18(5):415e27.
Windsor CR,Thompson AG.SAFEX e a design and analysis package for rock reinforcement.In:Kaiser PK,McCreath D,editors.Rock support in mining and underground construction.Proceedings of the International Symposium on rock support.Sudbury,Canada.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1992.p.17e23.
Windsor CR.Block stability in jointed rock masses.In:Cook NGW,Goodman RE,Myer LR,Tsang CF,editors.Fractured and jointed rock masses.Proceedings of the conference on jointed and fractured rock masses.Lake Tahoe,USA.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1996.p.59e66.
Windsor CR.Rock reinforcement systems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1997;34(6):919e51.
Windsor CR.Systematic design of reinforcement and support systems for excavations in jointed rock.In:Villaescusa E,Windsor CR,Thompson AG,editors.Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining.Proceedings of the International Symposium on ground support.Kalgoorlie,Australia.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1999.p.35e58.
Zuo YJ,Li XB,Zhou ZL.Determination of ejection velocity of rock fragments during rock burst in consideration of damage.Journal of Central South University of Technology 2005;12(5):218e22.
Buyer A,Schubert W.Calculating the spacing of discontinuities from 3D point clouds.Procedia Engineering 2017;191:270e8.
Call RD.Analysis of geologic structure for open pit slope design.PhD Thesis.Tucson,USA:University of Arizona;1972.
Call RD,Savely JP,Nicholas DE.Estimation of joint set characteristics from surface mapping data.In:Hustrulid WA,editor.Monograph on rock mechanics,applications in mining.New York:AIME;1976.p.65e73.
Deere DU,Miller RP.Engineering classification and index properties of rock.Technical Report No.AFNL-TR-65-116.Albuquerque,NM,USA:Air Force Weapons Laboratory;1966.
Drover C,Villaescusa E.Estimation of dynamic load demand on a ground support scheme due to a large structurally controlled violent failure e a case study.Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section A Mining Technology 2015;125(4):1e14.
Drover C,Villaescusa E,Onederra I.Face destressing blast design for hard rock tunnelling at great depth.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2018;80:257e68.
Goodman RE,Shi GH.Block theory and its application to rock engineering.London:Prentice-Hall;1985.
Hudson JA,Priest SD.Discontinuities and rock mass geometry.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts1979;16(6):339e62.
Kusui A.Scaled down tunnel testing for comparison of surface support performance.PhD Thesis.Kalgoorlie,Australia:Curtin University of Technology;2015.
Mathis JL.Development and verification of a three dimensional rock joint model.PhD Thesis.Lule?,Sweden:Lule?University of Technology;1988.
Mauldon M.Intersection probabilities of impersistent joints.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts1994;31(2):107e15.
Priest SD.Hemispherical projection methods in rock mechanics.London:Allen&Unwin;1985.
Tinucci JP.A ground control computer program for support analysis of threedimensional critical rock blocks.In:Kaiser PK,McCreath D,editors.Rock support in mining and underground construction.Proceedings of the International Symposium on rock support.Sudbury,Canada.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1992.p.49e56.
Villaescusa E.A three-dimensional model of rock jointing.PhD Thesis.Brisbane,Australia:University of Queensland;1991.
Villaescusa E,Brown ET.Maximum likelihood estimation of joint size from trace length measurements.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1992;25(2):67e87.
Villaescusa E.Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping.Boca Raton,Florida:CRC Press;2014.
Villaescusa E,Kusui A,Drover C.Ground support design for sudden and violent failures in hard rock tunnels.Keynote Lecture.In:The 9th Asian rock mechanics Symposium.Bali,Indonesia:ARMS;2016.
Warburton PM.Vector stability analysis of an arbitrary polyhedral rock block with any number of free faces.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 1981;18(5):415e27.
Windsor CR,Thompson AG.SAFEX e a design and analysis package for rock reinforcement.In:Kaiser PK,McCreath D,editors.Rock support in mining and underground construction.Proceedings of the International Symposium on rock support.Sudbury,Canada.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1992.p.17e23.
Windsor CR.Block stability in jointed rock masses.In:Cook NGW,Goodman RE,Myer LR,Tsang CF,editors.Fractured and jointed rock masses.Proceedings of the conference on jointed and fractured rock masses.Lake Tahoe,USA.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1996.p.59e66.
Windsor CR.Rock reinforcement systems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1997;34(6):919e51.
Windsor CR.Systematic design of reinforcement and support systems for excavations in jointed rock.In:Villaescusa E,Windsor CR,Thompson AG,editors.Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining.Proceedings of the International Symposium on ground support.Kalgoorlie,Australia.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema;1999.p.35e58.
Zuo YJ,Li XB,Zhou ZL.Determination of ejection velocity of rock fragments during rock burst in consideration of damage.Journal of Central South University of Technology 2005;12(5):218e22.